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{{Short description|Architectural feature}} | |||
{{otheruses|caisson}} | |||
{{Other uses|Caisson (disambiguation)}} | |||
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The '''Caisson''' ({{zh-cpl|c=藻井|p=zǎojǐng|l=algae well}}), also referred to as a '''ceiling caisson''', '''caisson ceiling''', or '''''zaojing''''', is a a distinctive feature of classical Chinese architecture, most likely unique to it.<ref>{{cite web | |||
The '''caisson''' ({{zh|c=藻井|p=zǎojǐng|l=algae well}}), also referred to as a '''caisson ceiling''', or '''''spider web ceiling''''',<ref name=schoolnet/> in ] is an architectural feature typically found in the ceiling of ]s and ]s, usually at the centre and directly above the main throne, seat, or religious figure.<ref name=schoolnet/><ref name="BMACH">{{cite web | |||
|url=http://www.chinainfoonline.com/ChineseArchitecture/Caisson_Ceiling.htm | |||
|date=April 2006 | |||
|title=Caisson Ceiling | |||
|url=http://www.bjww.gov.cn/2006/4-12/10949-2.shtml | |||
|publisher=chinainfoonline.com | |||
|title=浅谈法海寺曼陀罗的深刻内涵 (Deep meaning of the Mandala in the Fahai Temple in Brief) | |||
|accessdate=2007-10-10 | |||
|publisher=Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage | |||
}} | |||
|language=zh | |||
</ref> | |||
|accessdate=2007-10-30 | |||
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612213558/http://www.bjww.gov.cn/2006/4-12/10949-2.shtml | |||
This unique archiectural feature is typically found in the ceiling of ]s and ]s, usually at the centre and directly above the main throne, seat, or religious figure.{{fact}} The caisson is generally a sunken panel set into the otherwise largely flat ceiling. It is often layered and richly decoracted. Common shapes include square, octagon, hexagon, circle, and a combination of these. <ref name="people">{{cite web | |||
|archive-date=2007-06-12 | |||
|year= | |||
|url-status=dead | |||
|month= | |||
}}</ref> | |||
The caisson is generally a sunken panel set into the ceiling. It is often layered and richly decorated. Common shapes include squares, octagons, hexagons, circles, and a combination of these.<ref name="people">{{cite web | |||
|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/features/architecture/zaojing.htm | |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/features/architecture/zaojing.htm | ||
|title=Caisson ceiling (Zaojing) | |title=Caisson ceiling (Zaojing) | ||
|publisher=peopledaily.com | |publisher=peopledaily.com | ||
|accessdate=2007-09-03 | |accessdate=2007-09-03 | ||
}}</ref> |
}}</ref> | ||
==Name== | ==Name== | ||
] caisson at Jingtu Temple of ].]] | |||
], ]]] | |||
], ]]] | |||
The '']'' is a general name for any sunken panel placed in the ceiling.<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, (1989) Oxford University Press, ''caisson''</ref>{{dubious}} For other meanings, see ]. In the case of ]n architecture, however, the caisson is characterised by highly developed conventions as to its structure and placement. | |||
], ].]] | |||
The ''caisson'' is a general name for a ].<ref>Oxford English Dictionary, (1989) Oxford University Press, ''caisson''</ref> In the case of ], however, the caisson is characterised by highly developed conventions as to its structure and placement.<ref name="BMACH"/><ref>{{cite web | |||
In ancient ] , each sunken panel of the '']'' was shaped as a well, with the central panel at the top painted with patterns of water plants. Hence the word ''zaojing'' is a combination of ''zǎo'' (]s) and ''jǐng'' (]) <ref name="nancy">{{cite book | |||
|date=August 2006 | |||
| first=Nancy W. | |||
|url=http://www.jianshe99.com/html/2006/8/li82951229583860025214.html | |||
| last= Steinhardt | |||
|title=礼制对中国古建筑的影响 (Influence of Rites on Ancient Chinese Architecture) | |||
| year= 2002 | |||
|publisher=Construction Engineering Education Net | |||
| title=Chinese Architecture | |||
|language=zh | |||
| edition= English Ed. | |||
|accessdate=2007-10-30 | |||
| publisher=Yale University Press | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| location= | |||
| pages= p. 8 | |||
| isbn= 0-300-09559-7 }}</ref> | |||
==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
The caisson is a sunken panel placed in the centre of the ceiling. It is raised above the level of the ceiling |
The caisson is a sunken panel placed in the centre of the ceiling. It is raised above the level of the ceiling through the use of the '']'' (斗栱) structure, which, through interlocking structural members, as beams were not used, creates successive levels of diminishing size. Beams may also be used to create a hexagonal or octagonal caisson surrounded by a square border. These beams, and the ''dougong'' members, are usually visible, richly carved and often painted with deities.<ref name=schoolnet>{{cite web | ||
|year= | |||
|month= | |||
|url=http://library.taiwanschoolnet.org/cyberfair2001/C0116100083/en_artzau.htm | |url=http://library.taiwanschoolnet.org/cyberfair2001/C0116100083/en_artzau.htm | ||
|title= Zaojing ceiling | |title= Zaojing ceiling | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
The centre of the caisson is decorated with a large '']'' carving or painting. Common themes include "two ]s chasing the pearl. Caissons in the throne rooms of the ] feature a large, writhing dragon, from whose mouth issue a chandelier-like structure called the ] Mirror, a series of metal balls which are said to be able to show reflections of evil spirits.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yu |first= Zhuoyun |
The centre of the caisson is decorated with a large '']'' carving or painting. Common themes include "two ]s chasing the ]". Caissons in the ] rooms of the ] feature a large, writhing ], from whose mouth issue a chandelier-like structure called the ] Mirror, a series of metal balls which are said to be able to show reflections of evil spirits.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yu |first= Zhuoyun |title=Palaces of the Forbidden City |year=1984|publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=0-670-53721-7 }}, pp 253ff</ref> | ||
Caissons were originally used to support ]s. |
Caissons were originally used to support ]s. Therefore, they are a relatively recent structure in Chinese architectural history. | ||
==Use in other structures== | |||
] in ]. this example combines features of the square, octagonal, and round caissons.]] | |||
].]] | |||
The caisson has been found in tombs of the ] dating the use of this architectural feature back at least 2,000 years.<ref>{{cite web | |||
|url = http://www.chinainfoonline.com/ChineseArchitecture/Caisson_Ceiling.htm | |||
|title = Caisson ceiling | |||
|publisher = chinainfoonline.com | |||
|accessdate = 2007-09-13 | |||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724170830/http://www.chinainfoonline.com/ChineseArchitecture/Caisson_Ceiling.htm# | |||
|archive-date = 2008-07-24 | |||
|url-status = dead | |||
}}</ref> Besides subterranean structure, the oldest existent caisson in an above-ground structure is the one located above the {{convert|16|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} statue of ] in the Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Monastery, Jixian, ] province, built in 984 during the ].<ref name="steinhardt 1994 11">Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "Liao: An Architectural Tradition in the Making," ''Artibus Asiae'' (Volume 54, Number 1/2, 1994): 5–39. Page 11.</ref> Without the use of interior columns, this ceiling is held up by a hidden second-floor four-sided frame with a hexagonal ceiling frame on the third floor.<ref name="steinhardt 1994 11"/> | |||
In traditional ], every facet of a building was decorated using various materials and techniques. Simple ceiling ornamentations in ordinary buildings were made of wooden strips and covered with paper. More decorative was the ] ceiling, constructed of woven wooden strips or ] stems fastened to the beams. The most decorative and the most complex ceiling was the caisson. | |||
==Use in traditional Chinese architecture== | |||
The Baoguo Monastery in ] in ] has three ''zaojing'' in the ceiling, making it unique among surviving examples of ]. ''Zaojing'' are frequently found in ] (206 BC–220 AD) tombs.<ref name="people"/> | |||
Sanqing Hall (Hall of the Three Purities) is a ] period structure with "three" zaojing in its ceiling. A ''zaojing'' is a wooden dome over an imperial throne or statue in Chinese architecture.<ref name=ching2>{{cite book | |||
Similar structures are said to have appeared in ] grottos, such as in ]. Grottoes are rock-cut architecture, cave grottoes carved out of living stone and do not have ''zaojing'' structures. Many of these grottoes, mostly found along the ] and built as late as 700 CE, have ] panels in the walls and ceilings, and might have rock carved ornamentation to imitate '']'', based on the structure in wooden buildings. This is unrelated to ''zaojing''. | |||
| first= Francis D.K. | |||
| last= Ching | |||
| year= 2007 | |||
| title= A Global History of Architecture | |||
| publisher= John Wiley and Sons | |||
| location= New York | |||
| pages= | |||
| isbn= 978-0-471-26892-5 | |||
| display-authors= etal | |||
| url= https://archive.org/details/globalhistoryofa0000chin/page/787 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
As the caisson became increasingly standard in formal architecture in ancient China, similar structures also appeared in ] grottos, such as in ]. | |||
==More recent structures== | |||
In more recent structures, the ''zaojing'' was employed less frequently and independent of more ancient Chinese building traditions such as the traditional ''dougong'', although decorative elements resembling the structural ''dougong'' were added. The most decorative and the most complex ceilings in Chinese architecture of much later periods, such as the Forbidden City, built some 1000 years later, was the caisson ceiling. Because of the intricacy of its ornamentation, the caisson was reserved for the ceilings of the most important Chinese buildings such as ] and ] temple altars in the Forbidden City. Sanquing Hall (Hall of the Three Purities) is the only ] (1213 - 1368) structure with three zaojing in its ceilings. | |||
==Cultural significance== | ==Cultural significance== | ||
Caissons were highly decorative and only included in important or highly decorated buildings. They had no specific cultural significance, since in structure they were equal to ]s and ]s constructed around the world. However the rich ornamentation often conveyed cultural significance in the themes chosen and in display within the caissons. | |||
As well as being decorative, caissons are associated with the element of ] (being an "algae ]" or '']''), and thus is believed to help prevent fire, an important concern in the predominantly wooden buildings of classical ].<ref name="people">{{cite web | |||
|year= | |||
|month= | |||
|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/features/architecture/zaojing.htm | |||
|title=Caisson ceiling (Zaojing) | |||
|publisher=peopledaily.com | |||
|accessdate=2007-09-03 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
Also, as mentioned above, some caissons were not associated with the element of water but rather were related to warding off evil spirits. | |||
==Notes== | |||
<references/> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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* ] | * ] | ||
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==Notes== | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
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==External links== | |||
{{China-stub}} | |||
{{wiktionary|caisson}} | |||
{{architecture-stub}} | |||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Caisson (Asian Architecture)}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 13:57, 17 June 2024
Architectural feature For other uses, see Caisson (disambiguation).The caisson (Chinese: 藻井; pinyin: zǎojǐng; lit. 'algae well'), also referred to as a caisson ceiling, or spider web ceiling, in Chinese architecture is an architectural feature typically found in the ceiling of temples and palaces, usually at the centre and directly above the main throne, seat, or religious figure. The caisson is generally a sunken panel set into the ceiling. It is often layered and richly decorated. Common shapes include squares, octagons, hexagons, circles, and a combination of these.
Name
The caisson is a general name for a coffer. In the case of Chinese architecture, however, the caisson is characterised by highly developed conventions as to its structure and placement.
Structure
The caisson is a sunken panel placed in the centre of the ceiling. It is raised above the level of the ceiling through the use of the dougong (斗栱) structure, which, through interlocking structural members, as beams were not used, creates successive levels of diminishing size. Beams may also be used to create a hexagonal or octagonal caisson surrounded by a square border. These beams, and the dougong members, are usually visible, richly carved and often painted with deities.
The centre of the caisson is decorated with a large bas-relief carving or painting. Common themes include "two dragons chasing the pearl". Caissons in the throne rooms of the Forbidden City feature a large, writhing dragon, from whose mouth issue a chandelier-like structure called the Yellow Emperor Mirror, a series of metal balls which are said to be able to show reflections of evil spirits.
Caissons were originally used to support skylights. Therefore, they are a relatively recent structure in Chinese architectural history.
Use in other structures
The caisson has been found in tombs of the Han dynasty dating the use of this architectural feature back at least 2,000 years. Besides subterranean structure, the oldest existent caisson in an above-ground structure is the one located above the 16-metre-tall (52 ft) statue of Guanyin in the Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Monastery, Jixian, Hebei province, built in 984 during the Liao dynasty. Without the use of interior columns, this ceiling is held up by a hidden second-floor four-sided frame with a hexagonal ceiling frame on the third floor.
In traditional Chinese architecture, every facet of a building was decorated using various materials and techniques. Simple ceiling ornamentations in ordinary buildings were made of wooden strips and covered with paper. More decorative was the lattice ceiling, constructed of woven wooden strips or sorghum stems fastened to the beams. The most decorative and the most complex ceiling was the caisson.
Sanqing Hall (Hall of the Three Purities) is a Yuan period structure with "three" zaojing in its ceiling. A zaojing is a wooden dome over an imperial throne or statue in Chinese architecture.
As the caisson became increasingly standard in formal architecture in ancient China, similar structures also appeared in Buddhist grottos, such as in Dunhuang.
Cultural significance
Caissons were highly decorative and only included in important or highly decorated buildings. They had no specific cultural significance, since in structure they were equal to cupolas and domes constructed around the world. However the rich ornamentation often conveyed cultural significance in the themes chosen and in display within the caissons.
See also
Notes
- ^ "Zaojing ceiling". taiwanschoolnet.org. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- ^ "浅谈法海寺曼陀罗的深刻内涵 (Deep meaning of the Mandala in the Fahai Temple in Brief)" (in Chinese). Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage. April 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
- "Caisson ceiling (Zaojing)". peopledaily.com. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
- Oxford English Dictionary, (1989) Oxford University Press, caisson
- "礼制对中国古建筑的影响 (Influence of Rites on Ancient Chinese Architecture)" (in Chinese). Construction Engineering Education Net. August 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
- Yu, Zhuoyun (1984). Palaces of the Forbidden City. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-53721-7., pp 253ff
- "Caisson ceiling". chinainfoonline.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
- ^ Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "Liao: An Architectural Tradition in the Making," Artibus Asiae (Volume 54, Number 1/2, 1994): 5–39. Page 11.
- Ching, Francis D.K.; et al. (2007). A Global History of Architecture. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 787. ISBN 978-0-471-26892-5.