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{{Short description|Hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin}}
{{for|the village in Azerbaijan|Atabəy}} {{for|the village in Azerbaijan|Atabəy}}
{{redirect|Atabak|the places in Iran|Atabak, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Atabak, Iran}} {{redirect|Atabak|the places in Iran|Atabak, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Atabak, Iran}}
] was ''atabeg'' for the ] from 1211 to 1234. '']'' fronstispiece, ], 1218-1219. Vol IV. Cairo, Egyptian National Library, Ms Farsi 579]]
'''Atabeg''', '''Atabek''',<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Seljūks |volume=24 |page=609}}</ref> or '''Atabey''' is a hereditary title of ] of a ] and ] origins,<ref>René Grousset. ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'', Rutgers University Press, 1970, p. 158</ref> indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a ] and charged with raising the ]. The first instance of the title's use was with early ] who bestowed it on the Persian vizier ]<ref name=EB1911/><ref>''Atabak'', Encyclopedia Iranica. Accessed February 1, 2007. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atabak-turkish-atabeg-lit</ref> It was later used in the ], first within the ]-Georgian family of ] as a military title and then within the house of ] as ].<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204101/http://rbedrosian.com/d3a.htm |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> '''Atabeg''', '''Atabek''',<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Seljūks |volume=24 |page=609}}</ref> or '''Atabey''' is a hereditary title of ] of ] origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a ] and charged with raising the ]. The first instance of the title's use was with early ] who bestowed it on the Persian vizier ].<ref name=EB1911/><ref>''Atabak'', Encyclopedia Iranica. Accessed February 1, 2007. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atabak-turkish-atabeg-lit</ref> It was later used in the ], first within the ]-Georgian family of ] as a military title and then within the house of ] as ].<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204101/http://rbedrosian.com/d3a.htm |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>


==Title origins and meanings== ==Title origins and meanings==
The word ''atabeg'' is a compound of two ] words:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atabeg|title=atabeg.|access-date=25 March 2008|work=Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary}}</ref> ''ata'', "ancestor", or "father"<ref name=EB1911/> and ] ''beg'' or ''bey'', "lord, leader, prince".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html|title=bey.|access-date=25 March 2008|work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080308071707/http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html| archivedate= 8 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Beg'' is stated in some sources as Iranian origin (as in the compound ] from ''bag/beg'' and ''dad'', "lord" given). However, according to ], the word ''beg'' may have possibly been of Turkic origin – the origin of the word still remains disputed to this day.<ref> '']''. Retrieved 14 January 2015</ref> The word ''atabeg'' is a compound of the ] word<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/atabeg|title=atabeg.|access-date=25 March 2008|work=Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary}}</ref> ''ata'', "ancestor", or "father"<ref name=EB1911/> and the word ''beg'' or ''bey'', "lord, leader, prince".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html|title=bey.|access-date=25 March 2008|work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080308071707/http://www.bartleby.com/61/17/B0221700.html| archive-date= 8 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> ''Beg'' is stated in some sources as being of Iranian origin (as in the compound ] from ''bag/beg'' and ''dad'', "lord" given). However, according to ], the word ''beg'' may have possibly been of Turkic origin – the origin of the word still remains disputed to this day.<ref> '']''. Retrieved 14 January 2015</ref>


The title ''Atabeg'' was common during the ] rule of the ] starting in the 12th century. It was also common in ] (]). When a ] prince died, leaving minor heirs, a guardian would be appointed to protect and guide the young princes. These guardians would often marry their wards' widowed mothers, thus assuming a sort of surrogate fatherhood. Amongst the ] tribes, as in Persia, the rank was senior to a ]. The title ''Atabeg'' was common during the ] rule of the ] starting in the 12th century. It was also common in ] (]). When a ] prince died, leaving minor heirs, a guardian would be appointed to protect and guide the young princes. These guardians would often marry their wards' widowed mothers, thus assuming a role similar to a surrogate father's. Amongst the ] tribes, as in Persia, the rank was senior to a ].


The title ''Atabeg'' was also in use for officers in ]; some of them were proclaimed sultan before the incorporation into the ]. After the end of Seljuk rule, the title was used only intermittently. The title ''Atabeg'' was also in use for officers in ]; some of them were proclaimed sultan before the incorporation into the ]. After the end of Seljuk rule, the title was used only intermittently.
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When describing the ], the ] (Ildegoz) dynasty, the title ''Atabeg-e-Azam'' (Great Atabeg) was used, to denote their superior standing, power and influence on the Seljuk sultans. When describing the ], the ] (Ildegoz) dynasty, the title ''Atabeg-e-Azam'' (Great Atabeg) was used, to denote their superior standing, power and influence on the Seljuk sultans.


In ], the style ''Atabek-e-Azam'' was occasionally used as an alternative title for the ]'s ] (''Grand Vizier''), notably in 1834–35 for Mirza Abolghasem Farahani, Gha'em Magham, in 1848–51 for Mirza Mohammed Taghi Khan, Amir-e Kabir, in 1906-07 for Mirza Ali Asghar Khan, Amin-ol Soltan, and finally in 1916 for a ] prince, Major-General Shahzadeh Sultan 'Abdu'l Majid Mirza, Eyn-ol Douleh. In ], the style ''Atabek-e-Azam'' was occasionally used as an alternative title for the ]'s ] (''Grand Vizier''), notably in 1834–35 for Mirza Abolghasem Farahani, Gha'em Magham, in 1848–51 for Mirza Mohammed Taghi Khan, Amir-e Kabir, in 1906–07 for Mirza Ali Asghar Khan, Amin-ol Soltan, and finally in 1916 for a ] prince, Major-General Shahzadeh Sultan 'Abdu'l Majid Mirza, Eyn-ol Douleh.


==List of Atabeg dynasties and other dynasties who used the title== ==List of Atabeg dynasties and other dynasties who used the title==
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Other atabeg "kingdoms" sprang up to the north east, founded by Sokman (Sökmen), who established himself at Kaifa in ] about 1101, and by his brother ]. The city of ] was under ], and was later ruled by atabegs such as Aksunkur and ]. Zengi became Atabeg of ] in 1128 and soon established himself as an independent ruler of much of northern ] and ] (including ]). Other atabeg "kingdoms" sprang up to the north east, founded by Sokman (Sökmen), who established himself at Kaifa in ] about 1101, and by his brother ]. The city of ] was under ], and was later ruled by atabegs such as Aksunkur and ]. Zengi became Atabeg of ] in 1128 and soon established himself as an independent ruler of much of northern ] and ] (including ]).


The northern part of ], formerly known as ] ('Little Luristan'), was governed by independent princes of the Khurshidi dynasty, styled atabegs, from the beginning of the 17th century when the last atabeg, Shah Verdi Khan, was removed by Persian Shah ] and the government of the province given to Husain Khan, the chief of a rival tribe. Husain, however, was given the gubernatorial title of ] instead of atabeg. The descendants of Husain Khan retained the title. The northern part of ], formerly known as Lurikuchik ('Little Luristan'), was governed by independent princes of the Khurshidi dynasty, styled atabegs, from the beginning of the 17th century when the last atabeg, Shah Verdi Khan, was removed by Persian Shah ] and the government of the province given to Husain Khan, the chief of a rival tribe. Husain, however, was given the gubernatorial title of ] instead of atabeg. The descendants of Husain Khan retained the title.


Great Luristan, in the southern part of Luristan, was an independent state under the Fazlevieh atabegs from 1160 until 1424 {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. Its capital was Idaj, now only represented by mounds and ruins at ], 100&nbsp;km south east of ]. Great Luristan, in the southern part of Luristan, was an independent state under the Fazlevieh atabegs from 1160 until 1424. Its capital was Idaj, now only represented by mounds and ruins at ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lorestān {{!}} region, Iran |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lorestan#ref36085 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=10 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


===In the Caucasus=== ===In the Caucasus===
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] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 19:05, 17 June 2024

Hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin For the village in Azerbaijan, see Atabəy. "Atabak" redirects here. For the places in Iran, see Atabak, Iran.
Badr al-Din Lu'lu' was atabeg for the Zengid dynasty from 1211 to 1234. Kitāb al-aghānī fronstispiece, Mosul, 1218-1219. Vol IV. Cairo, Egyptian National Library, Ms Farsi 579

Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince. The first instance of the title's use was with early Seljuk Turks who bestowed it on the Persian vizier Nizam al-Mulk. It was later used in the Kingdom of Georgia, first within the Armeno-Georgian family of Mkhargrdzeli as a military title and then within the house of Jaqeli as princes of Samtskhe.

Title origins and meanings

The word atabeg is a compound of the Turkic word ata, "ancestor", or "father" and the word beg or bey, "lord, leader, prince". Beg is stated in some sources as being of Iranian origin (as in the compound Baghdad from bag/beg and dad, "lord" given). However, according to Gerhard Doerfer, the word beg may have possibly been of Turkic origin – the origin of the word still remains disputed to this day.

The title Atabeg was common during the Seljuk rule of the Near East starting in the 12th century. It was also common in Mesopotamia (Iraq). When a Seljuk prince died, leaving minor heirs, a guardian would be appointed to protect and guide the young princes. These guardians would often marry their wards' widowed mothers, thus assuming a role similar to a surrogate father's. Amongst the Turkmen tribes, as in Persia, the rank was senior to a khan.

The title Atabeg was also in use for officers in Mamluk Egypt; some of them were proclaimed sultan before the incorporation into the Ottoman Empire. After the end of Seljuk rule, the title was used only intermittently.

When describing the Atabegs of Azerbaijan, the Ildeniz (Ildegoz) dynasty, the title Atabeg-e-Azam (Great Atabeg) was used, to denote their superior standing, power and influence on the Seljuk sultans.

In Persian, the style Atabek-e-Azam was occasionally used as an alternative title for the Shah's Vazir-e-Azam (Grand Vizier), notably in 1834–35 for Mirza Abolghasem Farahani, Gha'em Magham, in 1848–51 for Mirza Mohammed Taghi Khan, Amir-e Kabir, in 1906–07 for Mirza Ali Asghar Khan, Amin-ol Soltan, and finally in 1916 for a Qajar prince, Major-General Shahzadeh Sultan 'Abdu'l Majid Mirza, Eyn-ol Douleh.

List of Atabeg dynasties and other dynasties who used the title

Atabeg dynasties

In the Near East

Beginning in the twelfth century the atabegs formed a number of dynasties, and displaced the descendants of the Seljukid emirs in their various principalities. These dynasties were founded by emancipated Mamluks, who had held high office at court and in camp under powerful emirs. When the emirs died, they first became stadtholders for the emirs' descendants, and then usurped the throne of their masters. There was an atabeg dynasty in Damascus founded by Toghtekin (1103–1128).

Other atabeg "kingdoms" sprang up to the north east, founded by Sokman (Sökmen), who established himself at Kaifa in Diyarbakır about 1101, and by his brother Ilghazi. The city of Mosul was under Mawdud ibn Altuntash, and was later ruled by atabegs such as Aksunkur and Zengi. Zengi became Atabeg of Mosul in 1128 and soon established himself as an independent ruler of much of northern Mesopotamia and Syria (including Aleppo).

The northern part of Luristan, formerly known as Lurikuchik ('Little Luristan'), was governed by independent princes of the Khurshidi dynasty, styled atabegs, from the beginning of the 17th century when the last atabeg, Shah Verdi Khan, was removed by Persian Shah Abbas I and the government of the province given to Husain Khan, the chief of a rival tribe. Husain, however, was given the gubernatorial title of vali instead of atabeg. The descendants of Husain Khan retained the title.

Great Luristan, in the southern part of Luristan, was an independent state under the Fazlevieh atabegs from 1160 until 1424. Its capital was Idaj, now only represented by mounds and ruins at Malamir.

In the Caucasus

See also: Court officials of the Kingdom of Georgia

In the Kingdom of Georgia, atabeg (Georgian: ათაბაგი, romanized: atabagi) was one of the highest court titles created by Queen Tamar of Georgia in 1212 for her powerful subjects of the Mkhargrdzeli family. The atabeg of Georgia was a vizier and a Lord High Tutor to Heir Apparent. Not infrequently, the office of atabeg was combined with that of amirspasalar (commander-in-chief). In 1334, the title became hereditary in the Jaqeli family who ruled the Principality of Samtskhe. Therefore, this entity came to be denominated as Samtskhe-Saatabago, the latter element meaning "of the atabags".

Notes

  1. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Seljūks" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 609.
  2. Atabak, Encyclopedia Iranica. Accessed February 1, 2007. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/atabak-turkish-atabeg-lit
  3. The Turco-Mongol Invasions, Reactions of the Armenian Lords, Mongol Control Techniques Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  4. "atabeg". Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  5. "bey". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  6. "BEG" Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 14 January 2015
  7. C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties of Islam, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 103.
  8. "Lorestān | region, Iran". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  9. Toumanoff, Cyril (1967). Studies in Christian Caucasian History, p. 438, n. 1. Georgetown University Press.

References

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