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	Cobalt stannate pigment was first synthesized in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner by heating roasted ] and ] together.<ref name=":06">{{Cite book \|last=Siddal \|first=Ruth \|title=The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments \|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann \|year=2004 \|isbn=9780750657495 \|location=Amsterdam; Boston \|pages=90 \|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Höpfner \|first=Albrecht \|year=1789 \|title=Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber \|journal=Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens \|volume=4 \|pages=41–47}}</ref> Subsequently, there was limited German production under the name of ''Cölinblau''.{{citation needed\|date=April 2019}} It was generally known as Höpfner blue from the late eighteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth century.<ref name=":0" />		Cobalt stannate pigment was first synthesized in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner by heating roasted ] and ] together.<ref name=":06">{{Cite book \|last=Siddal \|first=Ruth \|title=The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments \|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann \|year=2004 \|isbn=9780750657495 \|location=Amsterdam; Boston \|pages=90 \|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last=Höpfner \|first=Albrecht \|year=1789 \|title=Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber \|journal=Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens \|volume=4 \|pages=41–47}}</ref> Subsequently, there was limited German production under the name of ''Cölinblau''.{{citation needed\|date=April 2019}} It was generally known as Höpfner blue from the late eighteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth century.<ref name=":0" />

	In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. ] of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent colour prepared for the use of artists." Ure's ''Dictionary of Arts'' from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum . . . consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with ] and ]." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, ''bleu céleste'' (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, ] referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, ~~through~~ ceruleum is still used.<ref name=":0" />		In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. ] of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent colour prepared for the use of artists." Ure's ''Dictionary of Arts'' from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum . . . consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with ] and ]." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, ''bleu céleste'' (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, ] referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, though ceruleum is still used.<ref name=":0" />

	Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the ] by colourman ], as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney.<ref name=":0" /> Cerulean blue was only available as a watercolour in the 1860s and was not widely adopted until the 1870s when it was used in oil paint. It was popular with artists including ], ], and ]. ] created his own approximation of cerulean blue using a mixture of ], ], and white.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book \|last=St. Clair \|first=Kassia \|title=The Secret Lives of Color \|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group \|year=2017 \|isbn=9780143131144 \|pages=182–183}}</ref>		Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the ] by colourman ], as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney.<ref name=":0" /> Cerulean blue was only available as a watercolour in the 1860s and was not widely adopted until the 1870s when it was used in oil paint. It was popular with artists including ], ], and ]. ] created his own approximation of cerulean blue using a mixture of ], ], and white.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book \|last=St. Clair \|first=Kassia \|title=The Secret Lives of Color \|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group \|year=2017 \|isbn=9780143131144 \|pages=182–183}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:16, 1 June 2024

Shade of blue (color) For other uses, see Cerulean (disambiguation).

Cerulean as a quaternary colour on the RYB colour wheel
blue
cerulean
teal

Cerulean

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#007BA7
sRGB (r, g, b)	(0, 123, 167)
HSV (h, s, v)	(196°, 100%, 65%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(48, 56, 234°)
Source	Maerz and Paul
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Strong greenish blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Cerulean (RGB)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#0040FF
sRGB (r, g, b)	(0, 64, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)	(225°, 100%, 100%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(39, 134, 264°)
Source
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Cerulean (/səˈruːliən/), also spelled caerulean, is a variety of the hue of blue that may range from a light azure blue to a more intense sky blue, and may be mixed as well with the hue of green. The first recorded use of cerulean as a colour name in English was in 1590. The word is derived from the Latin word caeruleus, "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from caerulum, diminutive of caelum, "heaven, sky".

"Cerulean blue" is the name of a blue-green pigment consisting of cobalt stannate (Co
₂SnO
₄). The pigment was first synthesized in the late eighteenth century by Albrecht Höpfner, a Swiss chemist, and it was known as Höpfner blue during the first half of the nineteenth century. Art suppliers began referring to cobalt stannate as cerulean in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was not widely used by artists until the 1870s when it became available in oil paint.

Cerulean Blue

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#2A52BE
sRGB (r, g, b)	(42, 82, 190)
HSV (h, s, v)	(224°, 78%, 75%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(38, 90, 260°)
Source	Maerz and Paul
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Pigment characteristics

The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is cobalt(II) stannate (Co
₂SnO
₄). The pigment is a greenish-blue colour. In watercolour, it has a slight chalkiness. When used in oil paint, it loses this quality.

Today, cobalt chromate is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener than the cobalt stannate version. The chromate makes excellent turquoise colours and is identified by Rex Art and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".

Cerulean is inert with good light resistance, and it exhibits a high degree of stability in both watercolour and acrylic.

Cerulean blue PB35
A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. "Hue" in this instance means that other pigments have been used to mimic the colour of oil paint that contains the original pigment.
Cerulean blue pigment in oil. On the left as a standoil glaze over zinc white; on the right as a mass tone in oil-based paint.

History

Cobalt stannate pigment was first synthesized in 1789 by the Swiss chemist Albrecht Höpfner by heating roasted cobalt and tin oxides together. Subsequently, there was limited German production under the name of Cölinblau. It was generally known as Höpfner blue from the late eighteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth century.

In the late 1850s, art suppliers begin referring to the pigment as "ceruleum" blue. The London Times of 28 December 1859 had an advertisement for "Caeruleum, a new permanent colour prepared for the use of artists." Ure's Dictionary of Arts from 1875 describes the pigment as "Caeruleum . . . consisting of stannate of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with stannic acid and sulphate of lime." Cerulean was also referred to as coeurleum, cerulium, bleu céleste (celestial blue). Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". By 1935, Max Doerner referred to the pigment as cerulean, as do most modern sources, though ceruleum is still used.

Some sources claim that cerulean blue was first marketed in the United Kingdom by colourman George Rowney, as "coeruleum" in the early 1860s. However, the British firm of Roberson was buying "Blue No. 58 (Cerulium)" from a German firm of Frauenknecht and Stotz prior to Rowney. Cerulean blue was only available as a watercolour in the 1860s and was not widely adopted until the 1870s when it was used in oil paint. It was popular with artists including Claude Monet, Paul Signac, and Picasso. Van Gogh created his own approximation of cerulean blue using a mixture of cobalt blue, cadmium yellow, and white.

Notable occurrences

In 1877, Monet had added the pigment to his palette, using it in a painting from his series La Gare Saint-Lazare (now in the National Gallery, London). The blues in the painting include cobalt and cerulean blue, with some areas of ultramarine. Laboratory analysis conducted by the National Gallery identified a relatively pure example of cerulean blue pigment in the shadows of the station's canopy. Researchers at the National Gallery suggested that "cerulean probably offered a pigment of sufficiently greenish tone to displace Prussian blue, which may not have been popular by this time."

Berthe Morisot painted the blue coat of the woman in her Summer's Day, 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ultramarine and cobalt blue.

When the United Nations was formed at the end of World War II, they adopted cerulean blue for their emblem. The designer Oliver Lundquist stated that he chose the colour because it was "the opposite of red, the colour of war."

In the Catholic Church, cerulean vestments are permitted on certain Marian feast days, primarily the Immaculate Conception in diocese currently or formerly under the Spanish Crown.

Claude Monet, La Gare Saint-Lazare, 1887
Berthe Morisot, Summer's Day, 1879
Symbol of the United Nations

Other colour variations

Pale cerulean

Cerulean (Pantone)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#98B4D4
sRGB (r, g, b)	(152, 180, 212)
HSV (h, s, v)	(212°, 28%, 83%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(72, 33, 242°)
Source	Pantone TPX
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Pale blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call cerulean, as the "colour of the millennium".

The source of this colour is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" colour list, colour #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.

Cerulean (Crayola)

Cerulean (Crayola)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#1DACD6
sRGB (r, g, b)	(29, 172, 214)
HSV (h, s, v)	(194°, 86%, 84%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(65, 64, 226°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Brilliant greenish blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

This bright tone of cerulean is the colour called cerulean by Crayola crayons.

Cerulean frost

Cerulean Frost

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#6D9BC3
sRGB (r, g, b)	(109, 155, 195)
HSV (h, s, v)	(208°, 44%, 76%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(62, 45, 240°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Light blue
B: Normalized to (byte)

At right is displayed the colour cerulean frost.

Cerulean frost is one of the colours in the special set of metallic coloured Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colours of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Curious Blue

Curious Blue

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#269DCE
sRGB (r, g, b)	(38, 157, 206)
HSV (h, s, v)	(198°, 82%, 81%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(61, 65, 233°)
Source
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Moderate cerulean
B: Normalized to (byte)

Curious Blue is one of the brighter-toned colours of cerulean.

In nature

Explanatory notes

Rex Art colour index PB 36
Rex Art colour index PB 35

References

^ Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample E6.
"cerulean - Search Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ Eastlaugh, Nicholas (2004). The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 90. ISBN 9780750657495.
Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample L9.
"Cerulean blue - Overview". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"Cerulean blue - History". webexhibits.org. Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"cerulean blue". Cameo.mfa.org. Material name. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
"Blue". Paintmaking. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"Colormaking attributes". Handprint.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Patterson, Steven. 2020. "The history of blue pigments in the Fine Arts — painting, from the perspective of a paint maker". Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 153:164-179. https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/153-2-04Patterson.pdf . 172.
Siddal, Ruth (2004). The pigment compendium: a dictionary of historical pigments. Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 90. ISBN 9780750657495.
Höpfner, Albrecht (1789). "Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber". Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens. 4: 41–47.
St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
Roy, Ashok. "The Palettes of Three Impressionist Paintings". National Gallery Technical Bulletin 9 (1985): 13. JSTOR 42616026.
Bomford, D.; Kirby, J.; Leighton, J.; Roy, A. (1990). Impressionism. Art in the Making. London, UK: National Gallery Publications. pp. 176–181.
St. Clair, Kassia (2017). The Secret Lives of Color. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780143131144.
Shawn Tribe. "The Spanish Privilege: Cerulean Blue and the Immaculate Conception". Retrieved 2023-07-31.
Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Colour Finder and the colour will appear.
PANTONE. "About Us - Color the Millennium Cerulean Blue". PANTONE. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
"- Find a Pantone Color - Quick Online Color Tool". Pantone.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017.

External links

A page on Cerulean Blue
Cerulean blue at ColourLex

Shades of blue

Aero	Air Force blue	Air superiority blue	Alice Blue	Argentinian Blue	Aquamarine	Azure	Azul	Baby blue	Berkeley Blue

Bice blue	Bleu de France	Blue	Blue Bell	Blue-gray	Blue-violet	Blurple	Bondi blue	Brandeis blue	Byzantine blue

Cambridge blue	Carolina blue	Celestial Blue	Celestial Blue (Crayola)	Celtic Blue	Cerulean	Chefchaouen Blue	Chrysler blue	Cobalt blue	Columbia blue

Cornflower (Crayola)	Cornflower	Cyan	Baby blue	Blue (Crayola)	Dark blue	Deep Sky Blue	Delft Blue	Denim	Dodger blue

Duke blue	Egyptian blue	Glaucous	Green-blue	Electric indigo	French blue	Honolulu blue	Ice blue	Illini blue	Indigo

Indigo dye	International Klein Blue	Jordy Blue	Lapis Lazuli	Lavender	Lavender mist	Lavender gray	Light blue	Light Sky Blue	Majorelle Blue

Marian blue	Manatee	Maximum Blue Green	Maximum Blue Purple	Maya blue	Medium blue	Medium slate blue	Midnight blue	Blue (Munsell)	Navy blue

Blue (NCS)	Neon blue	Non-photo blue	Oxford Blue	Palatinate blue	Pale azure	Penn Blue	Periwinkle	Periwinkle (Crayola)	Persian blue

Phthalo blue	Picton Blue	Polynesian blue	Powder blue	Prussian blue	Resolution Blue	RISD Blue	Royal Blue (web color)	Royal blue (traditional)	Ruddy Blue

Sapphire	Savoy blue	Silver Lake Blue	Sky blue	Space cadet	Steel blue	Tang Blue	True Blue	Tufts Blue	UCLA Blue

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