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{{Short description|Province of the Sasanian Empire}} | |||
{{Original research}} | |||
{{Infobox Former Subdivision | |||
] | |||
| native_name = Sagistān | |||
'''Sakastan''', '''Sakasthana''' or '''Sakasthan''' is a term indicating the south and western regions of ] and ], partly corresponding to the modern ] of Iran. It was also a province of the ]. | |||
| conventional_long_name = Sakastan | |||
| common_name = Sakastan | |||
| subdivision = Province | |||
| nation = the ] | |||
| era = Late Antiquity | |||
| status_text = | |||
| government_type = | |||
| year_start = c. 240 | |||
| year_end = 650/1 | |||
| event_end = ] by the ] | |||
| p1 = Indo-Parthians | |||
| flag_p1 = | |||
| s1 = Rashidun Caliphate | |||
| flag_s1 = | |||
| image_flag = | |||
| flag = | |||
| image_coat = | |||
| symbol = | |||
| symbol_type = | |||
| image_map = The provinces of Sakastan, Paradan, Turan, Makuran and Hind in the early Sasanian era.svg | |||
| image_map_caption = Map of the southeastern provinces of the Sasanian Empire. | |||
| capital = ] | |||
| today = ]<br>] | |||
}} | |||
'''Sakastan''' (also known as '''Sagestān''', '''Sagistan''', '''Seyanish''', '''Segistan''', '''Sistan''', and '''Sijistan''') was a ] province in ], that lay within the ] of ]. The province bordered ] in the west, ] in the north west, ] in the north east, and ] in the south east. The governor of the province held the title of ]. The governor also held the title of "]" (king of the ]) until the title was abolished in ca. 459/60. | |||
== Etymology == | |||
The area received its name from the ] or ], an Aryan tribe which resided in the area from the 2nd century BCE, following their southward migrations ahead of the ]. The Sakas were a tribe of Aryans. During their expansion into eastern parts of Afghanistan, Sakastan came to include many other parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. From around 100 BCE the Sakas invaded the ], where they were known as ]. | |||
The word "Sakastan" means "the land of the ]", a ] group which from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century migrated to the ] and ], where they carved a kingdom known as the ].{{sfn|Frye|1984|p=193}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1997|pp=681-685}} In the ], a ] scripture written in ], the province is written as "Seyansih".{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=750}} After the ], the province became known as "Sijistan" and later as "]", which still remains a province to this day in Iran (]).{{sfn|Bosworth|1997|pp=681-685}} | |||
== History == | |||
The presence of the Sakas in Sakastan in the 1st century BCE is mentionned by ] in his "Parthian stations". He explained that they were bordered at that time a Greek city of Alexandria to the east (]), and the Parthian-controlled territory of ] to the south: | |||
The province was formed in ca. 240, during the reign of ] (r. 240–270), as part of his intention to centralise his empire - before that, the province was under the rule of the ]n ], whose ruler Ardashir Sakanshah became a Sasanian vassal during the reign of Shapur's father ] (r. 224–242), who also had the ancient city ] rebuilt, which became the capital of the province.{{sfn|Christensen|1993|p=229}} | |||
] (Narsē). AD 293-303. Sakastan mint.]] | |||
:"Beyond is Sacastana of the Scythian Sacae, which is also Paraetacena, 63 ]. There are the city of Barda and the city of Min and the city of ] and the city of ]; in that place is the royal residence of the Sacae; and nearby is the city of Alexandria (and nearby is the city of Alexandropolis), and six villages." Parthian stations, 18.<ref></ref> | |||
Shapur's son ] was the first to be appointed as the governor of the province, which he would govern until 271, when the Sasanian prince ] was appointed as the new governor. | |||
Later in ca. 281, Hormizd revolted against his cousin ] (r. 274–293). During the revolt, the people of Sakastan was one of his supporters. Nevertheless, Bahram II managed to suppress the revolt in 283, and appointed his son ] as the governor of the province. During the early reign of ] (r. 309-379), he appointed his brother ] as the governor of Sakastan. ] (r. 459–484), during his early reign, put an end to dynastic rule in province by appointing a ] as its governor. The reason behind the appointment was to avoid further family conflict in the province, and in order to gain more direct control of the province.{{sfn|Christensen|1993|p=229}} | |||
The westernmost part of these regions would later be known as the ] or Seistan. | |||
] | |||
During the ], the last Sasanian king ] fled to Sakastan in the mid-640s, where its governor ] (who was more or less independent), helped him. However, Yazdegerd III quickly lost this support when he demanded tax money that Aparviz had failed to pay.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=222}}{{sfn|Morony|1986|pp=203-210}}{{sfn|Zarrinkub|1975|p=24}} | |||
== |
===Arab conquest=== | ||
In 650/1, ], who had recently conquered ], sent ] to an expedition in Sakastan. After some time, he reached ], a border town between Kirman and Sakastan, where he forced the ] of the town to acknowledge ] authority. He then did the same at the fortress of ], which had a famous ], which is mentioned in the '']''.{{sfn|Zarrinkub|1975|p=24}} | |||
<references/> | |||
He then continued to seize more land in the province. He thereafter besieged ], and after a heavy battle outside the city, Aparviz and his men surrendered. When Aparviz went to Rabi to discuss about the conditions of a treaty, he saw that he was using the bodies of two dead soldiers as a chair. This horrified Aparviz, who in order to spare the inhabitants of Sakastan from the Arabs, made peace with the Arabs in return for heavy tribute, which included a tribute of 1,000 slave boys bearing 1,000 golden vessels.{{sfn|Zarrinkub|1975|p=24}}{{sfn|Morony|1986|pp=203-210}} Sakastan was thus under the control of the Rashidun Caliphate. | |||
== Population and religion == | |||
During the ] period, Sakastan (then known as ]), was populated by a ] ] known as the Drangians.{{sfn|Schmitt|1995|pp=534–537}}{{sfn|Brunner|1983|pp=326-336, 337-344}} From the 2nd century BC to the 1st century, Sakastan saw a huge influx of Saka tribesmen and also some Parthians, which, in the words of Brunner, "reshaped the region's older population pattern".{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=773}} | |||
The inhabitants of Sakastan were mainly ], while a minority of them were ] ].{{sfn|Bosworth|1997|pp=681-685}} | |||
== House of Suren == | |||
The ], a Parthian noble family that served the ] and later the Sasanian Empire, was part of the ] of the Sasanian Empire—each family owned land in different parts of the empire, the Surens owning land in parts of Sakastan.{{sfn|Brunner|1983|p=705}} | |||
== Mint == | |||
Under Shapur II, a Sasanian mint was established in Sakastan (mint-mark: SKSTN, S, SK). From the first reign of ] (r. 488–496) onwards, this mint was located at the provincial capital Zrang (mint-mark: ZR, ZRN, ZRNG).{{sfn|Potts|2018|page=1319}} | |||
== List of known governors == | |||
* ] (240–271) | |||
* ] (271-274) | |||
* ] (274–283) | |||
* ] (283–293) | |||
* ] (early 4th-century) | |||
* ] (???–457) | |||
* Unnamed ] aristocrat (459/60-???) | |||
* ] (???-484) | |||
* ] (under ]) | |||
* ] (early 7th-century) | |||
* ] (???–650/1) | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|30em}} | |||
==Sources== | |||
*{{cite book|last1=Greatrex|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Lieu|first2=Samuel N. C.|title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)|location=New York, New York and London, United Kingdom|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis)|year=2002|isbn=0-415-14687-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zc8iAQAAIAAJ}} | |||
*{{cite book|last=Pourshariati|first=Parvaneh|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran|location=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ}} | |||
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | last = Zarrinkub | first = Abd al-Husain | chapter = The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath | pages = 1–57 | isbn = 978-0-521-20093-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC}} | |||
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran | last = Morony | first = M. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-ii | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2 | pages = 203–210 | year = 1986 }} | |||
* {{ODLA|last=Potts|first=Daniel|title=Sagastan|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4153?rskey=9TAfnp&result=6}} | |||
*{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Peter|title=The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|year=1993|isbn=9788772892597|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebB_ac13v3UC&q=false|pages= 1–351}} | |||
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Shapur Shahbazi | first = A. | title = SASANIAN DYNASTY | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sasanian-dynasty | year = 2005 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition | access-date = 3 April 2014}} | |||
* {{cite book | title = The History of Ancient Iran | year = 1984 | publisher = C.H.Beck | last = Frye | first = Richard Nelson | author-link = Richard Nelson Frye | pages = –411 | isbn = 9783406093975 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye| url-access = registration | quote = The history of ancient iran. }} | |||
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = DRANGIANA | last = Schmitt | first = R. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/drangiana | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5 | pages = 534–537 | year = 1995 }} | |||
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Sīstān | first = Clifford Edmund | last = Bosworth | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze | location=Leiden, and New York | publisher=BRILL | year=1997 | isbn=9789004082656 | pages = 681–685 | url =http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/sistan-SIM_5452?s.num=247&s.rows=100&s.start=180 }} | |||
* {{cite book | title = The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography | year = 2015 | publisher = BRILL | last = Gazerani| first = Saghi | pages = 1–250 | isbn = 9789004282964 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&q=false}} | |||
* {{Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3b | last = Brunner | first = Christopher | authorlink = | chapter = Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy| pages=747–778}} | |||
{{Sassanid Provinces}} | {{Sassanid Provinces}} | ||
{{coord missing|Iran}} | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 16:24, 24 March 2024
Province of the Sasanian EmpireSakastanSagistān | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Province of the Sasanian Empire | |||||||||
c. 240–650/1 | |||||||||
Map of the southeastern provinces of the Sasanian Empire. | |||||||||
Capital | Zrang | ||||||||
Historical era | Late Antiquity | ||||||||
• Established | c. 240 | ||||||||
• Annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate | 650/1 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Afghanistan Iran |
Sakastan (also known as Sagestān, Sagistan, Seyanish, Segistan, Sistan, and Sijistan) was a Sasanian province in Late Antiquity, that lay within the kust of Nemroz. The province bordered Kirman in the west, Spahan in the north west, Kushanshahr in the north east, and Turan in the south east. The governor of the province held the title of marzban. The governor also held the title of "Sakanshah" (king of the Saka) until the title was abolished in ca. 459/60.
Etymology
The word "Sakastan" means "the land of the Saka", a Scythian group which from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century migrated to the Iranian Plateau and India, where they carved a kingdom known as the Indo-Scythian Kingdom. In the Bundahishn, a Zoroastrian scripture written in Pahlavi, the province is written as "Seyansih". After the Arab conquest of Iran, the province became known as "Sijistan" and later as "Sistan", which still remains a province to this day in Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province).
History
The province was formed in ca. 240, during the reign of Shapur I (r. 240–270), as part of his intention to centralise his empire - before that, the province was under the rule of the Parthian Suren Kingdom, whose ruler Ardashir Sakanshah became a Sasanian vassal during the reign of Shapur's father Ardashir I (r. 224–242), who also had the ancient city Zrang rebuilt, which became the capital of the province.
Shapur's son Narseh was the first to be appointed as the governor of the province, which he would govern until 271, when the Sasanian prince Hormizd was appointed as the new governor.
Later in ca. 281, Hormizd revolted against his cousin Bahram II (r. 274–293). During the revolt, the people of Sakastan was one of his supporters. Nevertheless, Bahram II managed to suppress the revolt in 283, and appointed his son Bahram III as the governor of the province. During the early reign of Shapur II (r. 309-379), he appointed his brother Shapur Sakanshah as the governor of Sakastan. Peroz I (r. 459–484), during his early reign, put an end to dynastic rule in province by appointing a Karenid as its governor. The reason behind the appointment was to avoid further family conflict in the province, and in order to gain more direct control of the province.
During the Muslim conquest of Persia, the last Sasanian king Yazdegerd III fled to Sakastan in the mid-640s, where its governor Aparviz (who was more or less independent), helped him. However, Yazdegerd III quickly lost this support when he demanded tax money that Aparviz had failed to pay.
Arab conquest
In 650/1, Abd-Allah ibn Amir, who had recently conquered Kirman, sent Rabi ibn Ziyad Harithi to an expedition in Sakastan. After some time, he reached Zaliq, a border town between Kirman and Sakastan, where he forced the dehqan of the town to acknowledge Rashidun authority. He then did the same at the fortress of Karkuya, which had a famous fire temple, which is mentioned in the Tarikh-i Sistan.
He then continued to seize more land in the province. He thereafter besieged Zrang, and after a heavy battle outside the city, Aparviz and his men surrendered. When Aparviz went to Rabi to discuss about the conditions of a treaty, he saw that he was using the bodies of two dead soldiers as a chair. This horrified Aparviz, who in order to spare the inhabitants of Sakastan from the Arabs, made peace with the Arabs in return for heavy tribute, which included a tribute of 1,000 slave boys bearing 1,000 golden vessels. Sakastan was thus under the control of the Rashidun Caliphate.
Population and religion
During the Achaemenid period, Sakastan (then known as Drangiana), was populated by a Persianized east Iranian group known as the Drangians. From the 2nd century BC to the 1st century, Sakastan saw a huge influx of Saka tribesmen and also some Parthians, which, in the words of Brunner, "reshaped the region's older population pattern".
The inhabitants of Sakastan were mainly Zoroastrian, while a minority of them were Nestorian Christians.
House of Suren
The House of Suren, a Parthian noble family that served the Parthian and later the Sasanian Empire, was part of the seven Parthian clans of the Sasanian Empire—each family owned land in different parts of the empire, the Surens owning land in parts of Sakastan.
Mint
Under Shapur II, a Sasanian mint was established in Sakastan (mint-mark: SKSTN, S, SK). From the first reign of Kavad I (r. 488–496) onwards, this mint was located at the provincial capital Zrang (mint-mark: ZR, ZRN, ZRNG).
List of known governors
- Narseh (240–271)
- Bahram II (271-274)
- Hormizd of Sakastan (274–283)
- Bahram III (283–293)
- Shapur Sakanshah (early 4th-century)
- Hormizd III (???–457)
- Unnamed Karen aristocrat (459/60-???)
- Sukhra (???-484)
- Bakhtiyar of Sakastan (under Khosrau II)
- Rostam of Sakastan (early 7th-century)
- Aparviz of Sakastan (???–650/1)
References
- Frye 1984, p. 193.
- ^ Bosworth 1997, pp. 681–685.
- Brunner 1983, p. 750.
- ^ Christensen 1993, p. 229.
- Pourshariati 2008, p. 222.
- ^ Morony 1986, pp. 203–210.
- ^ Zarrinkub 1975, p. 24.
- Schmitt 1995, pp. 534–537.
- Brunner 1983, pp. 326–336, 337–344.
- Brunner 1983, p. 773.
- Brunner 1983, p. 705.
- Potts 2018, p. 1319.
Sources
- Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-14687-9.
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
- Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
- Morony, M. (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2. pp. 203–210.
- Potts, Daniel (2018). "Sagastan". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
- Christensen, Peter (1993). The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 1–351. ISBN 9788772892597.
- Shapur Shahbazi, A. (2005). "SASANIAN DYNASTY". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
- Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). The History of Ancient Iran. C.H.Beck. pp. 1–411. ISBN 9783406093975.
The history of ancient iran.
- Schmitt, R. (1995). "DRANGIANA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. pp. 534–537.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1997). "Sīstān". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden, and New York: BRILL. pp. 681–685. ISBN 9789004082656.
- Gazerani, Saghi (2015). The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the Margins of Historiography. BRILL. pp. 1–250. ISBN 9789004282964.
- Brunner, Christopher (1983). "Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 747–778. ISBN 0-521-24693-8.
Provinces of the Sasanian Empire | ||
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* indicates short living provinces |
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