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Revision as of 21:38, 14 April 2007 editDicklyon (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers476,783 edits →Photoshopping← Previous edit Revision as of 05:26, 15 April 2007 edit undo216.165.158.7 (talk) revert - how many times do we have to go over this... Photoshopping DOES NOT MEAN THAT, it means use Adobe Photoshop, stop POV-pushing with Neologisms that simply are not tureNext edit →
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There is a growing body of ethics writings devoted to the use of digital editing in journalism. See - "DigitalCustom Model Ethics Guidelines There is a growing body of ethics writings devoted to the use of digital editing in journalism. See - "DigitalCustom Model Ethics Guidelines
to Protect the Integrity of Journalistic Photographs in Digital Editing" (Rel. Ver. 2.0 - March 1, 2003) to Protect the Integrity of Journalistic Photographs in Digital Editing" (Rel. Ver. 2.0 - March 1, 2003)

==Photoshopping==

]; this image even fooled news publications as to its authenticity.]]
] has been photoshopped to be ].]]

"'''Photoshopping'''", or simply "'''shopping'''", is ] for the digital editing of photos.<ref>{{cite book | title = Undead Theories: Constructivism, Eclecticism And Research in Education | author = David Geelan | publisher = Sense Publishers | year = 2006 | isbn = 9077874313}}</ref> The term comes from ], the image editor most commonly used by professionals for this purpose, although other programs, such as ], ], or the ] may be used. ], the publisher of Adobe Photoshop, discourages use of the term "photoshop" as a verb <ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.adobe.com/misc/trade.html#photoshop
| title =Proper use of the Photoshop trademark
| accessdate = 2007-03-25
| date = ]
| publisher = Adobe Systems Incorporated
}}</ref> out of concern that it may ]; for this reason, some people have called the practice "'''photochopping'''".

===Usage===
]'' box cover is an example of photoshopped packaging.]]

Although professional graphic artists and designers might describe elements of their work as "photoshopping", the practice is more commonly associated with creating ] ]s on ] sites. In this way, photoshopping can be seen as another way of producing ]s, but without the need to generate original ]s. As such, the edits can be done in a very basic way, so it is clear that the image has been altered (often humour is derived from this fact), or in a hyper-realistic way so that the changes are seamless. The shorter term "shopped" is also frequently used to describe an image that has obviously been edited.

Examples of photoshopping include people changing a picture of a well known ] to make it appear as if she has posed ]. In other examples two or more pictures are combined together for humour value. Another example, commonly seen in '']'', involves the “rebranding” of products for satirical purposes; this often requires specialized skills including ], because new letters must be drawn that match the style of an existing logo.

Similarly to photoshopping, some neologisms are derived from the names of other image editing packages, for example "to ] up" an image.

Many Photoshopped images are propagated ]tically via ] as humour or passed as actual news. Some well known images include '']'' and '']''. The latter image was widely circulated as a National Geographic 'Image of the Year' and was later revealed to be a hoax.<ref> from National Geographic News, retrieved on 20 May, 2006</ref>

The style and techniques of photoshopping were anticipated as early as the late 1960s, particularly by the surreal album cover photography of the British design group ].

Photoshopping is sometimes used as a form of entertainment, and in this form is often somewhat competitive; see ].

==References==

{{reflist}}


== See also == == See also ==

Revision as of 05:26, 15 April 2007

See also digital image editing.
Before
After
Nikolai Yezhov and Stalin, before and after retouching.

Photo editing is the technique of modifying a photographic image by either analog or digital means.

Types of photo editing

In digital editing, photographs are usually taken with a digital camera and input directly into a computer. If a digital camera is not available, a printed photograph may be digitized using a scanner. Photos can also be obtained from stock photography databases. With the advent of computers, graphics tablets, and digital cameras, the term photo editing encompasses everything that can be done to a photo in a darkroom or on a computer. Photo editing is most commonly subtle (e.g. alterations to coloring, contrast, so forth), but may be explicit also (e.g. overlaying a head onto a different body, changing a sign's text). Image editing software can be used to apply effects and warp an image in whatever way possible until the desired result is achieved. Sometimes, after photo editing, the resulting image has little or no resemblance to the photo from which it started.

History

Before computers, photo editing was done by retouching with ink, paint, double-exposure, piecing photos or negatives together in the darkroom or scratching Polaroids. Photo editing is as old as photography itself; the idea of a photo having inherent verisimilitude is a social construct. Photo manipulation has been used to deceive or persuade viewers, or for improved story-telling and self-expression. As early as the American Civil War photographs were published as engravings based on more than one negative.

Joseph Stalin was reported to have retouched photos for propaganda purposes. On May 5, 1920 his predecessor Lenin held a speech for Soviet troops that Leon Trotsky attended. Stalin had Trotsky retouched out of a photograph showing Trotsky in attendance. Nikolai Yezhov, an NKVD leader photographed alongside Stalin in at least one photograph, was shot in 1940 and subsequently edited out of the photograph.

In the 1930s John Heartfield used a type of photo editing known as the photomontage to critique Nazi propoganda.

File:As03-martha updat.jpg
Manipulated cover of Newsweek

The pioneer among journalists distorting photographic images for news value was Bernarr Macfadden and his composograph in the mid-1920s. A notable case of a controversial photo editing was a 1982 National Geographic cover in which editors photographically moved two Egyptian pyramids closer together so that they would fit on a vertical cover. This case triggered a debate about the appropriateness of photo editing in journalism; the argument against editing was that the magazine depicted something that did not exist, and presented it as fact. There were several cases since the National Geographic case of questionable photo editing, including editing a photo of Cher on the cover of Redbook to change her smile and her dress. Another example occurred in early 2005, when Martha Stewart's release from prison was featured on the cover of Newsweek; her face was placed on a slimmer woman's body to suggest that she will have lost weight while in prison.

OJ Simpson magazine covers

Another famous instance of controversy over photo manipulation, this time concerning race, arose in the summer of 1994. After O.J. Simpson was arrested for allegedly murdering his wife and her friend, multiple publications carried his mugshot. Notably, Time published an edition featuring an altered mugshot, removing the photograph's color saturation (which some accused of making Simpson's skin darker) and reducing the size of the prisoner ID number. This appeared on newsstands right next to an unaltered picture by Newsweek.

Ethics

There is a growing body of ethics writings devoted to the use of digital editing in journalism. See - "DigitalCustom Model Ethics Guidelines to Protect the Integrity of Journalistic Photographs in Digital Editing" (Rel. Ver. 2.0 - March 1, 2003)

See also

External links

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