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{{Short description|Subspecies of fish}}
{{subspeciesbox
⚫ {{Main|Cutthroat trout}}
{{Subspeciesbox
| name = Yellowstone cutthroat trout | name = Yellowstone cutthroat trout
| image = Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout.jpg | image = Spawning cutthroat trout (15431029405).jpg
|status=T4
|status_system=TNC
|status_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102016/Oncorhynchus_clarkii_bouvieri|title=''Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri''|website=NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer|author=NatureServe|publisher=NatureServe|location=Arlington, Virginia|date=4 August 2023|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
| genus = Oncorhynchus | genus = Oncorhynchus
| species = clarkii | species = clarkii
Line 8: Line 13:
| authority = (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883) | authority = (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)
}} }}
⚫ {{Main|Cutthroat trout}}
The '''Yellowstone cutthroat trout''' (''Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri'')
⚫ is a subspecies of the ] (''Oncorhynchus clarkii''). It is a ] ] in the ] ] (family ]). Native only to a few ]s, their original range was upstream of ] on the ] and tributaries in ], also across the ] in ] and in the ] as well as its tributaries downstream to the ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_AFCHA02087.aspx |title=Montana Field Guide-Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout |publisher=] |accessdate=2013-11-16}}</ref> The species is also found in ], ] and ].<ref name=gresswell>{{cite web|last=Gresswell|first=Robert E.|title=Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri): A Technical Conservation Assessment|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/yellowstonecutthroattrout.pdf|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|accessdate=2011-11-04|format=pdf|date=June 30, 2009}}</ref>


⚫ The '''Yellowstone cutthroat trout''' ('''''Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri''''') is a subspecies of the ] (''Oncorhynchus clarkii''). It is a ] ] in the ] ] (family ]). Native only to a few ]s, their original range was upstream of ] on the ] and tributaries in ], also across the ] in ] and in the ] as well as its tributaries downstream to the ] in ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_AFCHA02087.aspx |title=Montana Field Guide-Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout |publisher=] |access-date=2013-11-16}}</ref> The species is also found in ], ] and ].<ref name=gresswell>{{cite web|last=Gresswell|first=Robert E.|title=Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri): A Technical Conservation Assessment|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/yellowstonecutthroattrout.pdf|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|access-date=2011-11-04|date=June 30, 2009}}</ref>
The Yellowstone cutthroat trout is a prized game fish. ] is the most popular angling method because the subspecies feeds primarily on insects as adults, unlike introduced ] which are more ]. Most varieties of cutthroat trout are less wary and selective than other trout species, thus angler success rates are higher.


It is believed that it got into Yellowstone River (which drains into Atlantic) from Snake River (which drains into Pacific) drainages through a small creek known as ]. It is one of the few aquatic species that has crossed a continental divide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/site.cfm?Site=TWOC-WY |title=NPS: Explore Nature » NNL » Sites |publisher=Nature.nps.gov |date=2012-06-28 |accessdate=2015-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/popularsciencemo47newy#page/n183/mode/2up |title=The Popular Science Monthly |publisher=Archive.org |date= |accessdate=2015-02-24}}</ref>
== Description ==
Yellowstone cutthroat can be distinguished from other subspecies by their larger black spots that are clustered towards the tail, and by their gray, gold, or copper hues. Spawning males, especially, typically wear golden brown colors. All cutthroats can be differentiated from rainbow trout by red, pink, or orange marking beneath the jaw that give the species its name.


⚫ ==Population threats==
Depending on habitat, Yellowstone cutthroat can range from six to twenty-six inches as adults, with six to ten inches common in high-elevation, high-gradient tributary streams and the largest fish found only in lakes or in spawning tributaries that feed lakes or emerge from them, such as the Yellowstone River in ] in ]. As a general rule, cutthroat in streams and small ponds run from ten to eighteen inches as adults, with a weight of one half to two pounds. Before ], the threats presented by ], and ], they could run much larger, with fish over thirty inches reported, especially in the strain present in ] in the southeastern portion of Yellowstone National Park.
⚫ Their range has been reduced by overfishing and ] due to mining, grazing, and logging, and population densities have been reduced by competition with non-native ], ], and ] since these were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the most serious current threats to the subspecies are interbreeding with introduced rainbow trout (resulting in ]s) in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, the presence of ] in Yellowstone and Heart lakes in Yellowstone National Park which prey upon cutthroat trout to 15 inches in length, and several outbreaks of ] in major spawning tributaries.<ref name="lake trout">{{cite web| title =The Yellowstone Lake Crisis: Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion| publisher =National Park Service| url =http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/laketrout2.pdf|year=1995| access-date = 2007-03-19}}</ref>


⚫ ]
== Reproduction ==
⚫ Although lake trout were established in ] and ] lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. government stocking operations in 1890, they were never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage and their presence there is probably the result of accidental or illegal introductions.<ref name="lake trout"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kendall |first=W. C. |title=The Fishes of the Yellowstone National Park |publisher=Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries |location=Washington D.C. |pages=22–23 |year=1921}}</ref>

All Yellowstone cutthroat trout require flowing water to spawn successfully. Therefore, ponds and lakes must have an inlet or outlet stream for cutthroats to spawn and sustain populations. Some fish are stocked in otherwise suitable lakes in the ] and elsewhere to provide angling opportunities that otherwise would not be available.
⚫ ]

⚫ == Population threats ==

⚫ Their range has been reduced by overfishing and habitat destruction due to mining, grazing, and logging, and population densities have been reduced by competition with nonnative ], ] and ] since these were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However the most serious current threats to the subspecies are interbreeding with introduced rainbow trout (resulting in ]s) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the presence of ] in Yellowstone and Heart lakes in Yellowstone National Park which prey upon cutthroat trout to fifteen inches in length, and several outbreaks of ] in major spawning tributaries.<ref name="lake trout">{{cite web| title =The Yellowstone Lake Crisis: Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion| work =| publisher =National Park Service| url =http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/laketrout2.pdf| format = PDF |year=1995| accessdate = 2007-03-19}}</ref>
⚫ ]
⚫ Although lake trout were established in ] and ] lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. Government stocking operations in 1890, they were never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage and their presence there is probably the result of accidental or illegal introductions.<ref name="lake trout"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kendall |first=W. C. |title=The Fishes of the Yellowstone National Park |publisher=Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries |location=Washington D.C. |pages=22–23 |year=1921 }}</ref>

Occasional drought in the Yellowstone area makes several spawning tributaries run dry in late summer, preventing cutthroat fry from migrating to Yellowstone Lake and making them easy prey for predators such as gulls, pelicans, and others. These threats have significantly reduced cutthroat populations in Yellowstone Lake and adjacent parts of the Yellowstone River. Currently, the strongest populations of cutthroat are to be found in the Grand and Black Canyons of the Yellowstone River and in the Yellowstone's major tributary in Yellowstone Park, the ] and its tributaries. Attempts as recently as 2004 by environmentalists to have the ] place the subspecies on the list of ] was not approved by the agency, citing evidence that major efforts are already underway to ensure the continued existence of this subspecies. All Yellowstone cutthroat trout caught within Yellowstone National Park must be released. Populations outside the national park are subject varying regulations depending on the location of the stream or waterway.


==See also== ==See also==
⚫ * {{Annotated link|Angling in Yellowstone National Park}}
⚫ *]
⚫ * {{Annotated link|Ecology of the Rocky Mountains}}
⚫ *]
⚫ * {{Annotated link|Fish of Montana}}
*] * {{Annotated link|Fishing in Wyoming}}
⚫ * ]
⚫ * {{Annotated link|Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout}}
⚫ *]


==Notes== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Trotter |first=Patrick C. |title=Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=2008 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-520-25458-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Trotter |first=Patrick C. |title=Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=2008 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-520-25458-9}}


==External links== ==External links==
* *
{{Commonscat|position=left|Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri|Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri<br>(Yellowstone cutthroat trout)}} * {{Commons category-inline|Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri|''Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri''}}


{{Cutthroat trout}} {{Cutthroat trout}}
{{Trouts}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q474133}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q474133}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 20:38, 16 March 2024

Subspecies of fish Main article: Cutthroat trout

Yellowstone cutthroat trout
Conservation status

Apparently Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Oncorhynchus
Species: O. clarkii
Subspecies: O. c. bouvieri
Trinomial name
Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)

The Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri) is a subspecies of the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). It is a freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae). Native only to a few U.S. states, their original range was upstream of Shoshone Falls on the Snake River and tributaries in Wyoming, also across the Continental Divide in Yellowstone Lake and in the Yellowstone River as well as its tributaries downstream to the Tongue River in Montana. The species is also found in Idaho, Utah and Nevada.

It is believed that it got into Yellowstone River (which drains into Atlantic) from Snake River (which drains into Pacific) drainages through a small creek known as Parting of the Waters. It is one of the few aquatic species that has crossed a continental divide.

Population threats

Their range has been reduced by overfishing and habitat destruction due to mining, grazing, and logging, and population densities have been reduced by competition with non-native brook, brown, and rainbow trout since these were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the most serious current threats to the subspecies are interbreeding with introduced rainbow trout (resulting in cutbows) in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem, the presence of lake trout in Yellowstone and Heart lakes in Yellowstone National Park which prey upon cutthroat trout to 15 inches in length, and several outbreaks of whirling disease in major spawning tributaries.

From Birds and nature, 1904

Although lake trout were established in Shoshone and Lewis lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. government stocking operations in 1890, they were never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage and their presence there is probably the result of accidental or illegal introductions.

See also

References

  1. NatureServe (4 August 2023). "Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  2. "Montana Field Guide-Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  3. Gresswell, Robert E. (June 30, 2009). "Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri): A Technical Conservation Assessment" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
  4. "NPS: Explore Nature » NNL » Sites". Nature.nps.gov. 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
  5. "The Popular Science Monthly". Archive.org. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
  6. ^ "The Yellowstone Lake Crisis: Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion" (PDF). National Park Service. 1995. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  7. Kendall, W. C. (1921). The Fishes of the Yellowstone National Park. Washington D.C.: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. pp. 22–23.

Further reading

  • Trotter, Patrick C. (2008). Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9.

External links

Cutthroat trout subspecies and forms
Salmonidae
Pacific Coast
Great Basin
Northern Rockies
Southern Rockies
Media related to Oncorhynchus clarkii at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiers
Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri
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