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| {{Short description|Ottoman admiral in the Mamluk Navy of Egypt}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] in the 16th century.]] | ||
| '''Selman Reis''' was an Ottoman admiral and corsair who was active in the ] Navy of ] and later in the ] against the ] in the first half of the 16th century. |
'''Selman Reis''' was an ] admiral and former corsair who was active in the ] Navy of ] and later in the ] against the ] in the first half of the 16th century. Selman Reis was originally from the ] island of ].<ref name="Casale 39"></ref> | ||
| ==Mercenary for the Mamluk regime== | ==Mercenary for the Mamluk regime== | ||
| {{further|Portuguese–Mamluk naval war}} | |||
| {{see|Portuguese-Mamluk War}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] against a Portuguese attack in 1517.]] | ||
| ⚫ | Selman Reis entered the service of the Mamluks, and led a group of 2,000 |
||
| ⚫ | Selman Reis entered the service of the Mamluks, and led a group of 2,000 Levantines, against the wishes of the Ottoman Sultan ].<ref name="Casale 32"></ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Following the disruption of the spice trade between India and Mamluk Egypt by the Portuguese, Selman Reis led a ] fleet of 19 ships into the ] in 1515. He left ] leading the fleet on 30 September 1515.<ref name="İnalcik 321"></ref> The fleet also included 3,000 men, 1,300 of whom were Turkish soldiers.<ref name="İnalcik 321"/> The fleet built a fortress in ], but failed to take ] and ] on 17 September 1516.<ref name="İnalcik 321"/> |
||
| ⚫ | Following the disruption of the spice trade between India and Mamluk Egypt by the Portuguese, Selman Reis led a ] fleet of 19 ships into the ] in 1515. He left ] leading the fleet on 30 September 1515.<ref name="İnalcik 321"></ref> The fleet also included 3,000 men, 1,300 of whom were Turkish soldiers.<ref name="İnalcik 321"/> The fleet built a fortress in ], but failed to take ] and ] on 17 September 1516.<ref name="İnalcik 321"/> | ||
| ⚫ | ] against a Portuguese attack in 1517.]] | ||
| In 1517, he defended ] against a Portuguese attack, soon before the fall of the Mamluk regime.<ref name="Casale 39"/> | |||
| In 1517, he defended ] against a Portuguese attack, soon before the fall of the Mamluk regime.<ref name="Casale 39"/> | |||
| Selman Reis was sent to ] and imprisoned for disloyalty until 1520.<ref name="Casale 39"/> | |||
| ==Ottoman admiral== | ==Ottoman admiral== | ||
| ⚫ | ] in the 16th century.]] | ||
| ⚫ | Selman Reis came back in |
||
| Shortly after Selman was freed, he returned to ] in the same year and stayed there for 3 years until when ], the Ottoman governor of Egypt Eyalet revolted, Selman escaped from Egypt and headed to ] and joined with Husayn al Rumi, the governor of Jeddah<ref name=Nahrawālī>Qutb ad-Dīn an-Nahrawālī. 1511-1582. al-Barq al-Yamānī fī al-fatḥ al-ʿUṯmānī. p .37-8 </ref><ref name=Ali>Shah, Azmat Ali. "OTTOMAN DOMINATION IN THE ARAB LAND AND IT’S EFFECTS ON MUSLIM INDIA." p.11.</ref> and together they proceeded to capture ]. During this time, they discovered that the Portuguese recently established themselves in ] where they raided the coast of Yemen and kidnapping the inhabitants. Selman defeated the Portuguese, captured the island and took parts of the garrison as captives.<ref name=Nahrawālī /><ref name=Ali /> However, he ran afoul of the ruler of ] and had to flee back to Egypt.<ref name="Casale 45">{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC |page=45}} |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |first=Giancarlo |last=Casale}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | In 1525, Selman Reis was put at the head of an Ottoman fleet of 18 ships and 299 cannons as its admiral, with ships taken from the derelict Jiddah fleet and refurbished in Suez.<ref name="İnalcik 321"/><ref name="Casale 42"/> He was in association with ], leading around 4,000 infantry.<ref name="Casale 42"/> They left Suez in 1526 |
||
| ⚫ | Selman Reis came back in favor with the arrival of ] in Egypt in 1524.<ref name="Casale 39"/> He was able to make a detailed report of the situation of the Indian Ocean at the time, suggesting the occupation of ], ], and the ], and the eviction of the Portuguese from ], ] and ].<ref name="Casale 39"/> In 1525, the Portuguese raided the ], further bringing the threat of their fleet closer to Egypt.<ref name="Casale 42">{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC |page=42}} |title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration |first=Giancarlo |last=Casale}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Following these |
||
| ⚫ | In 1525, Selman Reis was put at the head of an Ottoman fleet of 18 ships and 299 cannons as its admiral, with ships taken from the derelict Jiddah fleet and refurbished in Suez.<ref name="İnalcik 321"/><ref name="Casale 42"/> He was in association with ], leading around 4,000 infantry.<ref name="Casale 42"/> They left Suez in 1526 and returned Jiddah to order.<ref name="Casale 42"/> Landing in ] in January 1527, they led an expedition into the interior of ] to subdue the area, which they succeeding in doing after beheading ].<ref name="Casale 42"/> ] remained independent but recognized suzerainty to Ottoman rule.<ref name="Casale 42"/> | ||
| By 1528, Ottoman mercenaries when present on Islamic shipping as far as ].<ref name="Casale 42"/> | |||
| ⚫ | This allowed the Ottomans to retake control of the Red Sea, and for the first time, the Portuguese could not send a fleet to the Red Sea in 1527.,<ref name="Casale 42"/> Following these successes, various potentates in the Indian Ocean asked for Ottoman help against the Portuguese: in 1527 the Vizier of Hormuz as well as the ] of ].<ref name="Casale 42"/> | ||
| After that time however, Selman Reis fell into a dispute with Hayreddin al-Rumi, which greatly weakened these efforts.<ref name="Casale 42"/> | |||
| By 1528, Ottoman mercenaries were present on Islamic shipping as far as ].<ref name="Casale 42"/> However, Selman Reis fell into a dispute with Hayreddin al-Rumi who had Selman assassinated in September 1528. Selman's nephew ] avenged his death by having Hayreddin killed, but in the wake of Selman's and Hayreddin's deaths the Ottomans lost control of mainland Yemen.<ref name="Casale 45"/> | |||
| Selman Reis was later involved in defending ] against the Portuguese. He installed Pro-Ottoman forces under Captain ] in ], until the failed Ottoman attempt to expel the Portuguese in the 1538 ].<ref name="İnalcik">''An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire'' by Halil İnalcik p.324''ff'' </ref> | |||
| == |
==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| {{Seamen of the Ottoman Empire}} | |||
| {{Pirates}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Selman Reis}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:15, 1 June 2024
Ottoman admiral in the Mamluk Navy of EgyptSelman Reis was an Ottoman admiral and former corsair who was active in the Mamluk Navy of Egypt and later in the Ottoman Navy against the Portuguese in the first half of the 16th century. Selman Reis was originally from the Aegean island of Lesbos.
Mercenary for the Mamluk regime
Further information: Portuguese–Mamluk naval war
Selman Reis entered the service of the Mamluks, and led a group of 2,000 Levantines, against the wishes of the Ottoman Sultan Selim I.
Following the disruption of the spice trade between India and Mamluk Egypt by the Portuguese, Selman Reis led a Mamluk fleet of 19 ships into the Indian Ocean in 1515. He left Suez leading the fleet on 30 September 1515. The fleet also included 3,000 men, 1,300 of whom were Turkish soldiers. The fleet built a fortress in Kamaran, but failed to take Yemen and Aden on 17 September 1516.
In 1517, he defended Jeddah against a Portuguese attack, soon before the fall of the Mamluk regime.
Selman Reis was sent to Istanbul and imprisoned for disloyalty until 1520.
Ottoman admiral
Shortly after Selman was freed, he returned to Egypt in the same year and stayed there for 3 years until when Ahmed Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Egypt Eyalet revolted, Selman escaped from Egypt and headed to Mecca and joined with Husayn al Rumi, the governor of Jeddah and together they proceeded to capture Yemen. During this time, they discovered that the Portuguese recently established themselves in Kamaran island where they raided the coast of Yemen and kidnapping the inhabitants. Selman defeated the Portuguese, captured the island and took parts of the garrison as captives. However, he ran afoul of the ruler of Zebid and had to flee back to Egypt.
Selman Reis came back in favor with the arrival of Ibrahim Pasha in Egypt in 1524. He was able to make a detailed report of the situation of the Indian Ocean at the time, suggesting the occupation of Ethiopia, Yemen, and the Swahili Coast, and the eviction of the Portuguese from Hormuz, Goa and Malacca. In 1525, the Portuguese raided the Red Sea, further bringing the threat of their fleet closer to Egypt.
In 1525, Selman Reis was put at the head of an Ottoman fleet of 18 ships and 299 cannons as its admiral, with ships taken from the derelict Jiddah fleet and refurbished in Suez. He was in association with Hayreddin al-Rumi, leading around 4,000 infantry. They left Suez in 1526 and returned Jiddah to order. Landing in Mocha in January 1527, they led an expedition into the interior of Yemen to subdue the area, which they succeeding in doing after beheading Mustafa Beg. Aden remained independent but recognized suzerainty to Ottoman rule.
This allowed the Ottomans to retake control of the Red Sea, and for the first time, the Portuguese could not send a fleet to the Red Sea in 1527., Following these successes, various potentates in the Indian Ocean asked for Ottoman help against the Portuguese: in 1527 the Vizier of Hormuz as well as the Zamorin of Calicut.
By 1528, Ottoman mercenaries were present on Islamic shipping as far as Sumatra. However, Selman Reis fell into a dispute with Hayreddin al-Rumi who had Selman assassinated in September 1528. Selman's nephew Mustafa Bayram avenged his death by having Hayreddin killed, but in the wake of Selman's and Hayreddin's deaths the Ottomans lost control of mainland Yemen.
References
- ^ The Ottoman Age of Exploration Giancarlo Casale p.39
- The Ottoman Age of Exploration Giancarlo Casale p.32
- ^ An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Volume 1 by Halil İnalcik p.321ff
- ^ Qutb ad-Dīn an-Nahrawālī. 1511-1582. al-Barq al-Yamānī fī al-fatḥ al-ʿUṯmānī. p .37-8
- ^ Shah, Azmat Ali. "OTTOMAN DOMINATION IN THE ARAB LAND AND IT’S EFFECTS ON MUSLIM INDIA." p.11.
- ^ Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration.
- ^ Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration.
