| Revision as of 23:29, 7 June 2007 editOmegatron (talk | contribs)Administrators35,798 edits expand on criticism← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 10:32, 18 May 2024 edit undoCBDunkerson (talk | contribs)Administrators15,422 editsm Removed protection from "HHO gas": Indefinite protection not required |
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'''This article is being considered for deletion''' for the 4th time in accordance with Misplaced Pages's ].<br /> |
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Please share your thoughts on the matter at ''']''' on the ] page.<br /> |
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You are welcome to edit this article, but please do not blank this article or remove this notice while the discussion is in progress. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the ].<br/> |
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''<small>Steps to ]: {{tls|afd}} • OR <nowiki>{{</nowiki>subst:afd2|pg={{PAGENAME}}|cat=|text=}} • <nowiki>{{</nowiki>subst:afd3|pg={{PAGENAME}} (4th nomination)}} </small></div> |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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{{Infobox Pseudoscience |
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{{R to section}} |
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|name=HHO gas |
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|topics= |
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*] |
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*] |
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|claims=Process for electrolyzing water that results in a gas with properties that defy the laws of physics |
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|origyear=1997<ref> - HTA website</ref> |
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|origprop=Denny Klein |
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|currentprop= |
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*Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc., |
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*] |
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}} |
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'''HHO''' ("Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen") is a gas created by an electrolysis process from ], which is claimed to have special properties.<ref name="US7191737">{{US patent reference |
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| number = 7191737 |
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| y = 2007 |
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| m = 03 |
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| d = 20 |
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| inventor = Dennis Klein |
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| title = Hydrogen generator for uses in a vehicle fuel system |
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}}</ref> Some of these properties would break the established ], and have not been verified by independent ]. |
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'''Aquygen''' is the commercial trademark for this gas used by Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc., which sells gas generators for use in welding and cutting torches (a form of ]).<ref name="HTA get">{{cite web |
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| url = http://hytechapps.com/get_aquygen |
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| title = How to get Aquygen |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-05 |
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| year = 2006 |
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| publisher = Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc. |
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}}</ref> HTA also claims that the gas is useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive", enhancing the fuel efficiency of gasoline, diesel and aircraft turbine engines.<ref name="HTA history">{{cite web |
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| url = http://hytechapps.com/company/history |
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| title = Company: Our History |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-05 |
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| year = 2006 |
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| publisher = Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc. |
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}}</ref> |
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] and others point out that the welding technique was invented decades earlier by William Rhodes and Yull Brown, and that similar dubious claims have been made about ] and ]s in the past, but have proven to be hoaxes. Water cannot be used as a fuel source.<ref name="Randi new">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-06/060906just.html#i3 |
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|title=That HHO idea isn't new |
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|accessdate=2007-06-05 |
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|last=Randi |
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|first=James |
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|authorlink=James Randi |
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|date=] |
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|work=Swift |
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|publisher=] |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://msgboard.snopes.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=56;t=002848;p=1 | title = Topic: Magical water fuel: A successful hoax? Or, what's the catch? | work = ] forum |date=May 13, 2006 | accessdate = 2007-03-30}}</ref> |
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== Properties == |
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] scan of ] created with a ] ] Clarus 500, by at the ], Florida, showing a peak at 5 ]. ] claims that this peak can only be explained by his "magnecule" theory.]] |
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HHO gas is odorless, colorless and lighter than air, with many properties identical to ] or ]. According to HTA and ] of the ] there are many unique and unusual properties that distinguish HHO from oxyhydrogen, Brown's gas, water vapor, and other variants.<ref name="HTA science">{{cite web |
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| url = http://hytechapps.com/aquygen/science |
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| title = Aquygen: A New Kind of Gas - Key features establishing the novelty of Aquygen Gas |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-05 |
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| year = 2006 |
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| publisher = Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc. |
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}}</ref> |
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Its commercial proponents claim that HHO gas exhibits a widely varying "energy content", and that the flame changes temperature in the presence of different materials, ranging from a relatively cold flame (259°F) in open air to over 10,000°F, "instantaneously" ] ] and melting ].<ref name="Tampa Tribune">{{cite news | first= Will| last= Rogers | title= Clearwater Man Puts Technology To Work | url= http://web.archive.org/web/20051129031102/http://tampatrib.com/MGBKD7YQIGE.html | publisher= Tampa Tribune | date= Nov 27, 2005 | accessdate= 2005-11-29 }}</ref> All normal fuels have a fixed value of energy content (Santilli measures in ]/]). |
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HHO gas allegedly does not follow the fundamental ] for gases, changing from a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into liquid water at 150 ].<ref name="Santilli 2006"/> The fact that this would require a chemical change in addition to the state change is not addressed. |
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HHO gas is supposed by its believers to demonstrate an anomalous adhesion to gases, liquids and solids.<ref name="Santilli 2006"/> They claim that HHO gas bonds to gaseous fuels (such as natural gas, magnegas fuel, and others) and liquid fuels (such as diesel, gasoline, liquid petroleum, and others). |
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=== Magnecules === |
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Based<!-- solely? --> on the claims of variable energy content and flames which can "melt instantaneously tungsten and bricks", Santilli wrote in the 2006 ] that HHO gas has a unique structure with a chemical composition that cannot be described by modern science.<ref name="Santilli 2006">{{cite journal | last = Santilli | first = Ruggero Maria | year = 2006 | month = August | title = A new gaseous and combustible form of water | journal = ] | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = pp. 1113–1128 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.11.006 | url = http://www.thejoecell.com/files/A_NEW_GASEOUS_AND_COMBUSTIBLE_FORM_OF_WATER_-_Santilli_8-04.doc | format = ] | accessdate = 2007-02-20 }}</ref> He claims that ] experiments show evidence of stable clusters composed of individual H and O atoms, their ]s H–O, and their molecules {{hydrogen|2}}, {{oxygen|2}} and ]. According to Santilli these cannot be explained by conventional ]s. He proposes, instead, that the gas contains an oxygen-hydrogen hybrid, based on a structure he names a "magnecule", in a structure which has yet to be understood.<ref>{{cite journal |
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| title = Structure and Combustion of Magnegases | journal = Hadronic Journal | issue = 27 | pages = p. 299-330 | author = R. M. Santilli, A. K. Aringazin | date = December 20, 2001 | id = {{arXiv|archive=physics|id=0112066}} |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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| last = Santilli | first = Ruggero Maria | date = ] | title = The Novel 'Controlled Intermediate Nuclear Fusion' and its Possible Industrial Realization as Predicted by Hadronic Mechanics and Chemistry| id = {{arxiv|archive=physics|id=0602125}} | accessdate = 2007-03-01 }} {{quote|DEFINITION: Santilli’s magnecules are stable clusters consisting of individual atoms (H, C, O, etc.), dimers (OH, CH, etc.) and ordinary molecules (CO, H2O, etc.) bonded together by opposing magnetic polarities originating from toroidal polarizations of the orbitals of atomic electrons. Numerous new substances with magnecular structures have been identified experimentally to date, among which we indicate MagneGas, MagneHydrogen, HHO, and others under industrial development. |
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}}</ref> HHO is described to have the structure (H×H)–O where “×” represents Santilli's magnecular bond and “–” the conventional molecular bond. The transition from the conventional H–O–H configuration to the new (H×H)–O species is explained as being a change of the electric polarization of water caused by the electrolyzer. These claims have not yet been verified through multiple independent research studies nor are they endorsed or held by any scientist of repute in the field. |
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== News coverage == |
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Klein and his gas have been featured in many ] newspaper articles and television programs.<ref>{{cite video |
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| people = Craig Patrick reporting |
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| year = |
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| date = |
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| title = Water Power |
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| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Rb_rDkwGnU |
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| format = Youtube video |
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| medium = Television newscast |
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| publisher = Fox 26 News |
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| location = |
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| accessdate = 2007-04-15 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= David | last= Adams | title= Florida's very own water fueled car | url= http://blogs.tampabay.com/energy/2006/10/heres_a_truly_o.html | publisher= St. Petersburg Times | date= October 12, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= Water Could One Day Replace Gas | url= http://www.ksbitv.com/home/2856476.html | publisher= KSBI-TV 52 Oklahoma | date= May 23, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= Cars Running On Water? | url= http://www.kxan.com/Global/category.asp?C=6246 | publisher= KXAN, Austin, TX | date= May 24, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= Eric | last= Flack | title= Car Powered By Water A Reality | url= http://wave3.com/Global/story.asp?s=4934566 | publisher= Wave 3 News | date= Sep 6, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite video |
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| people = |
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| title = Water-powered Car Technology Attractive to Many |
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| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa1meqFFjjM |
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| format = ] video |
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| medium = Television newscast |
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| publisher = Wave 3 News |
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| location = Louisville, KY |
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| accessdate = 2006-06-30 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= Eric | last= Flack | title= Big Names Interested in Water Powered Car | url= http://wave3.com/Global/story.asp?s=4939560 | publisher= Wave 3 News | location = Louisville, KY| date= July 12, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= Eric | last= Flack | title= Car Powered By Water A Reality | url= http://wave3.com/Global/story.asp?s=4934566 | publisher= Wave 3 News | location = Louisville, KY | date= Sep 6, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref> |
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Hydrogen Technology Applications Inc. has donated several HHO gas generators to Kentucky universities and technical training centers during its introduction program.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.eppc.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/35AF34E9-43FC-4C10-9FC8-FA2ABFE2CCA3/0/Winter2005LAW.pdf#page=15 | pages = pg.15 | title = Gadgets and gizmos | journal = Land Air & Water, Kentucky Dept. for Environmental Protection | author = Linda Potter | date = Winter 2005 | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | oclc = 20955733 }}</ref> |
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== Water-fuelled car == |
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{{main|water-fuelled car}} |
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Many news programs present HHO as an "energy source" or "alternative fuel", and refer to HTA's demonstration vehicle as a "water-powered car" (a common hoax/urban legend that exploits popular misconceptions about the energy balance involved in electrolysis and combustion). This ] has been explained by Dr. Ali T-Raissi, Hydrogen Research Director of the Florida Solar Energy Center, and Sieglinde Kinne, Energy Efficiency Engineer for the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center: Creating hydrogen from water requires an energy input, which is always greater than the energy produced by burning it.<ref name="Tampa Tribune"/><ref>{{cite video |
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| people = |
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| title = Water Car has its Critics |
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| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73bZIXRS9_Y |
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| format = ] video |
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| medium = Television newscast |
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| publisher = Wave 3 News |
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| location = Louisville, KY |
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| accessdate = 2006-06-30 |
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}}</ref> |
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Although HTA does not actually claim a water-powered car (they describe their own demonstration vehicle as a "1.9 liter engine with little modifications"), they do state that HHO can be used as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive", and that water is the "source of HHO's energy". They claim that HHO gas can be injected into a normal automobile gasoline engine to increase fuel efficiency by 30-50%, eliminate ] from the exhaust, and can increase the "thermal content" of liquid fuels like gasoline and diesel. |
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==See also== |
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==References== |
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<references/> |
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