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{{Short description|Piece of music by Maurice Duruflé}}
]
{{Infobox musical composition
The '''Requiem''', op. 9, by ] was commissioned in 1947 by the French music publisher Durand and is written in memory of the composer's father. The work is for mixed ] with ] and ] ]s. It exists in three ]s: one for ] alone, one for organ with ], and one for organ and full ].
| name = Requiem
| composer = ]
| image = Duruflé-Requiem-Kirie.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = Beginning of the second ], Kyrie, in the organ version
| dedication = To the memory of his father
| opus = 9
| text = ]
| language = ]
| based_on = ]
| year = <!-- year of composition is not clear (completed in 1947) -->
| published = <!-- there are multiple publication dates, unclear which version was published first {{start date|1948}} -->
| movements = 9
}}
The '''Requiem''', ].{{nbsp}}9, is a 1947 (revised 1961) setting of the Latin ] by ] for a solo baritone, mezzo-soprano, mixed choir, and organ, or orchestra with organ. The thematic material is mostly taken from the Mass for the Dead in ]. The Requiem was first published in 1948 by ] in an organ version.


== History ==
At the time of commission, Duruflé was working on an organ suite using themes from ]s. He incorporated his sketches for that work into the Requiem, which uses many themes from the Gregorian "Mass for the Dead." Nearly all the thematic material in the work comes from chant.
] was among French composers commissioned in May 1941 by the ] ] to write extended works for a monetary award, such as 10,000 francs for a symphonic poem, 20,000 for a symphony, and 30,000 for an opera.{{sfn|Frazier|2007|pp=156–157}} Duruflé, commissioned to compose a symphonic poem, decided to compose a Requiem and was still working on it in 1944 when the regime ]. He completed it in September 1947.{{sfn|Frazier|2007|p=166}}


He set the Latin text of the ], omitting certain parts in the tradition of Gabriel Fauré's ] and structuring it in nine ]. At the time of the commission, he was working on an organ suite using themes from ]s. He incorporated his sketches for that work into the Requiem, which uses numerous themes from the Gregorian "Mass for the Dead".<ref name="Creasy" /> Nearly all the thematic material in the work comes from chant.<ref name="Creasy" /> Duruflé scored the work for a solo voice in the central movement, Pie Jesu, and a mixed choir, accompanied by organ or orchestra. The composer dedicated the Requiem to the memory of his father.<ref name="Gammie" />
==Structure==
The work is set in nine ]. The '']'' text, perhaps the most famous portion of the ], is not set. <!-- The Dies irae is not part of the Libera me.--> Duruflé's omission of this text and inclusion of others from the burial service (e.g. ''In Paradisum'') makes the composition calmer and more meditative than some other settings. In the full score, the fifth movement, "Pie Jesu," has the only solo for the mezzo-soprano; in addition, even in the "organ-only" version of the Requiem, there is an ''obbligato'' ] solo. The baritone soloist has parts in the third movement, "Domine Jesu Christe," and the penultimate movement, "Libera me." Duruflé left indications in the score that, for the baritone soloist at least, it was preferable to have the choir sing the solos instead. This has resulted in various forces being used in different performances, some with both soloists, some with only the mezzo-soprano, and some (such as ]'s Telarc recording) using no soloists at all.


The Requiem was published in 1948 by the French publishing house ], first issued in a version for ] choir and organ.<ref name="Score" /> Duruflé demanded payment for the commissioned work and received 30,000 francs, instead of the 10,000 of his commission, because of the complex nature of his work and inflation during that time.{{sfn|Frazier|2007|p=157}}
Like many requiems, Duruflé's omits the ] and the ]. The "Dies Irae" ] is not omitted, but its text is included in the "Libera Me." It includes the motet '']'' and two texts from the burial service, '']'' and '']''. In this way, structurally Duruflé's ''Requiem'' mirrors ] in almost every way.


== Structure and scoring ==
#]
] of the ] ] for a Requiem Mass, from the '']'']]
#]
Duruflé structured the work in nine ]:<ref name="Gammie" />
#] (])
# ] (''Requiem aeternam'')
#] – Benedictus
#] # ]
# ] (Domine Jesu Christe), choir and baritone solo
#]
# ] and Benedictus
#] (])
# ], mezzo-soprano solo, optional solo cello
#]
#] # ]
# ] (])
# ], choir and baritone solo
# ]


The work is for ] ] with brief ] and ] ]. It exists in three versions: one for ] alone (with ''obbligato'' solo for ]); one for organ with ] and optional ]s, ], and ]; and one for organ and full ].{{sfn|Coghlan|2016}}
==Instrumentation==
The full orchestra version calls for ], 2 ]s, 2 ]s (2nd doubling 2nd ]), ], 2 ]s, ], 2 ]s, 4 ], 3 ]s, 3 ], ], ], ]s, ], ], ], ], ], and the typical string orchestra of ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]es.


Like Fauré in ], Duruflé's omits most of the liturgical ], but sets its part Pie Jesu. He includes Libera me and In Paradisum, from the burial service, again like Fauré, focused on calmness and a meditative character. The central movement, Pie Jesu, has the only solo for the mezzo-soprano. <!--; in addition, even in the organ-only version of the Requiem, there is an ''obbligato'' (i.e optional, '''ad libitum''' in the score) ] solo. The baritone soloist has parts in the third and eighth movements, Domine Jesu Christe and Libera me. Duruflé left indications in the score that, for the baritone solos, it was preferable to have the choir sing the solos instead. This has resulted in different performances, some with both soloists, some with only the mezzo-soprano, and some (such as ]'s Telarc recording) using no soloists at all. -->
== External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEEDD1238F935A25752C1A96F948260 | title = Review/Music; Maurice Durufle Requiem Opens 3-Part Retrospective | publisher = ] | date=November 16, 1989 | author= Oestreich, James R. |retrieved - March 2007}}


== Instrumentation ==
]
The full-orchestra version is scored for 3 ]s (2nd and 3rd doubling ]), 2 ]s (2nd doubling 2nd ]), ], 2 ]s, ], 2 ]s, 4 ]s, 3 ]s, 3 ], ], ], ]s, ], ], ], ], ], and strings (]s, ]s, ]s, and ]es).{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
]


The reduced-orchestra version is scored for 3 trumpets, timpani, harp, organ, and strings (violins, violas, cellos, and double basses). The organ part used in the reduced version is different from the organ part used in the version for choir and organ.
]

]
== Discography ==
]
* Guy Janssens, ''A history of the Requiem – Part III'', Laudantes Consort, ], Organ – CD: Cypres CYP 1654, 2006 (with Bruckner's ])
]
* Stetson University Concert Choir, ''Requiem'', Alan Raines Conducting, Boyd Jones Organ – CD: Clear Note 74390, 2008. ;
* ''Requiem Æternam'', The ], Oxford (David Crown, conductor; Tristan Mitchard, organ), ] 5060192780208, 2012 (with ]’s Mass for Five Voices)
* ''Duruflé Requiem & Four Motets''; ], mezzo-soprano; ], baritone; Thomas Trotter, organ; Corydon Singers; ]; ], conductor. CD: Hyperion Records Limited CDA66191, recorded October 1985
* ''Duruflé Requiem * Quatre Motets * Messe Cum Jubilo''; Westminster Cathedral Choir / ]; Hyperion CDA66757, recorded on 22–24 June, 6–8 July 1994
*], ''];'' Robert Simpson, Conductor; Cecilia Duarte, mezzo-soprano; Eduardo Terdero, baritone; ], organ; Norman Fischer, cello. CD: ], SIGCD571. Released on May 4, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duruflé: Complete Choral Works|url=https://signumrecords.com/product/durufle-complete-choral-works/SIGCD571/|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Signum Records|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Houston Chamber Choir Releases CD of Duruflé: Complete Choral Works|url=https://houstonchamberchoir.org/press-releases/durufle-complete-choral-works-release|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Houston Chamber Choir|language=en-US}}</ref> Recipient of the 2020 ] for ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners & Nominees|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/winners-nominees/107|access-date=2020-06-15|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist
| refs =

<ref name="Creasy">{{cite web
| last = Creasy
| first = Barry
| url = http://www.choirs.org.uk/prognotes/Durufle%20Requiem.htm
| title = Requiem – Maurice Duruflé (1902 - 1986)
| website = Collegium Musicum of London
| publisher = British Choirs on the Net
| access-date = 26 July 2014
}}</ref>

<ref name="Gammie">{{cite web
| last = Gammie
| first = David
| url = http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dw.asp?dc=W1245_66191
| title = Requiem, Op 9
| publisher = ]
| year = 2014
| access-date = 3 August 2017
}}</ref>

<ref name="Score">{{cite book
| title = Maurice Duruflé / Requiem / Choers à 4 Voix (S.A.T.B.)
| publisher = Durand
| year = 1948
}}</ref>

}}

== Cited sources ==
* {{cite journal
| last = Coghlan
| first = Alexandra
| url = https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/durufl%C3%A9-requiem-1
| title = Duruflé Requiem
| journal = ]
| year = 2016
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Frazier
| first = James E.
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EW4FfK2XhWoC&pg=PA166
| chapter = Chapter Sixteen: The Vichy Commissions / Chapter Seventeen: The Requiem
| title = Maurice Duruflé: The Man and His Music
| publisher = University of Rochester Press
| year = 2007
| pages = 156–180
| isbn = 978-1-58-046227-3
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite thesis|last = Cooksey | first = Karen Lou | url = http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=ugtheses | title = The Duruflé Requiem: A Guide for Interpretation | type = undergraduate honors thesis | publisher = ] | year = 2000 | access-date = 1 March 2007|ref=none}}
* {{cite web |last = Dellal | first = Pamela | author-link = Pamela Dellal | url = http://www.emmanuelmusic.org/notes_translations/translations_other/t_durufle_requiem.htm | title = Miscellaneous Translations / Requiem / Maurice Duruflé | publisher = ] | year = 2017 | access-date = 1 March 2007|ref=none}}
* {{cite grove|last=Kaye|first=Nicholas|year=2001|id=08407|title=Duruflé, Maurice|ref=none}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/16/arts/review-music-maurice-durufle-requiem-opens-3-part-retrospective.html|title=Review/Music; Maurice Durufle Requiem Opens 3-Part Retrospective|newspaper=]|date=16 November 1989|last=Oestreich|first=James R.|author-link=James R. Oestreich|access-date=17 January 2024|ref=none}}
* {{cite magazine |url = http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/elegant-theft-maurice-durufls-requiem | title = Elegant Theft: Maurice Duruflé's Requiem | magazine = ] | date = 8 March 2012 |last=Platt|first=Russell| access-date = 3 August 2017|ref=none}}

== External links ==
* , ]

{{Portal bar|Classical music}}
{{authority control}}

]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 15:50, 26 April 2024

Piece of music by Maurice Duruflé
Requiem
by Maurice Duruflé
Beginning of the second movement, Kyrie, in the organ version
Opus9
TextRequiem
LanguageLatin
Based onGregorian plainchant
DedicationTo the memory of his father
Movements9

The Requiem, Op. 9, is a 1947 (revised 1961) setting of the Latin Requiem by Maurice Duruflé for a solo baritone, mezzo-soprano, mixed choir, and organ, or orchestra with organ. The thematic material is mostly taken from the Mass for the Dead in Gregorian chant. The Requiem was first published in 1948 by Durand in an organ version.

History

Maurice Duruflé was among French composers commissioned in May 1941 by the collaborationist Vichy regime to write extended works for a monetary award, such as 10,000 francs for a symphonic poem, 20,000 for a symphony, and 30,000 for an opera. Duruflé, commissioned to compose a symphonic poem, decided to compose a Requiem and was still working on it in 1944 when the regime collapsed. He completed it in September 1947.

He set the Latin text of the Requiem Mass, omitting certain parts in the tradition of Gabriel Fauré's Requiem and structuring it in nine movements. At the time of the commission, he was working on an organ suite using themes from Gregorian chants. He incorporated his sketches for that work into the Requiem, which uses numerous themes from the Gregorian "Mass for the Dead". Nearly all the thematic material in the work comes from chant. Duruflé scored the work for a solo voice in the central movement, Pie Jesu, and a mixed choir, accompanied by organ or orchestra. The composer dedicated the Requiem to the memory of his father.

The Requiem was published in 1948 by the French publishing house Durand, first issued in a version for SATB choir and organ. Duruflé demanded payment for the commissioned work and received 30,000 francs, instead of the 10,000 of his commission, because of the complex nature of his work and inflation during that time.

Structure and scoring

Incipit of the Gregorian chant introit for a Requiem Mass, from the Liber Usualis

Duruflé structured the work in nine movements:

  1. Introit (Requiem aeternam)
  2. Kyrie eleison
  3. Offertory (Domine Jesu Christe), choir and baritone solo
  4. Sanctus and Benedictus
  5. Pie Jesu, mezzo-soprano solo, optional solo cello
  6. Agnus Dei
  7. Communion (Lux aeterna)
  8. Libera me, choir and baritone solo
  9. In paradisum

The work is for SATB choir with brief mezzo-soprano and baritone solos. It exists in three versions: one for organ alone (with obbligato solo for cello); one for organ with string orchestra and optional trumpets, harp, and timpani; and one for organ and full orchestra.

Like Fauré in his Requiem, Duruflé's omits most of the liturgical Dies irae, but sets its part Pie Jesu. He includes Libera me and In Paradisum, from the burial service, again like Fauré, focused on calmness and a meditative character. The central movement, Pie Jesu, has the only solo for the mezzo-soprano.

Instrumentation

The full-orchestra version is scored for 3 flutes (2nd and 3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes (2nd doubling 2nd English horn), English horn, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 4 French horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, tamtam, celesta, harp, organ, and strings (violins, violas, cellos, and double basses).

The reduced-orchestra version is scored for 3 trumpets, timpani, harp, organ, and strings (violins, violas, cellos, and double basses). The organ part used in the reduced version is different from the organ part used in the version for choir and organ.

Discography

References

  1. Frazier 2007, pp. 156–157.
  2. Frazier 2007, p. 166.
  3. ^ Creasy, Barry. "Requiem – Maurice Duruflé (1902 - 1986)". Collegium Musicum of London. British Choirs on the Net. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  4. ^ Gammie, David (2014). "Requiem, Op 9". Hyperion. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  5. Maurice Duruflé / Requiem / Choers à 4 Voix (S.A.T.B.). Durand. 1948.
  6. Frazier 2007, p. 157.
  7. Coghlan 2016.
  8. "Duruflé: Complete Choral Works". Signum Records. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  9. "Houston Chamber Choir Releases CD of Duruflé: Complete Choral Works". Houston Chamber Choir. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  10. "Winners & Nominees". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved 2020-06-15.

Cited sources

Further reading

External links

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