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{{Short description|UNGA resolution adopted in 1975, revoked in 1991}}
On ], ] the ] adopted, by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions), '''Resolution 3379''', which equated ] with ]. The resolution was revoked by '''Resolution 4686''' on ], ], and is often referenced in debates of ].
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Infobox UN resolution
|number = 3379
|organ = GA
|date = 10 November
|year = 1975
|meeting = 2400
|code = A/RES/3379
|document = https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-181963/
|for = 72
|abstention = 32
|against = 35
|subject = Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination
|result = Adopted, but revoked on 16 December 1991
|image = A forest of national flags welcomed a delegation of US Senators who came to Israel (FL62043414).jpg
|caption = Flag of Israel
}}

'''United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379''', adopted on 10 November 1975, "''Determines'' that ] is a form of ] and ]" with 72 votes in favour, 35 votes against, and 32 abstentions. It was revoked by ], adopted on 16 December 1991 with 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions.<ref name="NYT: U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism">{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Paul |date=17 December 1991 |title=U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/17/world/un-repeals-its-75-resolution-equating-zionism-with-racism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111211632/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/17/world/un-repeals-its-75-resolution-equating-zionism-with-racism.html |archive-date=11 January 2013 |access-date=11 May 2013 |work=]}}</ref> The vote for Resolution 3379 was held nearly one year after the adoption of ] and : the former recognized the "]" and invited the ] (PLO) to participate in international diplomacy; and the latter designated the PLO as a ] following the "]" by Palestinian political leader ].

In the context of the ], adopted on 10 November 1963, Resolution 3379 officially condemned the national ideology of the ]. It was sponsored by the ] and a number of ], and was chiefly supported by in-favour votes from the ] and many ]. Israel, which had been granted ] in 1949, voted against Resolution 3379 and subsequently condemned it, and was chiefly supported by the ].


== Background == == Background ==
{{Main|List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel}}


=== Jewish nationalism in Palestine ===
The 1975 resolution was one of many incidents that reflect a long-standing UN condemnation of Zionism, which many find ironic considering that it was a UN resolution that established the state of ].
In July 1920, at the ], a ]. The preamble of the mandate document declared:
<blockquote>Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the ], by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a ], it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.<ref name="AvalonPalmanda">{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/palmanda.asp|title=The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> </blockquote>


== The resolution of 1975 == === UN Partition Plan for Palestine ===
On 29 November 1947, the ] adopted a resolution recommending "to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union" as ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |date=29 November 1947 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=11 January 2012 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The plan contained a proposal to terminate the ] and partition Palestine into "independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem." On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the ] gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation which declared ''] of a ] in ], to be known as the ]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm|title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel|work=GxMSDev|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref>


On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted to membership in the United Nations.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615041505/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/83E8C29DB812A4E9852560E50067A5AC |date=15 June 2013}}</ref>
The resolution stated in its conclusion that:


== Text of Resolution 3379 ==
:"Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination."


The full text of Resolution 3379:<ref>Resolution 3379: {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206052903/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1 |date=6 December 2012}}. UNGA, 10 November 1975 (doc.nr. A/RES/3379 (XXX))</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination: Zionism as racism - GA resolution |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-181963/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Question of Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref>
The resolution "took note" of several previous statements at international meetings calling for the elimination of ]:
{{blockquote|


'''3379 (XXX). Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination'''
# The ], stated that: "...international co-operation and peace require the elimination of Zionism"
# ] of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the ], considered "that the racist regime in occupied Palestine and the racist regime in Zimbabwe and South Africa have a common imperialist origin, forming a whole and having the same racist structure and being organically linked in their policy aimed at repression of the dignity and integrity of the human being".
# The ] by the Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of ] (Lima, Peru) condemned Zionism as ], ], and a threat to world peace and security.


''The General Assembly,''
The Israeli ambassador immediately condemned the resolution: "For us, the Jewish people, this resolution based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance, is devoid of any moral or legal value."


''Recalling'' its resolution 1904 (XVIII) of 20 November 1963, proclaiming the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and in particular its affirmation that "any doctrine of racial differentiation or superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous" and its expression of alarm at "the manifestations of racial discrimination still in evidence in some areas in the world, some of which are imposed by certain Governments by means of legislative, administrative or other measures",
=== Voting record ===


''Recalling also'' that, in its resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973, the General Assembly condemned, ''inter alia'', the ] between South African racism and zionism,
''Sponsored by:'' (25) ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].


''Taking note'' of the ] 1975, proclaimed by the World Conference of the ], held at ] from 19 June to 2 July 1975, which promulgated the principle that "international co-operation and peace require the achievement of national liberation and independence, the elimination of ] and ], ], zionism, '']'' and ] in all its forms, as well as the recognition of the dignity of peoples and their right to self-determination",
''In favour:'' (72) The 25 sponsoring nations above, and additionally 47 nations: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and the ].


''Taking note also'' of resolution 77 (XII) adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the ] at its twelfth ordinary session, held at ] from 28 July to 1 August 1975, which considered "that the racist regime in ] and the racist regime in ] and ] have a common ] origin, forming a whole and having the same racist structure and being organically linked in their policy aimed at repression of the dignity and integrity of the human being",
''Against:'' (35) ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


''Taking note also'' of the Political Declaration and Strategy to Strengthen International Peace and Security and to Intensify Solidarity and Mutual Assistance among Non-Aligned Countries, adopted at the Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of ] held at ] from 25 to 30 August 1975, which most severely condemned zionism as a threat to world peace and security and called upon all countries to oppose this racist and imperialist ideology,
''Abstaining:'' (32) ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


''Determines'' that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.
== Resolution 4686 ==
}}


== Votes of Resolution 3379 ==
Israel made revocation of resolution 3379 a condition of Israel's participation in the Madrid Peace Conference in progress in the last quarter of ]. Under pressure from the ] administration of the ], on ], ] when the UN General Assembly finally revoked Resolution 3379, with a vote of 111 to 25 (with 13 abstentions). The text of the revocation was simply:
]


{| class="wikitable"
: "The general assembly decides to revoke the determination contained in its resolution 3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975".
! '''In favour (72)'''<br />'''''25 states sponsoring''''' !! '''Abstaining (32)''' !! '''Against (35)'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
{| <!-- Nested table -->
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| ''{{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1974}} ]''<br />{{flagcountry|People's Socialist Republic of Albania}}<br />''{{flag|Algeria}}''<br />''{{flagdeco|Bahrain}} ]''<br />{{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />{{flagdeco|Brazil|1968}} ]<br />{{flagcountry|People's Republic of Bulgaria}}<br />{{flag|Burundi}}<br />{{flag|Byelorussian SSR}}<br />{{flag|Cameroon}}<br />{{flag|Cape Verde|1975}}<br />{{flag|Chad}}<br />{{flag|China}}<br />{{flagcountry|People's Republic of the Congo|name=Congo}}<br />''{{flag|Cuba}}''<br />{{flag|Cyprus|1960}}<br />{{flagcountry|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}}<br />''{{flag|Dahomey}}''<br />''{{flag|South Yemen}}''<br />''{{flag|Egypt|1972}}''<br />{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}<br />{{flag|The Gambia}}<br />{{flag|German Democratic Republic|name=East Germany}}<br />{{flag|Grenada}}<br />''{{flag|Guinea}}''<br />{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}<br />{{flag|Guyana}}<br />{{flagcountry|Hungarian People's Republic}}<br />{{flag|India}}<br />{{flag|Indonesia}}<br />{{flagcountry|Pahlavi dynasty}}<br />''{{flagcountry|Ba'athist Iraq|1968}}''<br />''{{flag|Jordan}}''<br />{{flagdeco|Cambodia}} ]<br />''{{flag|Kuwait}}''<br />{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Laos}}<br />''{{flag|Lebanon}}''
|''{{flagdeco|Libya|1972}} ]''<br />{{flagdeco|Madagascar}} ]<br />{{flag|Malaysia}}<br />{{flag|Maldives}}<br />{{flag|Mali}}<br />{{flag|Malta}}<br />''{{flag|Mauritania|1959}}''<br />{{flag|Mexico}}<br />{{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}}<br />''{{flag|Morocco}}''<br />{{flagdeco|Mozambique|1975}} ]<br />{{flag|Niger}}<br />{{flag|Nigeria}}<br />''{{flag|Oman|1970}}''<br />{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{flagcountry|Polish People's Republic|1928}}<br />{{flag|Portugal}}<br />''{{flag|Qatar}}''<br />{{flag|Rwanda|1962}}<br />{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br />''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}''<br />{{flag|Senegal}}<br />''{{flagdeco|Somalia}} ]''<br />{{flag|Soviet Union|1955}}<br />{{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />''{{flagdeco|Sudan}} ]''<br />''{{flag|Syrian Arab Republic|1972|name=Syria}}''<br />''{{flag|Tunisia}}''<br />{{flag|Turkey}}<br />{{flag|Uganda}}<br />{{flag|Ukrainian SSR}}<br />''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}''<br />{{flag|United Republic of Tanzania|name=Tanzania}}<br />''{{flag|Yemen Arab Republic|name=Yemen}}''<br />{{flagcountry|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}
|} <!-- End of nested table -->
| {{flag|Argentina}}<br />{{flag|Bhutan}}<br />{{flag|Bolivia}}<br />{{flag|Botswana}}<br />{{flagdeco|Burma|1974}} ]<br />{{flagdeco|Chile}} ]<br />{{flag|Colombia}}<br />{{flag|Ecuador|1900}}<br />{{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1975}} ]<br />{{flag|Gabon}}<br />{{flag|Ghana}}<br />{{flag|Greece}}<br />{{flag|Guatemala}}<br />{{flag|Jamaica}}<br />{{flag|Japan|1870}}<br />{{flag|Kenya}}<br />{{flag|Lesotho|1966}}<br />{{flagdeco|Mauritius}} ]<br />{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Nepal}}<br />{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br />{{flag|Paraguay|1954}}<br />{{flag|Peru}}<br />{{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} ]<br />{{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br />{{flag|Singapore}}<br />{{flags|Thailand_(1917-2017)|link=|size=23px}} ]<br />{{flag|Togo}}<br />{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br />{{flag|Upper Volta}}<br />{{flagdeco|Venezuela|1954}} ]<br />{{flag|Zaire}}<br />{{flag|Zambia|1964}}
| {{flag|Australia}}<br />{{flag|Austria}}<br />{{flag|Bahamas}}<br />{{flag|Barbados}}<br />{{flag|Belgium}}<br />{{flag|Canada}}<br />{{flag|Central African Republic}}<br />{{flag|Costa Rica}}<br />{{flag|Denmark}}<br />{{flag|Dominican Republic}}<br />{{flag|El Salvador}}<br />{{flag|Fiji}}<br />{{flag|Finland}}<br />{{flag|France}}<br />{{flag|West Germany}}<br />{{flagdeco|Haiti|1964}} ]<br />{{flag|Honduras|1949}}<br />{{flag|Iceland}}<br />{{flag|Ireland}}<br />{{flag|Israel}}<br />{{flags|Italy (1946–2003)|link=|size=23px}} ]<br />{{flag|Ivory Coast}}<br />{{flag|Liberia}}<br />{{flag|Luxembourg}}<br />{{flag|Malawi}}<br />{{flag|Netherlands}}<br />{{flag|New Zealand}}<br />{{flag|Nicaragua}}<br />{{flag|Norway}}<br />{{flag|Panama}}<br />{{flag|Swaziland}}<br />{{flag|Sweden}}<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br />{{flag|United States|1960}}<br />{{flag|Uruguay}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
|colspan=3| Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=108V0691N26Y9.82&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&profile=voting&ri=&index=.VM&term=A/RES/3379%28XXX%29|title=UNBISnet|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231132408/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=108V0691N26Y9.82&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&profile=voting&ri=&index=.VM&term=A/RES/3379(XXX)|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}


== Response ==
This formed resolution 4686, which is one of the shortest in UN history. During this session, President Bush told the General Assembly:
=== Israel ===
{{See also|Israel and the United Nations}}


<!--these quotes are moved from the "Zionism and Racism"-article-->
"...to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the ] and indeed throughout history."
In his address to the ] the same day, 10 November 1975, Israeli Ambassador ] stated:<ref name="Blaisdell2014">{{cite book|last=Blaisdell|first=Bob|title=Great Speeches of the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxNeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|access-date=9 November 2017|date=18 August 2014|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486315560|page=163}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|"I can point with pride to the Arab ministers who have served in my government; to the Arab deputy speaker of my Parliament; to Arab officers and men serving of their own volition in our border and police defense forces, frequently commanding Jewish troops; to the hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East crowding the cities of Israel every year; to the thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel; to the peaceful coexistence which has developed; to the fact that Arabic is an official language in Israel on a par with Hebrew; to the fact that it is as natural for an Arab to serve in public office in Israel as it is incongruous to think of a Jew serving in any public office in an Arab country, indeed being admitted to many of them. Is that racism? It is not! That ... is Zionism."}}


Herzog ended his statement, while holding a copy of the resolution, with these words: {{Blockquote|"For us, the Jewish people, this resolution based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance, is devoid of any moral or legal value. For us, the Jewish people, this is no more than a piece of paper and we shall treat it as such."}} As he concluded his speech, Herzog tore the resolution in half.
=== Voting record ===
''sponsored by'': ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


The name of the "UN Avenue" in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv was switched to the "Zionism Avenue" as a response to the UN's decision.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Forms/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A%20%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%20-%20%D7%93%20-%20%D7%94.pdf|title=Tel Aviv-Jaffa Streets Guide|last=פדן|first=יחיעם|year=2005|pages=158}}</ref>
''In favour'': (111) The sponsoring nations listed above, and additionally: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


=== United States ===
''Against'': (25) ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].
Before the vote, ], the United States ambassador to the United Nations, warned that, "The United Nations is about to make anti-Semitism international law."<ref>Gil Troy, "Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism is Racism", page 134</ref> He delivered a speech against the resolution, including the famous line, " does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it will never acquiesce in this infamous act ... A great evil has been loosed upon the world."<ref>Stanley Meisler, ''United Nations: A History'', 2011, page 215</ref>


In ], in the ], a group of high school students attempted to solicit signatures on the premises of a local shopping center for a petition against Resolution 3379. The result was the landmark ] decision in '']'' (1980) that supported states' rights to expand the exercise of free speech, which California held was legal in what were considered public areas of a shopping mall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/447/74|title=Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins|work=LII / Legal Information Institute|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref>
''Abstaining'': (13) ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


Mexico's vote in favor of the resolution led some United States Jews to organize a tourism boycott of Mexico. This ended after Mexican foreign minister ] made a trip to Israel (Rabasa shortly afterward was forced to resign).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ottix.net/~nagual/amate.html |title=Mexican Heritage Almanac |access-date=10 September 2012 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705171651/http://www.ottix.net/~nagual/amate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/VIII_2/cimet.htm|title=Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref>
''Absent'': (15)], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


== Aftermath == == Revocation ==
{{Infobox UN resolution
|number = 46/86
|organ = GA
|date = 16 December
|year = 1991
|meeting = 74
|code = A/RES/46/86
|document = https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-180327/
|for = 111
|abstention = 13
|against = 25
|subject = Elimination of racism and racial discrimination
|result = Adopted
|image =
|caption =
}}
'''United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86''', adopted on 16 December 1991, revoked Resolution 3379's designation of Zionism as a form of racism and racial discrimination.<ref name="NYT: U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism" /> Israel had made the revocation a condition for its participation in the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=260 General Assembly Resolution 46-86- Revocation of Resolution 3379- 16 December 1991- and statement by President Herzog |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook8/pages/260%20general%20assembly%20resolution%2046-86-%20revocation.aspx |access-date=17 April 2016 |work=GxMSDev}}</ref> The vote on Resolution 46/86 was held shortly after the ] with sponsorship by 88 countries, including the overwhelming majority of both the ] and the ], and was chiefly supported by many ]. The ], most ], and four other countries (], ], ], and ]) voted against it.


In total, the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 received 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions.
Majority votes of various UN agencies and bodies continued to assert the phrase "Zionism is racism" as the consensus in their agendas and conclusions, reflecting persistence of this view apart from the resolution. However, under pressure from the United States, under ]'s administration, the phrase was omitted from the agenda of the ] in Durban, ], and its final communiqué.

=== Motion by the United States ===
Resolution 46/86 was raised under pressure from the United States,<ref name="presidency.ucsb.edu">. 23 September 1991. The American Presidency Project</ref> and American president ] personally introduced the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 with the following statement:

{{blockquote|UNGA Resolution 3379, the so-called "Zionism is racism" resolution, mocks this pledge and the principles upon which the United Nations was founded. And I call now for its repeal. Zionism is not a policy; it is the idea that led to the creation of a home for the Jewish people, to the State of Israel. And to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and, indeed, throughout history. To equate Zionism with racism is to reject Israel itself, a member of good standing of the United Nations.

This body cannot claim to seek peace and at the same time challenge Israel's ]. By repealing this resolution unconditionally, the United Nations will enhance its credibility and serve the cause of peace.<ref name="presidency.ucsb.edu"/>}}

=== Text of Resolution 46/86 ===
The full text of the revocation was simply:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-07 |title=A/RES/46/86 of 16 December 1991 |url=http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/0aea0b9fe5c99b0885256a9b0061300c?OpenDocument |access-date=2023-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207090812/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/0aea0b9fe5c99b0885256a9b0061300c?OpenDocument |archive-date=7 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Racism and racial discrimination/Revocation of resolution 3379 ("Zionism as racism") - GA resolution |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-180327/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Question of Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref>

"The General Assembly decides to revoke the determination contained in its resolution 3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975."

=== Votes of Resolution 46/86 ===
]
{| class="wikitable"
! '''In favour (111)'''<br />'''''88 states sponsoring''''' !! '''Abstaining (13)''' !! '''Against (25)''' !! '''Absent (15)'''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|
{| <!-- Nested table -->
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| ''{{flagcountry|People's Socialist Republic of Albania}}''<br />''{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}''<br /> ''{{flag|Argentina}}''<br />''{{flag|Australia}}''<br />''{{flag|Austria}}''<br />''{{flag|Bahamas}}''<br />''{{flag|Barbados}}''<br />''{{flag|Byelorussian SSR|1991|name=Belarus}}''<br />''{{flag|Belgium}}''<br />''{{flag|Belize}}''<br />{{flag|Benin}}<br /> {{flag|Bhutan}}<br />''{{flag|Bolivia}}''<br />{{flag|Botswana}}<br />''{{flag|Brazil}}''<br />''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''<br />''{{flag|Burundi}}''<br />{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1989}} ]<br />{{flag|Cameroon}}<br />''{{flag|Canada}}''<br />{{flag|Cape Verde|1975}}<br />''{{flag|Central African Republic}}''<br />''{{flag|Chile}}''<br />{{flag|Congo}}<br />''{{flag|Costa Rica}}''<br />{{flag|Côte d’Ivoire}}<br />''{{flag|Cyprus|1960}}''<br />''{{flagdeco|Czechoslovakia}} ]''<br />''{{flag|Denmark}}''<br />''{{flag|Dominica}}''<br />''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}''<br />''{{flag|Ecuador}}''<br />''{{flag|El Salvador}}''<br />''{{flag|Estonia}}''<br />{{flag|Fiji}}<br />''{{flag|Finland}}''<br />''{{flag|France}}''<br />{{flag|Gabon}}<br />''{{flag|The Gambia}}''<br />''{{flag|Germany}}''<br />''{{flag|Greece}}''<br />''{{flag|Grenada}}''<br />''{{flag|Guatemala}}''<br />''{{flag|Guyana}}''<br />{{flag|Haiti}}<br />''{{flag|Honduras|1949}}''<br />''{{flag|Hungary}}''<br />''{{flag|Iceland}}''<br />{{flag|India}}<br />''{{flag|Ireland}}''<br />''{{flag|Israel}}''<br />''{{flags|Italy (1946–2003)|size=23px|link=}} ]''<br />''{{flag|Jamaica}}''<br />''{{flag|Japan|1870}}''<br />{{flag|Kenya}}<br />{{flag|Lesotho|1987}}
| ''{{flag|Latvia}}''<br />''{{flag|Liberia}}''<br />''{{flag|Lithuania|1988}}''<br />''{{flag|Luxembourg}}''<br />''{{flag|Madagascar}}''<br />''{{flag|Malta}}''<br />''{{flag|Malawi}}''<br />''{{flag|Marshall Islands}}''<br />''{{flag|Mexico}}''<br />''{{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}}''<br />''{{flag|Micronesia, Federated States of|name=Micronesia}}''<br />''{{flag|Mozambique}}''<br />{{flag|Namibia}}<br />{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Nepal}}<br />''{{flag|Netherlands}}''<br />''{{flag|New Zealand}}''<br />''{{flag|Nicaragua}}''<br />{{flag|Nigeria}}<br />''{{flag|Norway}}''<br />''{{flag|Panama}}''<br />''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}''<br />''{{flag|Paraguay|1988}}''<br />''{{flag|Peru}}''<br />{{flag|Philippines|1986}} <br />''{{flag|Poland}}''<br />''{{flag|Portugal}}''<br />''{{flag|Republic of Korea|1984}}''<br />''{{flag|Romania}}''<br />''{{flag|Rwanda|1962}}''<br />''{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}''<br />''{{flag|Saint Lucia|1979}}''<br />''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}''<br />{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br />{{flag|Seychelles|1977}}<br />''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}''<br />''{{flag|Singapore}}''<br />''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}''<br />''{{flag|Soviet Union}}''<br />''{{flag|Spain}}''<br />''{{flag|Suriname}}''<br />''{{flag|Swaziland}}''<br />''{{flag|Sweden}}''<br />{{flag|Thailand}}<br />{{flag|Togo}}<br />''{{flag|Ukrainian SSR|name=Ukraine}}''<br />''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''<br />''{{flag|United States}}''<br />''{{flag|Uruguay}}''<br />''{{flagdeco|Venezuela|1954}} ]''<br />''{{flag|Yugoslavia}}''<br />''{{flag|Zaire}}''<br />''{{flag|Zambia|1964}}
|} <!-- End of nested table -->
| {{flagdeco|Angola}} ]<br />{{flag|Burkina Faso}}<br />{{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1991}} ]<br />{{flag|Ghana}}<br />{{flag|Lao People's Democratic Republic|name=Laos}}<br />{{flag|Maldives}}<br />{{flagdeco|Mauritius}} ]<br />{{flagdeco|Burma|1974}} ]<br />{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br />{{flag|Turkey}}<br />{{flag|Uganda}}<br />{{flag|United Republic of Tanzania|name=Tanzania}}<br />{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1987}} ]<br />{{flag|Algeria}}<br />{{flag|Brunei}}<br />{{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />{{flag|Cuba}}<br />{{flag|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}}<br />{{flag|Indonesia}}<br />{{flag|Iran}}<br />{{flagcountry|Ba'athist Iraq}}<br />{{flag|Jordan}}<br />{{flag|Lebanon}}<br />{{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|name=Libya}}<br />{{flag|Malaysia}}<br />{{flag|Mali}}<br />{{flag|Mauritania|1959}}<br />{{flag|Pakistan}}<br />{{flag|Qatar}}<br />{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}<br />{{flagdeco|Somalia}} ]<br />{{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />{{flag|Sudan}}<br />{{flag|Syrian Arab Republic}}<br />{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}<br />{{flag|Vietnam}}<br />{{flag|Yemen}}
| {{flagdeco|Bahrain}} ]<br />{{flag|Chad}}<br />{{flag|China}}<br />{{flag|Comoros|1978}}<br />{{flag|Djibouti}}<br />{{flag|Egypt}}<br />{{flag|Guinea}}<br />{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}<br />{{flagdeco|Kuwait}} ]<br />{{flag|Morocco}}<br />{{flag|Niger}}<br />{{flag|Oman|1985}}<br />{{flag|Senegal}}<br />{{flag|South Africa|1982}}<br />{{flag|Tunisia}}<br />{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
|colspan=4| Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15K41KB487480.29096&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=voting&ri=1&index=.VM&term=46/86|title=UNBISnet|access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
On 21 June 2004, while inaugurating the first United Nations conference on the issue of ], the ] ] stated that "the actions of the United Nations on the issue of antisemitism have not always been worthy of its ideals. It is deplorable that the General Assembly adopted in 1975 a resolution which assimilated Zionism with racism and I welcome that it later came back on its position".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2004 |title=Message du Secrétaire général : L'antisémitisme a été le signe avant-coureur d'autres formes de discrimination |url=https://www.un.org/french/pubs/chronique/2004/numero2/0204p4.html |access-date= |website=]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ]
** ]
** ]
** ]

== References ==
{{reflist}}


== External links == == External links ==
* (Official UN site)
* (Official UN site)
*
*
*
*

{{Zionism}}
{{United Nations}}

{{Authority control}}


]
* http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/UN/unga3379.html
]
* http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_un_zionism_racism.php
]
* http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0jc50
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 23:18, 5 June 2024

UNGA resolution adopted in 1975, revoked in 1991

United Nations resolution adopted, but revoked on 16 december 1991 in 1975
UN General Assembly
Resolution 3379
Flag of Israel
Date10 November 1975
Meeting no.2400
CodeA/RES/3379 (Document)
SubjectElimination of all forms of racial discrimination
Voting summary
  • 72 voted for
  • 35 voted against
  • 32 abstained
ResultAdopted, but revoked on 16 December 1991

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted on 10 November 1975, "Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination" with 72 votes in favour, 35 votes against, and 32 abstentions. It was revoked by Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991 with 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions. The vote for Resolution 3379 was held nearly one year after the adoption of Resolution 3236 and Resolution 3237: the former recognized the "Question of Palestine" and invited the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to participate in international diplomacy; and the latter designated the PLO as a non-member Assembly observer following the "Olive Branch Speech" by Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat.

In the context of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted on 10 November 1963, Resolution 3379 officially condemned the national ideology of the State of Israel. It was sponsored by the Arab League and a number of Muslim-majority countries, and was chiefly supported by in-favour votes from the Second World and many African countries. Israel, which had been granted United Nations membership in 1949, voted against Resolution 3379 and subsequently condemned it, and was chiefly supported by the First World.

Background

Main article: List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel

Jewish nationalism in Palestine

In July 1920, at the San Remo conference, a Class "A" League of Nations mandate over Palestine was allocated to the British. The preamble of the mandate document declared:

Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.

UN Partition Plan for Palestine

On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending "to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union" as Resolution 181 (II). The plan contained a proposal to terminate the British Mandate for Palestine and partition Palestine into "independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem." On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation which declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.

On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted to membership in the United Nations.

Text of Resolution 3379

The full text of Resolution 3379:

3379 (XXX). Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination

The General Assembly,

Recalling its resolution 1904 (XVIII) of 20 November 1963, proclaiming the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and in particular its affirmation that "any doctrine of racial differentiation or superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous" and its expression of alarm at "the manifestations of racial discrimination still in evidence in some areas in the world, some of which are imposed by certain Governments by means of legislative, administrative or other measures",

Recalling also that, in its resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973, the General Assembly condemned, inter alia, the unholy alliance between South African racism and zionism,

Taking note of the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace 1975, proclaimed by the World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975, which promulgated the principle that "international co-operation and peace require the achievement of national liberation and independence, the elimination of colonialism and neo-colonialism, foreign occupation, zionism, apartheid and racial discrimination in all its forms, as well as the recognition of the dignity of peoples and their right to self-determination",

Taking note also of resolution 77 (XII) adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity at its twelfth ordinary session, held at Kampala from 28 July to 1 August 1975, which considered "that the racist regime in occupied Palestine and the racist regime in Zimbabwe and South Africa have a common imperialist origin, forming a whole and having the same racist structure and being organically linked in their policy aimed at repression of the dignity and integrity of the human being",

Taking note also of the Political Declaration and Strategy to Strengthen International Peace and Security and to Intensify Solidarity and Mutual Assistance among Non-Aligned Countries, adopted at the Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Non-Aligned Countries held at Lima from 25 to 30 August 1975, which most severely condemned zionism as a threat to world peace and security and called upon all countries to oppose this racist and imperialist ideology,

Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.

Votes of Resolution 3379

Voting record
In favour (72)
25 states sponsoring		 Abstaining (32) Against (35)
Afghanistan
 Albania
 Algeria
Bahrain
 Bangladesh
Brazil
 Bulgaria
 Burundi
 Byelorussian SSR
 Cameroon
 Cape Verde
 Chad
 China
 Congo
 Cuba
 Cyprus
 Czechoslovakia
 Dahomey
 South Yemen
 Egypt
 Equatorial Guinea
 The Gambia
 East Germany
 Grenada
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Guyana
 Hungary
 India
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Iraq
 Jordan
Kampuchea
 Kuwait
 Laos
 Lebanon 		Libya
Madagascar
 Malaysia
 Maldives
 Mali
 Malta
 Mauritania
 Mexico
 Mongolia
 Morocco
Mozambique
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Oman
 Pakistan
 Poland
 Portugal
 Qatar
 Rwanda
 São Tomé and Príncipe
 Saudi Arabia
 Senegal
Somalia
 Soviet Union
 Sri Lanka
Sudan
 Syria
 Tunisia
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Ukrainian SSR
 United Arab Emirates
 Tanzania
 Yemen
 Yugoslavia
 Argentina
 Bhutan
 Bolivia
 Botswana
Burma
Chile
 Colombia
 Ecuador
Ethiopia
 Gabon
 Ghana
 Greece
 Guatemala
 Jamaica
 Japan
 Kenya
 Lesotho
Mauritius
 Nepal
 Papua New Guinea
 Paraguay
 Peru
Philippines
 Sierra Leone
 Singapore
Thailand
 Togo
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Upper Volta
Venezuela
 Zaire
 Zambia 		 Australia
 Austria
 Bahamas
 Barbados
 Belgium
 Canada
 Central African Republic
 Costa Rica
 Denmark
 Dominican Republic
 El Salvador
 Fiji
 Finland
 France
 West Germany
Haiti
 Honduras
 Iceland
 Ireland
 Israel
Italy
 Ivory Coast
 Liberia
 Luxembourg
 Malawi
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Nicaragua
 Norway
 Panama
 Swaziland
 Sweden
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Uruguay
Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System

Response

Israel

See also: Israel and the United Nations

In his address to the United Nations General Assembly the same day, 10 November 1975, Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog stated:

"I can point with pride to the Arab ministers who have served in my government; to the Arab deputy speaker of my Parliament; to Arab officers and men serving of their own volition in our border and police defense forces, frequently commanding Jewish troops; to the hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East crowding the cities of Israel every year; to the thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel; to the peaceful coexistence which has developed; to the fact that Arabic is an official language in Israel on a par with Hebrew; to the fact that it is as natural for an Arab to serve in public office in Israel as it is incongruous to think of a Jew serving in any public office in an Arab country, indeed being admitted to many of them. Is that racism? It is not! That ... is Zionism."

Herzog ended his statement, while holding a copy of the resolution, with these words:

"For us, the Jewish people, this resolution based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance, is devoid of any moral or legal value. For us, the Jewish people, this is no more than a piece of paper and we shall treat it as such."

As he concluded his speech, Herzog tore the resolution in half.

The name of the "UN Avenue" in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv was switched to the "Zionism Avenue" as a response to the UN's decision.

United States

Before the vote, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the United States ambassador to the United Nations, warned that, "The United Nations is about to make anti-Semitism international law." He delivered a speech against the resolution, including the famous line, " does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it will never acquiesce in this infamous act ... A great evil has been loosed upon the world."

In Campbell, California, in the United States, a group of high school students attempted to solicit signatures on the premises of a local shopping center for a petition against Resolution 3379. The result was the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) that supported states' rights to expand the exercise of free speech, which California held was legal in what were considered public areas of a shopping mall.

Mexico's vote in favor of the resolution led some United States Jews to organize a tourism boycott of Mexico. This ended after Mexican foreign minister Emilio Óscar Rabasa made a trip to Israel (Rabasa shortly afterward was forced to resign).

Revocation

United Nations resolution adopted in 1991
UN General Assembly
Resolution 46/86
Date16 December 1991
Meeting no.74
CodeA/RES/46/86 (Document)
SubjectElimination of racism and racial discrimination
Voting summary
  • 111 voted for
  • 25 voted against
  • 13 abstained
ResultAdopted

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991, revoked Resolution 3379's designation of Zionism as a form of racism and racial discrimination. Israel had made the revocation a condition for its participation in the Madrid Conference of 1991. The vote on Resolution 46/86 was held shortly after the Gulf War with sponsorship by 88 countries, including the overwhelming majority of both the First World and the Second World, and was chiefly supported by many African countries. The Arab League, most Muslim-majority countries, and four other countries (Cuba, North Korea, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam) voted against it.

In total, the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 received 111 votes in favour, 25 votes against, and 13 abstentions.

Motion by the United States

Resolution 46/86 was raised under pressure from the United States, and American president George H. W. Bush personally introduced the motion to revoke Resolution 3379 with the following statement:

UNGA Resolution 3379, the so-called "Zionism is racism" resolution, mocks this pledge and the principles upon which the United Nations was founded. And I call now for its repeal. Zionism is not a policy; it is the idea that led to the creation of a home for the Jewish people, to the State of Israel. And to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and, indeed, throughout history. To equate Zionism with racism is to reject Israel itself, a member of good standing of the United Nations. This body cannot claim to seek peace and at the same time challenge Israel's right to exist. By repealing this resolution unconditionally, the United Nations will enhance its credibility and serve the cause of peace.

Text of Resolution 46/86

The full text of the revocation was simply:

"The General Assembly decides to revoke the determination contained in its resolution 3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975."

Votes of Resolution 46/86

Voting record
In favour (111)
88 states sponsoring		 Abstaining (13) Against (25) Absent (15)
 Albania
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Argentina
 Australia
 Austria
 Bahamas
 Barbados
 Belarus
 Belgium
 Belize
 Benin
 Bhutan
 Bolivia
 Botswana
 Brazil
 Bulgaria
 Burundi
Cambodia
 Cameroon
 Canada
 Cape Verde
 Central African Republic
 Chile
 Congo
 Costa Rica
 Côte d’Ivoire
 Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
 Denmark
 Dominica
 Dominican Republic
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Estonia
 Fiji
 Finland
 France
 Gabon
 The Gambia
 Germany
 Greece
 Grenada
 Guatemala
 Guyana
 Haiti
 Honduras
 Hungary
 Iceland
 India
 Ireland
 Israel
Italy
 Jamaica
 Japan
 Kenya
 Lesotho 		 Latvia
 Liberia
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg
 Madagascar
 Malta
 Malawi
 Marshall Islands
 Mexico
 Mongolia
 Micronesia
 Mozambique
 Namibia
 Nepal
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Nicaragua
 Nigeria
 Norway
 Panama
 Papua New Guinea
 Paraguay
 Peru
 Philippines
 Poland
 Portugal
 South Korea
 Romania
 Rwanda
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 São Tomé and Príncipe
 Seychelles
 Sierra Leone
 Singapore
 Solomon Islands
 Soviet Union
 Spain
 Suriname
 Swaziland
 Sweden
 Thailand
 Togo
 Ukraine
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Uruguay
Venezuela
 Yugoslavia
 Zaire
 Zambia
Angola
 Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
 Ghana
 Laos
 Maldives
Mauritius
Myanmar
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Tanzania
 Zimbabwe 		Afghanistan
 Algeria
 Brunei
 Bangladesh
 Cuba
 North Korea
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Malaysia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Pakistan
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
Somalia
 Sri Lanka
 Sudan
 Syrian Arab Republic
 United Arab Emirates
 Vietnam
 Yemen 		Bahrain
 Chad
 China
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Egypt
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
Kuwait
 Morocco
 Niger
 Oman
 Senegal
 South Africa
 Tunisia
 Vanuatu
Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System

Legacy

On 21 June 2004, while inaugurating the first United Nations conference on the issue of antisemitism, the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan stated that "the actions of the United Nations on the issue of antisemitism have not always been worthy of its ideals. It is deplorable that the General Assembly adopted in 1975 a resolution which assimilated Zionism with racism and I welcome that it later came back on its position".

See also

References

  1. ^ Lewis, Paul (17 December 1991). "U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  2. "The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate". Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  3. "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". United Nations. 29 November 1947. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
  4. "Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel". GxMSDev. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  5. Admission of Israel to UN: Retrieved 24 May 2013 Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Resolution 3379: Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination Archived 6 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. UNGA, 10 November 1975 (doc.nr. A/RES/3379 (XXX))
  7. "Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination: Zionism as racism - GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  8. "UNBISnet". Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  9. Blaisdell, Bob (18 August 2014). Great Speeches of the 20th Century. Courier Corporation. p. 163. ISBN 9780486315560. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  10. פדן, יחיעם (2005). Tel Aviv-Jaffa Streets Guide (PDF). p. 158.
  11. Gil Troy, "Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism is Racism", page 134
  12. Stanley Meisler, United Nations: A History, 2011, page 215
  13. "Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  14. "Mexican Heritage Almanac". Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  15. "Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe". Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  16. "260 General Assembly Resolution 46-86- Revocation of Resolution 3379- 16 December 1991- and statement by President Herzog". GxMSDev. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  17. ^ Address to the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York City. 23 September 1991. The American Presidency Project
  18. "A/RES/46/86 of 16 December 1991". 7 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  19. "Racism and racial discrimination/Revocation of resolution 3379 ("Zionism as racism") - GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  20. "UNBISnet". Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  21. "Message du Secrétaire général : L'antisémitisme a été le signe avant-coureur d'autres formes de discrimination". United Nations. 21 June 2004.

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