Reform Club of Hong Kong: Difference between revisions

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	{{Hatnote\|This article is about the Reform Club in Hong Kong. For other uses, see ]}}		{{Hatnote\|This article is about the Reform Club in Hong Kong. For other uses, see ]}}
			{{Use Hong Kong English\|date=April 2021}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}
			{{Short description\|One of oldest political organisations in Hong Kong}}
	{{Infobox political party		{{Infobox political party
	\|name = Reform Club of Hong Kong		\| name = Reform Club of Hong Kong
	\|native_name = {{noitalics\|{{nobold\|香港革新會}}}}		\| native_name = {{noitalics\|{{nobold\|香港革新會}}}}
	\|logo = Logo of the Reform Club of Hong Kong.svg		\| logo = Logo of the Reform Club of Hong Kong.svg
	\|logo_size = 200px		\| logo_size = 200px
	\|colorcode = ~~#D04627~~		\| colorcode = {{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}
	\|country = Hong Kong		\| country = Hong Kong
	\|founder =		\| founder =
	\|leader1_title = Chairman		\| leader1_title = Chairman
	\|leader1_name = ]		\| leader1_name = ]
	\|leader2_title =		\| leader2_title =
	\|leader2_name =		\| leader2_name =
	\|founded = {{Start date\|1949\|1\|20\|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite book\|title=Memorandum and articles of Association of the Reform Club of Hong Kong : incorporated the 20th day of January, 1949\|author=Reform Club of Hong Kong\|publisher=Ts'o & Hodgson\|year=1949}}</ref>		\| founded = {{Start date\|1949\|1\|20\|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite book\|title=Memorandum and articles of Association of the Reform Club of Hong Kong : incorporated the 20th day of January, 1949\|author=Reform Club of Hong Kong\|publisher=Ts'o & Hodgson\|year=1949}}</ref>
	\|dissolved = ~~Around~~ 1995		\| dissolved = {{circa}} 1995
	\|merger =		\| merger =
	\|split =		\| split =
	\|predecessor =		\| predecessor =
	\|merged =		\| merged =
	\|successor =		\| successor =
	\|ideology = ]		\| ideology = ] (])
		⚫	\| affiliation1_title = {{nowrap\|Regional affiliation}}
	\|position = ] to ]
		⚫	\| affiliation1 =
⚫	\|affiliation1_title = Regional affiliation
			\| religion =
⚫	\|affiliation1 =
	\|~~religion~~ =		\| national =
	\|~~national~~ =		\| international =
	\|~~international~~ =		\| colors =
	\|~~colors~~ =		\| website =
	\|~~website~~ =		\| footnotes =
	\|footnotes =
	}}		}}
	{{Infobox Chinese		{{Infobox Chinese
	\|order=		\| order =
	\|showflag=		\| showflag =
	\|t=香港革新會		\| t = 香港革新會
			\| j = Hoeng1 gong2 gaak3 san1 wui6
	\|j=Hoeng<sup>1</sup> gong<sup>2</sup> gaak<sup>3</sup> san<sup>1</sup> wui<sup>6</sup>
	\|y=Hēung góng gaak sān wuih		\| y = Hēung góng gaak sān wuih
	}}		}}
			{{Liberalism in China}}
	The '''Reform Club of Hong Kong''' ~~({{zh\|t=香港革新會}})~~ was one of the oldest ] in ], existing from 1949 until the mid-1990s. Established by expatriates who were concerned about the ] proposed by ] ] in 1949, the Reform Club was the first semi-political party to contest in the ] elections, with its longtime chairman ] serving on the Council for about forty years.		The '''Reform Club of Hong Kong''' was one of the oldest ] in ], existing from 1949 until the mid-1990s. Established by expatriates who were concerned about the ] proposed by ] ] in 1949, the Reform Club was the first semi-political party to contest in the ] elections, with its longtime chairman ] serving on the Council for about forty years.

	It demanded expansion of the power of the Urban Council and elected representatives in the ] for years. Together with the ], they were the closest to ] in Hong Kong active in the municipal electoral politics during the post-war colonial period. With the expansion of the franchise in the 1980s, the Reform Club gradually declined and was replaced by the more energetic political groups. The Club ceased to function after its chairman Bernacchi retired from the Urban Council in 1995.		It demanded expansion of the power of the Urban Council and elected representatives in the ] for years. Together with the ], they were the closest to ] in Hong Kong active in the municipal electoral politics during the post-war colonial period. With the expansion of the franchise in the 1980s, the Reform Club gradually declined and was replaced by the more energetic political groups. The Club ceased to function after its chairman Bernacchi retired from the Urban Council in 1995.

	==History==		==History==
	The Reform Club was founded by ] ] ] in 1949 in the midst of the debate over the ], a plan for wide constitutional reform in Hong Kong. The immediate target of the Club was to campaign for direct elections to the ].<ref>{{cite book\|title=Promoting Prosperity: The Hong Kong Way of Social Policy\|first=Catherine M.\|last=Jones\|page=78\|publisher=Chinese University Press\|year=1990}}</ref> Unlike the ], which was set up during the same time for similar causes, the Reform Club was dominated by expatriates.		The Reform Club was founded by ] ] ] in 1949 in the midst of the debate over the ], a plan for wide constitutional reform in Hong Kong. The immediate target of the Club was to campaign for direct elections to the ].<ref>{{cite book\|title=Promoting Prosperity: The Hong Kong Way of Social Policy\|first=Catherine M.\|last=Jones\|page=78\|publisher=Chinese University Press\|year=1990}}</ref> Unlike the ], which was set up during the same time for similar causes, the Reform Club was dominated by expatriates.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Miners\|first1=N. J.\|date=1986\|title=Plans for Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong, 1946-52\|journal=]\|language=en\|volume=107\|issue=\|pages=473\|issn=0305-7410\|doi=10.1017/S0305741000039862\|s2cid=154299156 }}</ref>

	For decades the Reform Club and the ] dominated municipal politics as they provided most of the elected members of the ].<ref>{{cite journal \| last=King\| first=Ambrose Yeo-chi \|date= 1975 \| title=Administrative Absorption of Politics in Hong Kong: Emphasis on the Grass Roots Level \| journal=] \| volume= 15 \| issue= 5 \| pages=431~~\| url= \| accessdate=~~ \| doi=10.~~1525~~/~~as.1975.15.5.01p0076b~~}}</ref> It advocated more representative government in the territory and the improvement of public sector social services. In 1960, the two groups formed a coalition and sent a delegate to London to demand direct elections to the Legislative Council. In 1979, the Reform Club threatened to boycott elections if the Urban Council would not receive a majority of elected members and universal franchise was extended to all Hong Kong citizens. In 1982, it took part in the elections for the newly established ]s in the urban districts, which significantly extended the franchise.		For decades the Reform Club and the ] dominated municipal politics as they provided most of the elected members of the ].<ref>{{cite journal \| last=King\| first=Ambrose Yeo-chi \|date= 1975 \| title=Administrative Absorption of Politics in Hong Kong: Emphasis on the Grass Roots Level \| journal=] \| volume= 15 \| issue= 5 \| pages=431\| doi=10.2307/2643255\| jstor=2643255 }}</ref> It advocated more representative government in the territory and the improvement of public sector social services. In 1960, the two groups formed a coalition and sent a delegate to London to demand direct elections to the Legislative Council. The Reform Club adopted a modest stance amid the ], opposing violent actions from both protesters and the police.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Klein\|first1=Richard\|date=1997\|title=The Empire Strikes Back: Britain's Use of the Law to Suppress Political Dissent in Hong Kong\|journal=]\|language=en\|volume=15\|issue=1\|pages=31\|issn=0737-8947}}</ref> In 1979, the Reform Club threatened to boycott elections if the Urban Council would not receive a majority of elected members and universal franchise was extended to all Hong Kong citizens. In 1982, it took part in the elections for the newly established ]s in the urban districts, which significantly extended the franchise.

	Starting from the late 1960s, the Club's ability to monopolise Urban Council elections with the Civic Association eroded, in light of the emergence of the popular independent candidates.<ref>{{cite book\|page=11\|title=Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization\|first=Wai-man\|last=Lam\|publisher=M.E. Sharpe\|year=2004}}</ref> Before the expansion of the franchise, the Reform Club had 15 members in the Urban Council of 1983. But the Reform Club's influence in the Urban Council reduced during the 1980s. Following the ], only five Reform Club members remained due to its lack of grassroots support. The Reform Club and Civic Association were gradually supplanted by the new ] including the ] and ]. When at the ] Brook Bernacchi retired, the Reform Club ceased to be active in the Hong Kong political scene.		Starting from the late 1960s, the Club's ability to monopolise Urban Council elections with the Civic Association eroded, in light of the emergence of the popular independent candidates.<ref>{{cite book\|page=11\|title=Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization\|first=Wai-man\|last=Lam\|publisher=M.E. Sharpe\|year=2004}}</ref> Before the expansion of the franchise, the Reform Club had 15 members in the Urban Council of 1983. But the Reform Club's influence in the Urban Council reduced during the 1980s. Following the ], only five Reform Club members remained due to its lack of grassroots support. The Reform Club and Civic Association were gradually supplanted by the new ] including the ] and ]. When at the ] Brook Bernacchi retired, the Reform Club ceased to be active in the Hong Kong political scene.

	==Notable members==		==Notable members==
	*]		*] (founder)
			*]
⚫	*]
	*]		*]
		⚫	*] (later known as Elsie Tu)
⚫	*]
⚫	*]
	*]		*]
	*]		*]
		⚫	*]
		⚫	*]

	==Election performance==		==Election performance==
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	\| 2,199{{nochange}}		\| 2,199{{nochange}}
	\| 33.58{{nochange}}		\| 33.58{{nochange}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|1\|2\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|1\|2\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| -		\| -
	\| rowspan=19\|		\| rowspan=19\|
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	\| 6,374{{increase}}		\| 6,374{{increase}}
	\| 71.25{{increase}}		\| 71.25{{increase}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|4\|4\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|4\|4\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| -		\| -
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 7,773{{increase}}		\| 7,773{{increase}}
	\| 79.64{{increase}}		\| 79.64{{increase}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|4\|4\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|4\|4\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| -		\| -
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 3,283{{decrease}}		\| 3,283{{decrease}}
	\| 89.62{{increase}}		\| 89.62{{increase}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|4\|4\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|4\|4\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| -		\| -
	\|-		\|-
Line 96:		Line 100:
	\| 17,085{{increase}}		\| 17,085{{increase}}
	\| 56.97{{decrease}}		\| 56.97{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|6\|8\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|6\|8\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 11,716{{increase}}		\| 11,716{{increase}}
	\| 43.50{{decrease}}		\| 43.50{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|5\|8\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|5\|8\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
Line 108:		Line 112:
	\| 12,030{{decrease}}		\| 12,030{{decrease}}
	\| 47.67{{decrease}}		\| 47.67{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|4\|8\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|4\|8\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| ''uncontested''		\| ''uncontested''
	\| ''uncontested''		\| ''uncontested''
	\| {{Composition bar\|4\|8\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|4\|8\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 5,177{{decrease}}		\| 5,177{{decrease}}
	\| 39.43{{decrease}}		\| 39.43{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|3\|8\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|3\|8\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| ''unknown''		\| ''unknown''
	\| ''unknown''		\| ''unknown''
	\| {{Composition bar\|5\|10\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|5\|10\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
Line 132:		Line 136:
	\| 9,789{{increase}}		\| 9,789{{increase}}
	\| 24.90{{decrease}}		\| 24.90{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|4\|10\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|4\|10\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
Line 138:		Line 142:
	\| 16,571{{increase}}		\| 16,571{{increase}}
	\| 49.22{{increase}}		\| 49.22{{increase}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|3\|10\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|3\|10\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
Line 144:		Line 148:
	\| 6,139{{decrease}}		\| 6,139{{decrease}}
	\| 16.22{{decrease}}		\| 16.22{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|3\|10\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|3\|10\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
Line 150:		Line 154:
	\| 25,709{{increase}}		\| 25,709{{increase}}
	\| 55.14{{increase}}		\| 55.14{{increase}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|5\|12\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|5\|12\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 6,141{{increase}}		\| 6,141{{increase}}
	\| 12.41{{decrease}}		\| 12.41{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|3\|12\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|3\|12\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
Line 162:		Line 166:
	\| 13,249{{decrease}}		\| 13,249{{decrease}}
	\| 41.05{{increase}}		\| 41.05{{increase}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|3\|12\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|3\|12\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 9,579{{increase}}		\| 9,579{{increase}}
	\| 18.76{{increase}}		\| 18.76{{increase}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|3\|12\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|3\|12\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 7,291{{decrease}}		\| 7,291{{decrease}}
	\| 28.29{{decrease}}		\| 28.29{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|2\|12\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|2\|12\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 13,894{{increase}}		\| 13,894{{increase}}
	\| 15.38{{decrease}}		\| 15.38{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|3\|15\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|3\|15\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| –		\| –
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 24,486{{increase}}		\| 24,486{{increase}}
	\| 6.95{{decrease}}		\| 6.95{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|2\|15\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|2\|15\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|0\|12\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|0\|12\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|2\|27\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|2\|27\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	! ]		! ]
	\| 13,404{{decrease}}		\| 13,404{{decrease}}
	\| 6.31{{decrease}}		\| 6.31{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|2\|15\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|2\|15\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|0\|12\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|0\|12\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|2\|27\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|2\|27\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	! ]		! ]
	\| 9,045{{decrease}}		\| 9,045{{decrease}}
	\| 2.31{{decrease}}		\| 2.31{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|2\|15\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|2\|15\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|0\|12\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|0\|12\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|2\|27\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|2\|27\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}
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	\| 13,644{{nochange}}		\| 13,644{{nochange}}
	\| 3.83{{nochange}}		\| 3.83{{nochange}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|2\|132\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|2\|132\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 224:		Line 228:
	\| 39,929{{increase}}		\| 39,929{{increase}}
	\| 5.77{{increase}}		\| 5.77{{increase}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|17\|237\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|17\|237\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| 7{{increase}}		\| 7{{increase}}
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 13,572{{decrease}}		\| 13,572{{decrease}}
	\| 2.13{{decrease}}		\| 2.13{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|5\|264\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|5\|264\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| 5{{decrease}}		\| 5{{decrease}}
	\|-		\|-
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	\| 2,136{{decrease}}		\| 2,136{{decrease}}
	\| 0.40{{decrease}}		\| 0.40{{decrease}}
	\| {{Composition bar\|1\|272\|hex={{Reform Club of Hong Kong~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| {{Composition bar\|1\|272\|hex={{party color\|Reform Club of Hong Kong}}}}
	\| 5{{decrease}}		\| 5{{decrease}}
	\|-		\|-
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	]		]
	]		]
			]
	]		]
	]		]

Latest revision as of 01:25, 9 June 2024

This article is about the Reform Club in Hong Kong. For other uses, see Reform Club (disambiguation)

One of oldest political organisations in Hong Kong

Reform Club of Hong Kong 香港革新會

Chairman	Brook Bernacchi
Founded	20 January 1949 (1949-01-20)
Dissolved	c. 1995
Ideology	Liberalism (HK)
Politics of Hong Kong Political parties Elections

Reform Club of Hong Kong

Traditional Chinese

香港革新會

Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Hēung góng gaak sān wuih
Jyutping	Hoeng1 gong2 gaak3 san1 wui6

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The Reform Club of Hong Kong was one of the oldest political organisations in Hong Kong, existing from 1949 until the mid-1990s. Established by expatriates who were concerned about the Young Plan proposed by Governor Mark Aitchison Young in 1949, the Reform Club was the first semi-political party to contest in the Urban Council elections, with its longtime chairman Brook Bernacchi serving on the Council for about forty years.

It demanded expansion of the power of the Urban Council and elected representatives in the Legislative Council for years. Together with the Hong Kong Civic Association, they were the closest to opposition parties in Hong Kong active in the municipal electoral politics during the post-war colonial period. With the expansion of the franchise in the 1980s, the Reform Club gradually declined and was replaced by the more energetic political groups. The Club ceased to function after its chairman Bernacchi retired from the Urban Council in 1995.

History

The Reform Club was founded by expatriate barrister Brook Bernacchi in 1949 in the midst of the debate over the Young Plan, a plan for wide constitutional reform in Hong Kong. The immediate target of the Club was to campaign for direct elections to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Unlike the Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association, which was set up during the same time for similar causes, the Reform Club was dominated by expatriates.

For decades the Reform Club and the Civic Association dominated municipal politics as they provided most of the elected members of the Urban Council. It advocated more representative government in the territory and the improvement of public sector social services. In 1960, the two groups formed a coalition and sent a delegate to London to demand direct elections to the Legislative Council. The Reform Club adopted a modest stance amid the 1966 riots, opposing violent actions from both protesters and the police. In 1979, the Reform Club threatened to boycott elections if the Urban Council would not receive a majority of elected members and universal franchise was extended to all Hong Kong citizens. In 1982, it took part in the elections for the newly established district boards in the urban districts, which significantly extended the franchise.

Starting from the late 1960s, the Club's ability to monopolise Urban Council elections with the Civic Association eroded, in light of the emergence of the popular independent candidates. Before the expansion of the franchise, the Reform Club had 15 members in the Urban Council of 1983. But the Reform Club's influence in the Urban Council reduced during the 1980s. Following the 1989 municipal elections, only five Reform Club members remained due to its lack of grassroots support. The Reform Club and Civic Association were gradually supplanted by the new pro-democracy groups including the Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood and Meeting Point. When at the 1995 municipal elections Brook Bernacchi retired, the Reform Club ceased to be active in the Hong Kong political scene.

Notable members

Election performance

Municipal elections

Election	Number of popular votes	% of popular votes	UrbCo seats	RegCo seats	Total elected seats
1952	2,199	33.58	1 / 2	-
1953	6,374	71.25	4 / 4	-
1954	7,773	79.64	4 / 4	-
1955	3,283	89.62	4 / 4	-
1956	17,085	56.97	6 / 8	–
1957	11,716	43.50	5 / 8	–
1959	12,030	47.67	4 / 8	–
1961	uncontested	uncontested	4 / 8	–
1963	5,177	39.43	3 / 8	–
1965	unknown	unknown	5 / 10	–
1967	9,789	24.90	4 / 10	–
1969	16,571	49.22	3 / 10	–
1971	6,139	16.22	3 / 10	–
1973	25,709	55.14	5 / 12	–
1975	6,141	12.41	3 / 12	–
1977	13,249	41.05	3 / 12	–
1979	9,579	18.76	3 / 12	–
1981	7,291	28.29	2 / 12	–
1983	13,894	15.38	3 / 15	–
1986	24,486	6.95	2 / 15	0 / 12	2 / 27
1989	13,404	6.31	2 / 15	0 / 12	2 / 27
1991	9,045	2.31	2 / 15	0 / 12	2 / 27

District Board/Council elections

Election	Number of popular votes	% of popular votes	Total elected seats	+/−
1982	13,644	3.83	2 / 132
1985	39,929	5.77	17 / 237	7
1988	13,572	2.13	5 / 264	5
1991	2,136	0.40	1 / 272	5

References

Reform Club of Hong Kong (1949). Memorandum and articles of Association of the Reform Club of Hong Kong : incorporated the 20th day of January, 1949. Ts'o & Hodgson.
Jones, Catherine M. (1990). Promoting Prosperity: The Hong Kong Way of Social Policy. Chinese University Press. p. 78.
Miners, N. J. (1986). "Plans for Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong, 1946-52". The China Quarterly. 107: 473. doi:10.1017/S0305741000039862. ISSN 0305-7410. S2CID 154299156.
King, Ambrose Yeo-chi (1975). "Administrative Absorption of Politics in Hong Kong: Emphasis on the Grass Roots Level". Asian Survey. 15 (5): 431. doi:10.2307/2643255. JSTOR 2643255.
Klein, Richard (1997). "The Empire Strikes Back: Britain's Use of the Law to Suppress Political Dissent in Hong Kong". Boston University International Law Journal. 15 (1): 31. ISSN 0737-8947.
Lam, Wai-man (2004). Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization. M.E. Sharpe. p. 11.

External links

Hong Kong Newspaper Clippings Online

Political parties in Hong Kong

Parties represented in the Legislative Council

Pro-Beijing (89)

Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (19)
Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (8)
Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (7)
New People's Party (5)
Liberal Party (4)
Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers (2)
Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (2)
New Century Forum (1)
Roundtable (1)
Professional Power (1)
Kowloon West New Dynamic (1)
New Prospect (1)

Unaligned (1)

Third Side (1)

Parties represented in district councils

Pro-Beijing (174)	Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (109) Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (27) New People's Party (15) Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (12) Liberal Party (5) Federation of Public Housing Estates (3) Professional Power (1) New Prospect for Hong Kong (1) Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (1)

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