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{{Short description|Species of strawberry}}
{{Speciesbox {{Speciesbox
|image=Fragaria virginiana 2427.JPG |image=Fragaria virginiana 2427.JPG
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|genus=Fragaria |genus=Fragaria
|species=virginiana |species=virginiana
|authority=] |authority=]
|synonyms=''Fragaria ovalis'' <small>(Lehm.) Rydb.</small> |synonyms=''Fragaria ovalis'' <small>(Lehm.) Rydb.</small>
}} }}


'''''Fragaria virginiana''''', known as '''Virginia strawberry''', '''wild strawberry''', '''common strawberry''', or '''mountain strawberry''', is a North American strawberry that grows across much of the United States and southern Canada.{{r|gobotany}}{{r|jp}} It is one of two species of ] that were ] to create the modern domesticated ] (''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa'').{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} '''''Fragaria virginiana''''', known as '''Virginia strawberry''', '''wild strawberry''', '''common strawberry''', or '''mountain strawberry''', is a North American strawberry that grows across much of the ] and southern ].{{r|gobotany}}{{r|jp}} It is one of the two species of ] that were ] to create the modern domesticated ] (''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Fragaria/index.html |title=Strawberry, The Maiden With Runners |publisher=Botgard.ucla.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706193324/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Fragaria/index.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


==Subspecies== ==Description==
], ], ]]]
⚫ There are four recognized subspecies:{{cn|date=June 2020}}
''Fragaria virginiana'' can grow up to {{Convert|10|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} tall. The plant typically bears numerous ] leaves that are green on top, pale green on the lower surface. Each ] is about {{cvt|3|in|cm|order=flip|round=5}} long and 4 cm wide. The leaflet is oval shaped and has coarse teeth along the edge except near the bottom. This plant has a five-]ed white flower with numerous ]s, surrounded by yellow-anthered ]s. There are ten small green ]s under the petals.
⚫ :*''Fragaria virginiana'' subsp. ''glauca'' (formerly known as ''F. ovalis'')
⚫ :*''Fragaria virginiana'' subsp. ''grayana''
⚫ :*''Fragaria virginiana'' subsp. ''platypetala''
⚫ :*''Fragaria virginiana'' subsp. ''virginiana''


⚫ The seeds of this plant are developed from the pistils in the centre of the flower which will become dark-coloured fruit (]s) on the strawberry.<ref>Wendy Deng and Charlie Marshall, Characteristic point, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018013410/http://www.lakeforest.edu/academics/programs/environmental/courses/es203/fragaria_virginiana.php |date=2019-10-18 }}, Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref> The fruit of the wild strawberry is smaller than that of the garden strawberry (''Fragaria × ananassa''). Botanically, the fruit is classified as an ] ], but it is commonly called a berry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291715 |title=Fragaria virginiana |work=Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="gobotany">{{Go Botany |genus=Fragaria |species=virginiana |common=common strawberry |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> Strawberries reproduce both sexually by seed, and asexually by runners (]).
⚫ ==Cytology==

⚫ === Cytology ===
] ]
]s) up to 1 cm.]] ]s) up to 1 cm.]]
All strawberries have a base ] count of 7 ]. ''Fragaria virginiana'' is ], having eight sets of these chromosomes for a total of 56. These eight genomes pair as four distinct sets, of two different types, with little or no pairing between sets. The genome composition of the octoploid strawberry species has generally been indicated as AAA'A'BBB'B'. The A-type genomes were likely contributed by diploid ancestors related to '']'' or similar species, while the B-type genomes seem to descend from a close relative of '']''. The exact process of hybridization and speciation which resulted in the octoploid species is still unknown, but it appears that the genome compositions of both '']'' and ''Fragaria virginiana'' (and by extension the cultivated octoploid strawberry as well) are identical.{{r|harrison1997}} All strawberries have a base ] count of 7 ]. ''Fragaria virginiana'' is ], having eight sets of these chromosomes for a total of 56. These eight genomes pair as four distinct sets, of two different types, with little or no pairing between sets. The genome composition of the octoploid strawberry species has generally been indicated as AAA'A'BBB'B'. The A-type genomes were likely contributed by diploid ancestors related to '']'' or similar species, while the B-type genomes seem to descend from a close relative of '']''. The exact process of hybridization and speciation which resulted in the octoploid species is still unknown, but it appears that the genome compositions of both '']'' and ''Fragaria virginiana'' (and by extension their hybrid, the cultivated octoploid ] as well) are identical.{{r|harrison1997}}

=== Similar species ===
The plants resemble '']'', but have distinct leaves and more than five stamens.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Ronald J. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25708726 |title=Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary |publisher=Mountain Press Pub. Co |year=1994 |isbn=0-87842-280-3 |edition=rev. |location=Missoula, MT |pages=172 |language=en |oclc=25708726 |orig-year=1992}}</ref>


==Description==
⚫ ''Fragaria virginiana'' can grow up to 4 inches tall. The plant typically bears numerous ] leaves that are green on top, pale green on the lower surface. Each ] is about 3 inches long and 1.5 inches wide. The leaflet is oval shaped and has coarse teeth along the edge except near the bottom. This plant has a five-]ed white flower with numerous ]s, surrounded by yellow-anthered ]s. There are ten small green ]s under the petals. The seeds of this plant are developed from the pistils in the centre of the flower which will become dark-coloured fruit (]s) on the strawberry.<ref>Wendy Deng and Charlie Marshall, Characteristic point, , Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref> The fruit of the wild strawberry is smaller than that of the garden strawberry (''Fragaria × ananassa''). Botanically, the fruit is classified as an ] ], but it is commonly called a berry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=291715 |title=Fragaria virginiana |work=Plant Finder |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=gobotany>{{Go Botany |genus=Fragaria |species=virginiana |common=common strawberry |access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> A study showed that ''F. virginiana'' can reproduce asexually and sexually.<ref>Wilk, J., A. T. Kramer and M. V. Ashley. 2009. High variation in clonal vs. sexual reproduction in populations of the wild strawberry, ''Fragaria virginiana'' Mill. (Rosaceae). Annals of Botany '''114''': 1413-1419.</ref>
==Taxonomy== ==Taxonomy==
''Fragaria virginiana'' Mill. is considered to be the valid name for this plant by a number of authorities<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tropicos {{!}} Name - !Fragaria virginiana Mill.|url=http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50100081|access-date=2020-06-28|website=legacy.tropicos.org}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> (and was described by ] in 1768<ref name=mill>{{cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394928|date=1768|title=The Gardeners Dictionary|edition=8}}</ref> in the eighth edition of ''The Gardeners Dictionary)''.<ref name=":0" /> According to the ] the name, ''Fragaria virginiana'' Duchesne, published by ] in 1766,<ref name=duchesne>{{cite book|title=Histoire Naturelle des Fraisiers|location=Paris|date=1766|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10417853/f222.image}}</ref> is an invalid name.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=International Plant Names Index: ''Fragaria virginiana''|url=https://www.ipni.org/?q=Fragaria%20virginiana|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.ipni.org}}</ref> However, other authorities consider the valid name to be ''Fragaria virginiana'' Duchesne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Fragaria virginiana|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=24639#null|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.itis.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for FRAGARIA virginiana|url=https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6677,6723,6726|access-date=2020-06-28|website=ucjeps.berkeley.edu}}</ref> ''Fragaria virginiana'' Mill. is considered to be the valid name for this plant by a number of authorities<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tropicos {{!}} Name - !Fragaria virginiana Mill.|url=http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50100081|access-date=2020-06-28|website=legacy.tropicos.org}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> (and was described by ] in 1768<ref name=mill>{{cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/394928|date=1768|title=The Gardeners Dictionary|edition=8}}</ref> in the eighth edition of ''The Gardeners Dictionary)''.<ref name=":0" /> According to the ] the name, ''Fragaria virginiana'' Duchesne, published by ] in 1766,<ref name=duchesne>{{cite book|title=Histoire Naturelle des Fraisiers|location=Paris|date=1766|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10417853/f222.image}}</ref> is an invalid name.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=International Plant Names Index: ''Fragaria virginiana''|url=https://www.ipni.org/?q=Fragaria%20virginiana|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.ipni.org}}</ref> However, other authorities consider the valid name to be ''Fragaria virginiana'' Duchesne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Fragaria virginiana|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=24639#null|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.itis.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for FRAGARIA virginiana|url=https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6677,6723,6726|access-date=2020-06-28|website=ucjeps.berkeley.edu}}</ref>


==Cultivation== === Subspecies ===
⚫ There are four recognized subspecies:{{r|powo}}
A popular type called "]" is grown in ], having been imported from the ] in the early 1900s.{{cn|date=June 2020}}
⚫ :*''Fragaria virginiana'' subsp. ''{{visible anchor|glauca}}'' (formerly known as ''F. ovalis'')
⚫ :*''Fragaria virginiana'' subsp. ''grayana''
⚫ :*''Fragaria virginiana'' subsp. ''platypetala''
⚫ :*''Fragaria virginiana'' subsp. ''virginiana''

==Uses==
The berries are edible.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fagan|first=Damian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073035766|title=Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert|publisher=]|year=2019|isbn=1-4930-3633-5|location=Guilford, CT|pages=83|oclc=1073035766}}</ref> A popular type called "]" is grown in ], having been imported from the ] in the early 1900s.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

==In culture==
According to ], the first strawberries ] out of Earth Woman's heart after she ] to her ], ].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Day|first=Ashley|date=November 20, 2023|title=''3 Sisters to Invite to Thanksgiving''|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/the-three-sisters-8404587|publisher=]}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
Line 34: Line 45:
<ref name=harrison1997>Morphological and molecular variation among populations of octoploid ''Fragaria virginiana'' and ''F. chiloensis'' (Rosaceae) from North America. Harrison R, Luby J, Furnier G, Hancock J., Am J Bot. 1997 May;84(5):612., pp. 612–620.</ref> <ref name=harrison1997>Morphological and molecular variation among populations of octoploid ''Fragaria virginiana'' and ''F. chiloensis'' (Rosaceae) from North America. Harrison R, Luby J, Furnier G, Hancock J., Am J Bot. 1997 May;84(5):612., pp. 612–620.</ref>
<ref name=jp></ref> <ref name=jp></ref>

<ref name=powo>
{{Cite POWO <!-- Citation bot bypass-->
| author1 = POWO
| year = 2023
| id = 318974-2
| title = ''Fragaria virginiana'' Mill.
| access-date = 17 June 2023
}} }}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{PFAF|Fragaria virginiana}}
* {{PFAF|Fragaria ovalis}}


{{Fragaria}} {{Fragaria}}
Line 40: Line 65:


] ]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 19:59, 27 April 2024

Species of strawberry

Fragaria virginiana
In Deception Pass State Park, Washington (state)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Fragaria
Species: F. virginiana
Binomial name
Fragaria virginiana
Mill.
Synonyms

Fragaria ovalis (Lehm.) Rydb.

Fragaria virginiana, known as Virginia strawberry, wild strawberry, common strawberry, or mountain strawberry, is a North American strawberry that grows across much of the United States and southern Canada. It is one of the two species of wild strawberry that were hybridized to create the modern domesticated garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).

Description

Fragaria virginiana, Saint-Prosper-de-Champlain, Quebec, Canada

Fragaria virginiana can grow up to 10 centimetres (4 inches) tall. The plant typically bears numerous trifoliate leaves that are green on top, pale green on the lower surface. Each leaflet is about 10 cm (3 in) long and 4 cm wide. The leaflet is oval shaped and has coarse teeth along the edge except near the bottom. This plant has a five-petaled white flower with numerous pistils, surrounded by yellow-anthered stamens. There are ten small green sepals under the petals.

The seeds of this plant are developed from the pistils in the centre of the flower which will become dark-coloured fruit (achenes) on the strawberry. The fruit of the wild strawberry is smaller than that of the garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Botanically, the fruit is classified as an aggregate accessory fruit, but it is commonly called a berry. Strawberries reproduce both sexually by seed, and asexually by runners (stolons).

Cytology

Fragaria virginiana var. platypetala usually has dense and spreading pubescence on flower and leaf stalks as illustrated by this individual.
The fruit is a reddish, fleshy aggregate dotted with "seeds" (achenes) up to 1 cm.

All strawberries have a base haploid count of 7 chromosomes. Fragaria virginiana is octoploid, having eight sets of these chromosomes for a total of 56. These eight genomes pair as four distinct sets, of two different types, with little or no pairing between sets. The genome composition of the octoploid strawberry species has generally been indicated as AAA'A'BBB'B'. The A-type genomes were likely contributed by diploid ancestors related to Fragaria vesca or similar species, while the B-type genomes seem to descend from a close relative of Fragaria iinumae. The exact process of hybridization and speciation which resulted in the octoploid species is still unknown, but it appears that the genome compositions of both Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana (and by extension their hybrid, the cultivated octoploid garden strawberry as well) are identical.

Similar species

The plants resemble Hesperochiron pumilus, but have distinct leaves and more than five stamens.

Taxonomy

Fragaria virginiana Mill. is considered to be the valid name for this plant by a number of authorities (and was described by Philip Miller in 1768 in the eighth edition of The Gardeners Dictionary). According to the International Plant Names Index the name, Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, published by Antoine Nicolas Duchesne in 1766, is an invalid name. However, other authorities consider the valid name to be Fragaria virginiana Duchesne.

Subspecies

There are four recognized subspecies:

  • Fragaria virginiana subsp. glauca (formerly known as F. ovalis)
  • Fragaria virginiana subsp. grayana
  • Fragaria virginiana subsp. platypetala
  • Fragaria virginiana subsp. virginiana

Uses

The berries are edible. A popular type called "Little Scarlet" is grown in Great Britain, having been imported from the United States in the early 1900s.

In culture

According to Iroquois mythology, the first strawberries grew out of Earth Woman's heart after she died giving birth to her twin sons, Sapling and Flint.

References

  1. ^ "Fragaria virginiana (common strawberry)". Go Botany. New England Wildflower Society. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  2. Jepson Manual Treatment
  3. "Strawberry, The Maiden With Runners". Botgard.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010.
  4. Wendy Deng and Charlie Marshall, Characteristic point, "Fragaria virginiana (Wild Strawberry) Rosaceae" Archived 2019-10-18 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  5. "Fragaria virginiana". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  6. Morphological and molecular variation among populations of octoploid Fragaria virginiana and F. chiloensis (Rosaceae) from North America. Harrison R, Luby J, Furnier G, Hancock J., Am J Bot. 1997 May;84(5):612., pp. 612–620.
  7. Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) . Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 172. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  8. "Tropicos | Name - !Fragaria virginiana Mill". legacy.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  9. ^ "International Plant Names Index: Fragaria virginiana". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  10. The Gardeners Dictionary (8 ed.). 1768.
  11. Histoire Naturelle des Fraisiers. Paris. 1766.
  12. "ITIS Standard Report Page: Fragaria virginiana". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  13. "UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for FRAGARIA virginiana". ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  14. POWO (2023). "Fragaria virginiana Mill". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  15. Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 83. ISBN 1-4930-3633-5. OCLC 1073035766.
  16. Day, Ashley (November 20, 2023). "3 Sisters to Invite to Thanksgiving". Food & Wine.

External links

Strawberries
Species
Hybrids: F. × ananassa
F. × bringhurstii
F. × vescana
Strawberry cultivars
Breeders
Dishes
Pest and diseases
See also
 Category: Strawberries
Taxon identifiers
Fragaria virginiana
Categories: