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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{other uses}} {{other uses}}
{{taxobox {{italic title}} {{Automatic taxobox
⚫ |name = ''Freesia''
|image = Freesia.jpg |image = Freesia.jpg
|image_caption = Cultivated freesias |image_caption = Cultivated freesias
|display_parents = 2
|regnum = ]
⚫ |taxon = Freesia
|unranked_divisio = ]
⚫ |authority = ] ex ]
|unranked_classis = ]
|ordo = ]
|familia = ]
|subfamilia = ]
|genus = '''''Freesia'''''
⚫ |genus_authority = ] ex ]
|type_species = ''Freesia refracta'' |type_species = ''Freesia refracta''
|type_species_authority = (Jacquin) Klatt |type_species_authority = (Jacquin) Klatt
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=WCSP_F/> |synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_F/>
|synonyms=*'']'' <small>Ker Gawl.</small> |synonyms=
* ''Anomatheca'' <small>Ker Gawl.</small>
*'']'' <small>Kuntze</small> * ''Nymanina'' <small>Kuntze</small>
|}} }}
⚫ '''''Freesia''''' is a ] of ] ] ]s in the family ], first described as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and named after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from ] south to ], most species being found in ].<ref name=WCSP_F/> Species of the former genus '''''Anomatheca''''' are now included in ''Freesia''.<ref name=WCSP_F/> The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of ''Freesia'' species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants


⚫ '''''Freesia''''' is a ] of ] ] ]s in the family ], first described as a genus in 1866 by ] (1886) and named after the German botanist and medical practitioner, Friedrich Freese (1795–1876). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from ] south to ], most species being found in ].<ref name=WCSP_F/> Species of the former genus '''''Anomatheca''''' are now included in ''Freesia''.<ref name=WCSP_F/> The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of ''Freesia'' species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants.





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==Description== ==Description==
⚫ They are ] plants which grow from a conical ] {{cvt|1|–|2.5|cm|in|frac=4}} diameter, which sends up a tuft of narrow ] {{cvt|10|–|30|cm|in|0}} long, and a sparsely branched stem {{cvt|10|–|40|cm|in|0}} tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of ]s with six ]s. Many species have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped ]s, although those formerly placed in the genus ''Anomatheca'', such as '']'', have flat flowers.


⚫ Freesias are used as food plants by the ]e of some ] species including the ].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
⚫ They are ] plants which grow from a conical ] 1–2.5&nbsp;cm diameter, which sends up a tuft of narrow ] 10–30&nbsp;cm long, and a sparsely branched stem 10–40&nbsp;cm tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of ]s with six ]s. Many species have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped ]s, although those formerly placed in the genus ''Anomatheca'', such as '']'', have flat flowers.

⚫ Freesias are used as food plants by the ]e of some ] species including ].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}


==Systematics== ==Systematics==
⚫ The genus was named in honor of ] (1795–1876), a German physician.<ref name=Goldblatt2008>{{cite book |author1=Manning, John |author2=Goldblatt, Peter |title=The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon|pages=149–52 |year=2008|isbn=978-0-88192-897-6}}</ref>


⚫ ; Species<ref name=WCSP_F>Search for "Freesia", {{Citation |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ |access-date=2012-08-13 }}</ref>
⚫ The genus was named in honor of ] (1795–1876), a German physician.<ref name=Goldblatt2008>{{cite book |author1=Manning, John |author2=Goldblatt, Peter |title=The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon|pages=149–52 |year=2008|isbn=0-88192-897-6}}</ref>


⚫ * '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> - the ], ]
⚫ ;Species<ref name=WCSP_F>Search for "Freesia", {{Citation |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ |accessdate=2012-08-13 }}</ref>
* '']'' <small>(Burm.f.) N.E.Br.</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;elimensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small>, ''F.&nbsp;parva'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''F.&nbsp;xanthospila'' <small>(DC.) Klatt</small>) - Heuningrug region in the Cape Provinces

* '']'' <small>(Burm.f.) N.E.Br.</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;armstrongii'' <small>W.Watson</small>, ''F.&nbsp;brevis'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''F.&nbsp;aurea'' <small>Hend.</small>, ''F.&nbsp;odorata'' <small>(G.Lodd. ex Bosse) Eckl. ex Klatt</small>) - the Cape Provinces
⚫ # '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> - the ], ]
# '']'' <small>(Burm.f.) N.E.Br.</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;elimensis'' <small>L.Bolus</small>, ''F.&nbsp;parva'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''F.&nbsp;xanthospila'' <small>(DC.) Klatt</small>) - Heuningrug region in the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> - the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>(Burm.f.) N.E.Br.</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;armstrongii'' <small>W.Watson</small>, ''F.&nbsp;brevis'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>) - the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - Hoeks River Valley in the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> - the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>(Baker) Klatt</small> - Zaire, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, northeastern South Africa
# '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - Hoeks River Valley in the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>(Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;cruenta'' <small>(Lindl.) Klatt</small>) - from Rwanda + Kenya south to the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Madeira, Mauritius, Réunion, Australia, Florida, Argentina
* '']'' <small>Klatt</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;middlemostii'' <small>F.Barker</small>, ''F.&nbsp;muirii'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>, ''Freesia alba'' <small>G.L.Mey.</small> = ''F.&nbsp;leichtlinii subsp. alba'' <small>(G.L.Mey.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small>) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Corsica, California, Florida, Argentina
# '']'' <small>(Baker) Klatt</small> - Zaire, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, northeastern South Africa
# '']'' <small>(Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;cruenta'' <small>(Lindl.) Klatt</small>) - from Rwanda + Kenya south to the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Madeira, Mauritius, Réunion, Australia, Florida, Argentina * '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>Klatt</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;middlemostii'' <small>F.Barker</small>, ''F.&nbsp;muirii'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Corsica, California, Florida, Argentina * '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small>) - the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;framesii'' <small>L.Bolus</small>) - the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>(Jacq.) Klatt</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;hurlingii'' <small>L.Bolus</small>) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in France, Canary Islands, Madeira, Bermuda, St. Helena
# '']'' <small>J.C.Manning & Goldblatt</small> - the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>(Thunb.) N.E.Br.</small> - Langeberg in the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>(Jacq.) Klatt</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;hurlingii'' <small>L.Bolus</small>) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in France, Canary Islands, Madeira, Bermuda, St. Helena * '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;flava'' <small>(E.Phillips & N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.</small>) - the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>(Thunb.) N.E.Br.</small> - Langeberg in the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>(B.Vogel) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;juncea'' <small>(Pourr.) Klatt</small>) - the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>L.Bolus</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;flava'' <small>(E.Phillips & N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.</small>) - the Cape Provinces * '']'' <small>(Aiton) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning</small> - Namibia, the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>(B.Vogel) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning</small> (syn. ''F.&nbsp;juncea'' <small>(Pourr.) Klatt</small>) - the Cape Provinces
# '']'' <small>(Aiton) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning</small> - Namibia, the Cape Provinces


Species of the former genus ''Anomatheca'' are now included in ''Freesia'':<ref name=WCSP_F/> Species of the former genus ''Anomatheca'' are now included in ''Freesia'':<ref name=WCSP_F/>
*''Anomatheca cruenta'' <small>Lindl.</small> = '']'' subsp. ''laxa'' * ''Anomatheca cruenta'' <small>Lindl.</small> = '']'' subsp. ''laxa''
*''Anomatheca grandiflora'' <small>Baker</small> = '']'' * ''Anomatheca grandiflora'' <small>Baker</small> = '']''
*''Anomatheca juncea'' <small>(Pourr.) Ker Gawl.</small> = '']'' * ''Anomatheca juncea'' <small>(Pourr.) Ker Gawl.</small> = '']''
*''Anomatheca laxa'' <small>(Thunb.) Goldblatt</small> = '']'' * ''Anomatheca laxa'' <small>(Thunb.) Goldblatt</small> = '']''
*''Anomatheca verrucosa'' <small>(B.Vogel) Goldblatt</small> = '']'' * ''Anomatheca verrucosa'' <small>(B.Vogel) Goldblatt</small> = '']''
*''Anomatheca viridis'' <small>(Aiton) Goldblatt</small> = '']'' * ''Anomatheca viridis'' <small>(Aiton) Goldblatt</small> = '']''
*''Anomatheca xanthospila'' <small>(DC.) Ker Gawl.</small> = '']'' * ''Anomatheca xanthospila'' <small>(DC.) Ker Gawl.</small> = '']''


==Cultivation and uses== ==Cultivation and uses==
⚫ The plants usually called "freesias" in horticulture and floristry are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between ''Freesia refracta'' and ''Freesia leichtlinii''. Numerous ]s have been bred from these species and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of ''Freesia corymbosa''. Modern ] cultivars have flowers ranging from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They are mostly cultivated professionally in the Netherlands by about 80 growers.<ref>Dutch flowerpaper, Bloemenkrant, publisher Verhagen, week 12-2015, see also http://issuu.com/twovisions/docs/bk_week_12_15?e=1360358/11894263</ref> Freesias can be readily increased from seed. Due to their specific and pleasing scent, they are often used in hand creams, shampoos, candles, etc.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}; however, the flowers themselves are mainly used in wedding bouquets.

⚫ The plants usually called "freesias" are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between ''F. refracta'' and ''F. leichtlinii''. Numerous ]s have been bred from these species and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of ''F. corymbosa''. Modern ] cultivars have flowers ranging from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They are mostly cultivated professionally in the Netherlands by about 80 growers.<ref>Dutch flowerpaper, Bloemenkrant, publisher Verhagen, week 12-2015, see also http://issuu.com/twovisions/docs/bk_week_12_15?e=1360358/11894263</ref> Freesias can be readily increased from seed. Due to their specific and pleasing scent, they are often used in hand creams, shampoos, candles, etc.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}, however, the flowers are mainly used in wedding bouquets.

They can be planted in the fall in ] 9-10 (i.e. where the temperature does not fall below about −7&nbsp;°C (20&nbsp;°F)), and in the spring in Zones 4-8.<ref></ref>


''Freesia laxa'' (formerly called ''Lapeirousia laxa'' or ''Anomatheca cruenta'') is one of the other species of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it has flat rather than cup-shaped flowers.<ref name=Math87>{{Citation |last=Mathew |first=Brian |year=1987 |title=The Smaller Bulbs |publication-place=London |publisher=B.T. Batsford |isbn=978-0-7134-4922-8 }}, p. 9</ref><ref name=Inne85>{{Citation |last=Innes |first=Clive |year=1985 |title=The World of Iridaceae |publication-place=Ashington, UK |publisher=Holly Gate International |isbn=978-0-948236-01-3 }}, p. 18</ref> ''Freesia laxa'' (formerly called ''Lapeirousia laxa'' or ''Anomatheca cruenta'') is one of the other species of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it has flat rather than cup-shaped flowers.<ref name=Math87>{{Citation |last=Mathew |first=Brian |year=1987 |title=The Smaller Bulbs |publication-place=London |publisher=B.T. Batsford |isbn=978-0-7134-4922-8 }}, p. 9</ref><ref name=Inne85>{{Citation |last=Innes |first=Clive |year=1985 |title=The World of Iridaceae |publication-place=Ashington, UK |publisher=Holly Gate International |isbn=978-0-948236-01-3 }}, p. 18</ref>


<gallery>
Extensive 'forcing' of this bulb occurs in ] in ] where several growers chill the bulbs in proprietary methods to satisfy cold dormancy which results in formation of buds within a predicted number of weeks – often 5 weeks at {{Convert|55|F}}.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
File:Freesia refracta (Jacq.) Klatt (AM AK333551-2).jpg|Freesia plants in native habitat
File:Flower March 2010-2.jpg|''Freesia alba'' (''F. leichtlinii subsp. alba'')
File:Freesia caryophyllacea 1DS-II 1-8705.jpg|''Freesia caryophyllacea''
File:Freesia corymbosa KirstenboshBotGard09292010wildformB.jpg|''Freesia corymbosa''
File:Freesia grandiflora KirstenboshBotGard09292010A.jpg|''Freesia grandiflora''
File:Anomatheca laxa01.JPG|''Freesia laxa''
File:FreesiaRefracta2.jpg|''Freesia refracta'' (garden ])
File:PikiWiki Israel 42309 Plants of Israel.JPG|Variety of freesia cultivars
File:Purple Freesia.jpg|]-colored freesia cultivar
File:Freesia verrucosa 97692625.jpg|''Freesia verrucosa''
File:Freesia viridis.jpg|''Freesia viridis'' in ], Volume 31: t. 1275, as ''Tritonia viridis''
File:Freesia viridis crispifolia 15935754.jpg|''Freesia viridis subsp. crispifolia''
</gallery>


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


== Bibliography == ==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}


* {{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=John C.|last2=Goldblatt|first2=Peter|authorlink2=Peter Goldblatt|title=Botany and horticulture of the genus Freesia (Iridaceae)|series=] vol.&nbsp;27|date=2010|publisher=], SANBI|location=Pretoria|isbn=978-1-919976-58-7|url=https://archive.org/stream/botanyhorticultu27mann/Strelitzia_27_2010#page/n1/mode/2up|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=John C.|last2=Goldblatt|first2=Peter|author-link2=Peter Goldblatt|title=Botany and horticulture of the genus Freesia (Iridaceae)|series=] vol.&nbsp;27|date=2010|publisher=], SANBI|location=Pretoria|isbn=978-1-919976-58-7|url=https://archive.org/stream/botanyhorticultu27mann/Strelitzia_27_2010#page/n1/mode/2up}}
* Goldblatt, P. (1982) Systematics of ''Freesia'' Klatt (Iridaceae) J. South African Bot. 48:39-93. * Goldblatt, P. (1982) Systematics of ''Freesia'' Klatt (Iridaceae) J. South African Bot. 48:39-93.
{{refend}} {{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Freesia}} {{Commons}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Freesia}}
* *
* *
* *
* {{es icon}} * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430032428/http://www.aromaticas.es/freesias/6/ |date=2011-04-30 }} {{in lang|es}}
* *


{{Taxonbar|from=Q157392}}
{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}


⚫ ]
] ]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 13:38, 2 May 2024

Genus of flowering plants For other uses, see Freesia (disambiguation).

Freesia
Cultivated freesias
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Crocoideae
Tribe: Freesieae
Genus: Freesia
Eckl. ex Klatt
Type species
Freesia refracta
(Jacquin) Klatt
Synonyms
  • Anomatheca Ker Gawl.
  • Nymanina Kuntze

Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1886) and named after the German botanist and medical practitioner, Friedrich Freese (1795–1876). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most species being found in Cape Provinces. Species of the former genus Anomatheca are now included in Freesia. The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of Freesia species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants.

Description

They are herbaceous plants which grow from a conical corm 1–2.5 cm (1⁄2–1 in) diameter, which sends up a tuft of narrow leaves 10–30 cm (4–12 in) long, and a sparsely branched stem 10–40 cm (4–16 in) tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of flowers with six petals. Many species have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped flowers, although those formerly placed in the genus Anomatheca, such as F. laxa, have flat flowers.

Freesias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the large yellow underwing.

Systematics

The genus was named in honor of Friedrich Heinrich Theodor Freese (1795–1876), a German physician.

Species
  • Freesia andersoniae L.Bolus - the Cape Provinces, Free State
  • Freesia caryophyllacea (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. (syn. F. elimensis L.Bolus, F. parva N.E.Br., F. xanthospila (DC.) Klatt) - Heuningrug region in the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia corymbosa (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. (syn. F. armstrongii W.Watson, F. brevis N.E.Br., F. aurea Hend., F. odorata (G.Lodd. ex Bosse) Eckl. ex Klatt) - the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia fergusoniae L.Bolus - the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia fucata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - Hoeks River Valley in the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia grandiflora (Baker) Klatt - Zaire, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, northeastern South Africa
  • Freesia laxa (Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning (syn. F. cruenta (Lindl.) Klatt) - from Rwanda + Kenya south to the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Madeira, Mauritius, Réunion, Australia, Florida, Argentina
  • Freesia leichtlinii Klatt (syn. F. middlemostii F.Barker, F. muirii N.E.Br., Freesia alba G.L.Mey. = F. leichtlinii subsp. alba (G.L.Mey.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in Corsica, California, Florida, Argentina
  • Freesia marginata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia occidentalis L.Bolus (syn. F. framesii L.Bolus) - the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia praecox J.C.Manning & Goldblatt - the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia refracta (Jacq.) Klatt (syn. F. hurlingii L.Bolus) - the Cape Provinces; naturalized in France, Canary Islands, Madeira, Bermuda, St. Helena
  • Freesia sparrmanii (Thunb.) N.E.Br. - Langeberg in the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia speciosa L.Bolus (syn. F. flava (E.Phillips & N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.) - the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia verrucosa (B.Vogel) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning (syn. F. juncea (Pourr.) Klatt) - the Cape Provinces
  • Freesia viridis (Aiton) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning - Namibia, the Cape Provinces

Species of the former genus Anomatheca are now included in Freesia:

Cultivation and uses

The plants usually called "freesias" in horticulture and floristry are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between Freesia refracta and Freesia leichtlinii. Numerous cultivars have been bred from these species and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of Freesia corymbosa. Modern tetraploid cultivars have flowers ranging from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They are mostly cultivated professionally in the Netherlands by about 80 growers. Freesias can be readily increased from seed. Due to their specific and pleasing scent, they are often used in hand creams, shampoos, candles, etc.; however, the flowers themselves are mainly used in wedding bouquets.

Freesia laxa (formerly called Lapeirousia laxa or Anomatheca cruenta) is one of the other species of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it has flat rather than cup-shaped flowers.

  • Freesia plants in native habitat Freesia plants in native habitat
  • Freesia alba (F. leichtlinii subsp. alba) Freesia alba (F. leichtlinii subsp. alba)
  • Freesia caryophyllacea Freesia caryophyllacea
  • Freesia corymbosa Freesia corymbosa
  • Freesia grandiflora Freesia grandiflora
  • Freesia laxa Freesia laxa
  • Freesia refracta (garden cultivar) Freesia refracta (garden cultivar)
  • Variety of freesia cultivars Variety of freesia cultivars
  • Mauve-colored freesia cultivar Mauve-colored freesia cultivar
  • Freesia verrucosa Freesia verrucosa
  • Freesia viridis in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Volume 31: t. 1275, as Tritonia viridis Freesia viridis in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Volume 31: t. 1275, as Tritonia viridis
  • Freesia viridis subsp. crispifolia Freesia viridis subsp. crispifolia

References

  1. ^ Search for "Freesia", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2012-08-13
  2. Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter (2008). The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 149–52. ISBN 978-0-88192-897-6.
  3. Dutch flowerpaper, Bloemenkrant, publisher Verhagen, week 12-2015, see also http://issuu.com/twovisions/docs/bk_week_12_15?e=1360358/11894263
  4. Mathew, Brian (1987), The Smaller Bulbs, London: B.T. Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-4922-8, p. 9
  5. Innes, Clive (1985), The World of Iridaceae, Ashington, UK: Holly Gate International, ISBN 978-0-948236-01-3, p. 18

Bibliography

External links

Taxon identifiers
Freesia
Categories: