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{{Redirect category shell|
{{Infobox Pseudoscience
{{R to section}}
|name=HHO gas
|topics=
*]
*]
|claims=Process for electrolyzing water that results in a gas with properties that defy the laws of physics
|origyear=1997<ref> - HTA website</ref>
|origprop=Denny Klein
|currentprop=
*Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc.,
*]
}} }}

'''HHO''' ("Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen") or '''Klein gas''' is a gas created by an ] process from ], which is claimed to have special properties.<ref name="US7191737">{{US patent reference
| number = 7191737
| y = 2007
| m = 03
| d = 20
| inventor = Dennis Klein
| title = Hydrogen generator for uses in a vehicle fuel system
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mobjectivist.blogspot.com/2004/11/klein-gas-brouhaha.html
|title=Klein gas brouhaha
|accessdate=2007-06-10
|last=
|first=
|date=]
|work=
|publisher=
}}</ref>

'''Aquygen''' is the commercial trademark for this gas used by Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc. (HTA), which sells gas generators for use in welding and cutting torches (a form of ]). HTA also claims that the gas is useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive", enhancing the fuel efficiency of gasoline, diesel and aircraft turbine engines".<ref name="HTA history">{{cite web
| url = http://hytechapps.com/company/history
| title = Company: Our History
| accessdate = 2007-04-05
| year = 2006
| publisher = Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc.
}}</ref>

] of the ] wrote a paper in the 2006 ], based on spectrometry analyses of the gas, which he claims support his ] "magnecule" theory of physics. Some of his claimed special properties would defy known laws of physics. There exists no peer reviewed ] in reputable scientific literature ] put forward by proponents of this gas.<ref name="Santilli 2006"/><ref>{{cite journal
| title = Structure and Combustion of Magnegases | journal = Hadronic Journal | issue = 27 | pages = p. 299-330 | author = R. M. Santilli, A. K. Aringazin | date = December 20, 2001 | id = {{arXiv|archive=physics|id=0112066}}
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Santilli | first = Ruggero Maria | date = ] | title = The Novel 'Controlled Intermediate Nuclear Fusion' and its Possible Industrial Realization as Predicted by Hadronic Mechanics and Chemistry| id = {{arxiv|archive=physics|id=0602125}} | accessdate = 2007-03-01 }} {{quote|DEFINITION: Santilli’s magnecules are stable clusters consisting of individual atoms (H, C, O, etc.), and ordinary molecules (CO, H{sub}2{/sub}O, etc.) bonded together by opposing magnetic polarities originating from toroidal polarizations of the orbitals of electrons. Numerous new substances with magnecular structures have been identified experimentally to date, among which we indicate MagneGas, MagneHydrogen, HHO, and others under industrial development.
}}</ref>

The gas has been presented in the media as a fuel for welding and for cars, with the reporters claiming that it extracts energy from water. ] and others point out that the welding technique was invented decades earlier by William Rhodes and Yull Brown, and that similar dubious claims have been made about ] and ]s in the past, but are known hoaxes. Water cannot be used as a fuel source; it can only be used to generate ], which then functions as an ], not an ]. (See ].)<ref name="Randi new">{{cite web
|url=http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-06/060906just.html#i3
|title=That HHO idea isn't new
|accessdate=2007-06-05
|last=Randi
|first=James
|authorlink=James Randi
|date=]
|work=Swift
|publisher=]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://msgboard.snopes.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=56;t=002848;p=1 | title = Topic: Magical water fuel: A successful hoax? Or, what's the catch? | work = ] forum |date=May 13, 2006 | accessdate = 2007-03-30}}</ref>

== Properties ==
] scan of ] created with a ] ] Clarus 500, by at the ], Florida, showing a peak at 5 ]. ] claims that this peak can only be explained by his "magnecule" theory.]]

Although it is formed in the same way as ] (also called ]), and shares many identical properties, HHO is claimed by HTA and Santilli to have unusual properties that distinguish it as a unique compound. Like oxyhydrogen, HHO gas is odorless, colorless and lighter than air.<ref name="HTA science">{{cite web
| url = http://hytechapps.com/aquygen/science
| title = Aquygen: A New Kind of Gas - Key features establishing the novelty of Aquygen Gas
| accessdate = 2007-04-05
| year = 2006
| publisher = Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc.
}}</ref>

Proponents allege that:
* HHO gas exhibits a widely varying "energy content", and that the flame changes temperature in the presence of different materials, ranging from a relatively cold flame (259°F) in open air to over 10,000°F, "instantaneously" ] ] and melting ].<ref name="Tampa Tribune">{{cite news | first= Will| last= Rogers | title= Clearwater Man Puts Technology To Work | url= http://web.archive.org/web/20051129031102/http://tampatrib.com/MGBKD7YQIGE.html | work= Tampa Tribune | date= ], ] | accessdate= 2005-11-29 }}</ref> All normal fuels have a fixed value of energy content (Santilli measures in ]/]).
** The demonstration of "sublimating" tungsten by heating it in air is highly misleading, however. In air, the tungsten oxidizes easily to ], which forms solid smoke particles and has a much lower boiling point of about 1700 °C. (This is why ]s with tungsten filaments are filled with an ] like ] or ].) A real demonstration of sublimation of tungsten would need to be done in an oxygen-free environment.
* HHO gas does not follow the fundamental ] for gases, changing from a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into liquid water at 150 ].<ref name="Santilli 2006"/> This would require a chemical change as well as a ].
* HHO gas adheres anomalously to gases, liquids and solids, including to gaseous fuels (such as ], magnegas fuel, and others) and liquid fuels (such as ], ], liquid petroleum, and others).<ref name="Santilli 2006"/>

== Magnecules ==

Santilli, basing his theory on claims of variable energy content and flames which can "melt instantaneously tungsten and bricks", claimed that HHO gas has a "unique structure with a chemical composition that cannot be described by modern science".<ref name="Santilli 2006">{{cite journal | last = Santilli | first = Ruggero Maria | year = 2006 | month = August | title = A new gaseous and combustible form of water | journal = ] | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = pp. 1113–1128 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.11.006 | url = http://www.thejoecell.com/files/A_NEW_GASEOUS_AND_COMBUSTIBLE_FORM_OF_WATER_-_Santilli_8-04.doc | format = ] | accessdate = 2007-02-20 }}</ref> He claims that ] experiments show evidence of stable clusters composed of individual H and O atoms, and the molecules {{hydrogen|2}}, {{oxygen|2}} and ]. According to Santilli these cannot be explained by conventional ]s. He proposes, instead, that the gas contains an oxygen-hydrogen hybrid, based on a structure he names a "magnecule", in a structure which has yet to be understood.<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Structure and Combustion of Magnegases | journal = Hadronic Journal | issue = 27 | pages = p. 299-330 | author = R. M. Santilli, A. K. Aringazin | date = December 20, 2001 | id = {{arXiv|archive=physics|id=0112066}}
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Santilli | first = Ruggero Maria | date = ] | title = The Novel 'Controlled Intermediate Nuclear Fusion' and its Possible Industrial Realization as Predicted by Hadronic Mechanics and Chemistry| id = {{arxiv|archive=physics|id=0602125}} | accessdate = 2007-03-01 }} {{quote|DEFINITION: Santilli’s magnecules are stable clusters consisting of individual atoms (H, C, O, etc.), and ordinary molecules (CO, H{sub}2{/sub}O, etc.) bonded together by opposing magnetic polarities originating from toroidal polarizations of the orbitals of electrons. Numerous new substances with magnecular structures have been identified experimentally to date, among which we indicate MagneGas, MagneHydrogen, HHO, and others under industrial development.
}}</ref> HHO is described to have the structure (H×H)–O where “×” represents Santilli's magnecular bond and “–” the conventional molecular bond. The transition from the conventional H–O–H configuration to the new (H×H)–O species is explained as being a change of the electric polarization of water caused by the electrolyzer. These claims have not yet been verified through multiple independent research studies nor are they endorsed or held by any scientist of repute in the field.

== News coverage ==
The promotion of this gas has been featured in television programs that did not comment on its veracity.<ref>{{cite video
| people = Craig Patrick reporting
| year =
| date =
| title = Water Power
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Rb_rDkwGnU
| format = Youtube video
| medium = Television newscast
| publisher = Fox 26 News
| location =
| accessdate = 2007-04-15
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | first= David | last= Adams | title= Florida's very own water fueled car | url= http://blogs.tampabay.com/energy/2006/10/heres_a_truly_o.html | work= St. Petersburg Times | date= October 12, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | title= Water Could One Day Replace Gas | url= http://www.ksbitv.com/home/2856476.html | publisher= KSBI-TV 52 Oklahoma | date= May 23, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | title= Cars Running On Water? | url= http://www.kxan.com/Global/category.asp?C=6246 | publisher= KXAN, Austin, TX | date= ], ] | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= Eric | last= Flack | title= Car Powered By Water A Reality | url= http://wave3.com/Global/story.asp?s=4934566 | publisher= Wave 3 News | date= ], ] | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite video
| people =
| year =
| date =
| title = Water-powered Car Technology Attractive to Many
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa1meqFFjjM
| format = ] video
| medium = Television newscast
| publisher = Wave 3 News
| location = Louisville, KY
| accessdate = 2006-06-30
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | first= Eric | last= Flack | title= Big Names Interested in Water Powered Car | url= http://wave3.com/Global/story.asp?s=4939560 | publisher= Wave 3 News | location = Louisville, KY| date= July 12, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news | first= Eric | last= Flack | title= Car Powered By Water A Reality | url= http://wave3.com/Global/story.asp?s=4934566 | publisher= Wave 3 News | location = Louisville, KY | date= September 6, 2006 | accessdate= 2007-03-01 }}</ref>

=== Water-fuelled car ===
{{main|water-fuelled car}}

News covering the promotion presented HHO as an "energy source" or "alternative fuel", and refer to HTA's demonstration vehicle as a "water-powered car" (a common hoax/urban legend that exploits popular misconceptions about the energy balance involved in electrolysis and combustion). This flaw in reasoning has been explained in the news programs by Dr. Ali T-Raissi, Hydrogen Research Director of the Florida Solar Energy Center, and Sieglinde Kinne, Energy Efficiency Engineer for the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center: Creating hydrogen from water requires an energy input, which is always greater than the energy produced by burning it.<ref name="Tampa Tribune"/>

Although HTA does not actually claim a water-powered car (they describe their own demonstration vehicle as a "hybrid vehicle" with a "1.9 liter engine with little modifications" in which HHO is injected in addition to normal gasoline), they do state that HHO can be used as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive", and that water is the "source of HHO's energy". They claim that HHO gas can be injected into a normal automobile gasoline engine to increase fuel efficiency by 30-50%, eliminate ] from the exhaust, and can increase the "thermal content" of liquid fuels like gasoline and diesel. According to Steve Lusko, project manager for HTA, the decrease in emissions is due to the highly efficient burn.<ref>{{cite news
| first = Ron
| last = Strom
| authorlink =
| title = Cars run on water: Miracle or scam?
| url = http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=50255
| work = ]
| publisher =
| date = ]
| accessdate = 2007-06-07
}}</ref>

==See also==
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]

==References==
<references/>

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