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'''''Fragaria chiloensis''''', the '''beach strawberry''', '''Chilean strawberry''', or '''coastal strawberry''', is one of two species of ] that were ] to create the modern ] (''F. × ananassa''). It is noted for its large berries. Its natural range is the ] coasts of ] and ], and also ]. ]s are thought to have ] ''F. chiloensis'' from the ] of North America to the mountains of Hawaii, ], and ].<ref>{{cite book '''''Fragaria chiloensis''''', the '''beach strawberry''', '''Chilean strawberry''', or '''coastal strawberry''', is one of two species of ] that were ] to create the modern ] (''F. × ananassa''). It is native to the ] coasts of ] and ].
| last = Sauer
| first = Jonathan D.
| title = Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster
| publisher = ]
| year = 1993
| location =
| pages =128–129
| isbn = 0-8493-8901-1
}}</ref>

⚫ ]


==Description== ==Description==
It is an ] plant growing to 15–30 centimetres (5.9–11.8&nbsp;in) tall, with glossy green trifoliate ], each ] around 5 centimetres (2.0&nbsp;in) long. The ]s are white, produced in spring and early summer. The ] is edible,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fagan|first=Damian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073035766|title=Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert|publisher=]|year=2019|isbn=1-4930-3633-5|location=Guilford, CT|pages=82|oclc=1073035766}}</ref> red on the surface, white inside. It is an ] plant growing to 15–30 centimetres (6–12&nbsp;inches) tall. The relatively thick ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Mary |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3380547 |title=Huckleberry Country: Wild Food Plants of the Pacific Northwest |last2=Thompson |first2=Steven |publisher=] |year=1977 |isbn=0-911824-53-7 |location=Berkeley, CA |pages=7 |oclc=3380547}}</ref> are glossy green and trifoliate, each ] around 5&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;in) long. The stems are covered with long hairs and the leaves sometimes have a dense fringe of hairs. The ]s are white, produced in spring and early summer. The ], a ], is edible,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fagan|first=Damian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073035766|title=Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert|publisher=]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4930-3633-2|location=Guilford, CT|pages=82|oclc=1073035766}}</ref> red on the surface<ref name=":0" /> and white inside.


{{gallery|mode=packed
⚫ Its fruit is still sold as a local delicacy in some South American produce markets.
|Fragaria chiloensis - guadalupe dunes 077.jpg|Leaves
|Fragaria chiloensis kz03.jpg|Young flower
|USFWS fragaricus chiloensis1 (23535206260).jpg|Berries emerging
}}


=== Genetics ===
⚫ ] (1682–1773) was the first to bring back specimens of ''Fragaria chiloensis'' to the ].
⚫ All strawberries have a base ] count of 7 ]. ''F.&nbsp;chiloensis'' is ], having eight sets of these chromosomes for a total of 56. These eight genomes pair as four distinct sets, of two different types, with little or no pairing between sets. The genome composition of the octoploid strawberry species has generally been indicated as AAA'A'BBB'B'. The {{Nowrap|A-type}} genomes were likely contributed by diploid ancestors related to '']'' or similar species, while the {{Nowrap|B-type}} genomes seem to descend from a close relative of '']''. The exact process of hybridization and speciation which resulted in the octoploid species is still unknown, but it appears that the genome compositions of both ''F.&nbsp;chiloensis'' and '']'' (and by extension the cultivated octoploid strawberry as well) are identical.

⚫ '']'', the ] aphid, is a bug species found feed on ''F. chiloensis'' in Chile. It is a vector of the ].<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc=3605023|year=2012|last1=Lavandero|first1=B|title=Genetic Structure of the Aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, and Its Role as a Vector of the Strawberry yellow edge virus to a Native Strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis in Chile|journal=Journal of Insect Science|volume=12|issue=110|pages=1–13|url=|last2=Rojas|first2=P|last3=Ramirez|first3=C. C.|last4=Salazar|first4=M|last5=Caligari|first5=P. D.|doi=10.1673/031.012.11001|pmid=23438175}}</ref>


== Subspecies == == Subspecies ==
⚫ ]

There are a number of subspecies and forms: There are a number of subspecies and forms:
* ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis'' * ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis''
* ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''patagonica'' (], ]) * ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''patagonica'' (], ])
* ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''lucida'' <small>(E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt</small> (coast of ], ], ], ]) * ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''lucida'' <small>(E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt</small> (coast of ], ], ], ])
* ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''pacifica'' <small>]</small> (coast of ], British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California) * ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''pacifica'' <small>]</small> (coast of ], British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
* ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''sandwicensis'' <small>(]) Staudt</small> – ''ʻŌhelo papa'' (]) * ''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''sandwicensis'' <small>(]) Staudt</small> – ''ʻŌhelo papa'' (])


== Distribution and habitat ==
<gallery>
⚫ ]'s account of his voyage to South America (1716)]]
⚫ File:Starr 041006-0321 Fragaria chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis.jpg|''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis''

File:Beach Strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis).jpg|Beach strawberry at ], ], California.
The plant's natural range is the ] coasts of ] and ], and also ], where it grows mostly on sand beaches above the tidal zone in temperate to warm-temperate regions. ]s are thought to have ] ''F.&nbsp;chiloensis'' from the Pacific coast of North America to the mountains of Hawaii, ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sauer |first=Jonathan D. |title=Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster |publisher=] |year=1993 |isbn=0-8493-8901-1 |location= |pages=128–129}}</ref>
</gallery>

⚫ ] (1682–1773) was the first to bring back specimens of the species to the ].

== Ecology ==
⚫ '']'', the strawberry aphid, is a bug species found to feed on ''F.&nbsp;chiloensis'' in Chile. It is a vector of the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lavandero |first1=B |last2=Rojas |first2=P |last3=Ramirez |first3=C. C. |last4=Salazar |first4=M |last5=Caligari |first5=P. D. |year=2012 |title=Genetic Structure of the Aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, and Its Role as a Vector of the Strawberry yellow edge virus to a Native Strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis in Chile |url= |journal=Journal of Insect Science |volume=12 |issue=110 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1673/031.012.11001 |pmc=3605023 |pmid=23438175}}</ref>


== Genetics == == Uses ==
⚫ Its fruit is sold as a local delicacy in some South American produce markets.
⚫ All strawberries have a base ] count of 7 ]. ''Fragaria chiloensis'' is ], having eight sets of these chromosomes for a total of 56. These eight genomes pair as four distinct sets, of two different types, with little or no pairing between sets. The genome composition of the octoploid strawberry species has generally been indicated as AAA'A'BBB'B'. The A-type genomes were likely contributed by diploid ancestors related to '']'' or similar species, while the B-type genomes seem to descend from a close relative of '']''. The exact process of hybridization and speciation which resulted in the octoploid species is still unknown, but it appears that the genome compositions of both ''Fragaria chiloensis'' and '']'' (and by extension the cultivated octoploid strawberry as well) are identical.


== References == == References ==
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== External links == == External links ==
{{Commons category|Fragaria chiloensis}} {{Commons category|Fragaria chiloensis}}
* {{CalPhotos|Fragaria|chiloensis}}
* {{Calflora|Fragaria chiloensis}}
* {{PFAF|Fragaria chiloensis}}
* *
*
* {{GRIN}} * {{GRIN}}
{{Clear}} {{Clear}}
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] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 10:21, 16 June 2024

Species of plant

Fragaria chiloensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Fragaria
Species: F. chiloensis
Binomial name
Fragaria chiloensis
(L.) Mill.

Fragaria chiloensis, the beach strawberry, Chilean strawberry, or coastal strawberry, is one of two species of wild strawberry that were hybridized to create the modern garden strawberry (F. × ananassa). It is native to the Pacific Ocean coasts of North and South America.

Description

It is an evergreen plant growing to 15–30 centimetres (6–12 inches) tall. The relatively thick leaves are glossy green and trifoliate, each leaflet around 5 cm (2 in) long. The stems are covered with long hairs and the leaves sometimes have a dense fringe of hairs. The flowers are white, produced in spring and early summer. The fruit, a strawberry, is edible, red on the surface and white inside.

  • Leaves Leaves
  • Young flower Young flower
  • Berries emerging Berries emerging

Genetics

All strawberries have a base haploid count of 7 chromosomes. F. chiloensis is octoploid, having eight sets of these chromosomes for a total of 56. These eight genomes pair as four distinct sets, of two different types, with little or no pairing between sets. The genome composition of the octoploid strawberry species has generally been indicated as AAA'A'BBB'B'. The A-type genomes were likely contributed by diploid ancestors related to F. vesca or similar species, while the B-type genomes seem to descend from a close relative of F. iinumae. The exact process of hybridization and speciation which resulted in the octoploid species is still unknown, but it appears that the genome compositions of both F. chiloensis and F. virginiana (and by extension the cultivated octoploid strawberry as well) are identical.

Subspecies

Flower of F. chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis

There are a number of subspecies and forms:

  • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma chiloensis
  • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis forma patagonica (Argentina, Chile)
  • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. lucida (E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt (coast of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
  • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. pacifica Staudt (coast of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
  • Fragaria chiloensis subsp. sandwicensis (Decne.) Staudt – ʻŌhelo papa (Hawaii)

Distribution and habitat

Illustrated in Amédée-François Frézier's account of his voyage to South America (1716)

The plant's natural range is the Pacific Ocean coasts of North and South America, and also Hawaii, where it grows mostly on sand beaches above the tidal zone in temperate to warm-temperate regions. Migratory birds are thought to have dispersed F. chiloensis from the Pacific coast of North America to the mountains of Hawaii, Chile, and Argentina.

Amédée-François Frézier (1682–1773) was the first to bring back specimens of the species to the Old World.

Ecology

Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, the strawberry aphid, is a bug species found to feed on F. chiloensis in Chile. It is a vector of the strawberry mild yellow-edge virus.

Uses

Its fruit is sold as a local delicacy in some South American produce markets.

References

  1. ^ Thompson, Mary; Thompson, Steven (1977). Huckleberry Country: Wild Food Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Berkeley, CA: Wilderness Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-911824-53-7. OCLC 3380547.
  2. Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4930-3633-2. OCLC 1073035766.
  3. Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster. CRC Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-8493-8901-1.
  4. Lavandero, B; Rojas, P; Ramirez, C. C.; Salazar, M; Caligari, P. D. (2012). "Genetic Structure of the Aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, and Its Role as a Vector of the Strawberry yellow edge virus to a Native Strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis in Chile". Journal of Insect Science. 12 (110): 1–13. doi:10.1673/031.012.11001. PMC 3605023. PMID 23438175.

External links

Strawberries
Species
Hybrids: F. × ananassa
F. × bringhurstii
F. × vescana
Strawberry cultivars
Breeders
Dishes
Pest and diseases
See also
 Category: Strawberries
Taxon identifiers
Fragaria chiloensis
Fragaria vesca var. chiloensis
Categories: