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{{Short description|Aspect of Hindu theology concerning the end of times}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Lead extra info|date=May 2024}}
{{Hinduism}} {{Hinduism}}
{{Eschatology}} {{Eschatology}}
'''Hindu eschatology''' is linked in the ] tradition to the figure of ], or the tenth and last ] of ] names of the ] in Hinduism and before the age draws to a close, and ] simultaneously dissolves and regenerates the universe. '''Hindu eschatology''' is linked to the figure of ], or the tenth and last ] of ] before the age draws to a close, and ] simultaneously dissolves and regenerates the universe.


The current period is ], the last of four ''Yuga'' that make up the current age. It started just after Krishna left the earth in human form, in almost 3102 BCE or 5123 years from 2021. Each period has seen a progressive decline in morality, to the point that in Kali Yuga quarrel and hypocrisy are norm. In Hinduism, time is cyclic, consisting of cycles or "]". Each '']'' lasts for 4.32 billion years and is followed by a '']'' (dissolution) of equal length, which together make a period of one full day and night of ]'s 100 360-day year lifespan, who lives for 311 trillion, 40 billion years. The cycle of ], ], ], and renewal at the individual level finds its echo in the cosmic order, yet is affected by the vagaries of divine intervention in Vaishnavism. Some Shaivites hold the view that he is incessantly destroying and creating the world. The current period is believed by Hindus to be the ], the last of four ''Yuga'' that make up the current age. It started when ] left the Earth in 3102 BC or 5125 years from 2024.{{efn|Calculation excludes ]. 1{{nbsp}}BCE to 1{{nbsp}}CE is one year, not two.}} Each period has seen a progressive decline in morality, to the point that in Kali Yuga quarrel and hypocrisy are norm. In Hinduism, time is cyclic, consisting of cycles or "]". Each '']'' lasts for 4.32 billion years and is followed by a '']'' (dissolution) of equal length, which together make a period of one full day and night of ]'s 100 360-day year lifespan, who lives for 311 trillion, 40 billion years. The cycle of ], ], ], and renewal at the individual level finds its echo in the cosmic order, yet is affected by the vagaries of divine intervention in Vaishnavism. Some Shaivites hold the view that he is incessantly destroying and creating the world.


{{Hindu philosophy}} {{Hindu philosophy}}
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Within the current '']'' (aeon) are 1,000 cycles of a ] (epoch), each with four ''yugas'' (ages). These ages encompass a beginning of complete purity to a descent into total decay, a ] of ] principles. Within the current '']'' (aeon) are 1,000 cycles of a ] (epoch), each with four ''yugas'' (ages). These ages encompass a beginning of complete purity to a descent into total decay, a ] of ] principles.


A '']'' lasts for 4.32 million years:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223140604/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A '']'' lasts for 4.32 million years:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html |title=Time in Hinduism: The Yuga |access-date=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223140604/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Hindu%20Primer/yugatime.html |archive-date=23 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* ] lasts for 1.728 million years. * ] lasts for 1.728 million years.
* ] lasts for 1.296 million years. * ] lasts for 1.296 million years.
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], the last of the four ages, is the one in which we currently reside. This epoch has been foretold to be characterized by impiety, violence, and decay. As written in the ] in 100 BCE: ], the last of the four ages, is the one in which we currently reside. This epoch has been foretold to be characterized by impiety, violence, and decay. As written in the ] in 100 BCE:


{{quote|Social status depends not upon your accomplishments, but in the ownership of property; wealth is now the source of virtue; passion and luxury are the sole bonds between spouses; falsity and lying are the conditions of success in life; sexuality is the sole source of human enjoyment; religion, a superficial and empty ritual, is confused with spirituality|Vishnu Purana<ref name="Hooper">{{cite book|last = Hooper| first= Rev. Richard | title = End of Days: Predictions of the End From Ancient Sources | date = 20 April 2011 | location = Sedona, AZ | pages = 156 | url = https://www.amazon.com/End-Days-Predicions-Ancient-ebook/dp/B004XJ6W0G }}</ref>}} {{blockquote|Social status depends not upon your accomplishments, but in the ownership of property; wealth is now the source of virtue; passion and luxury are the sole bonds between spouses; falsity and lying are the conditions of success in life; sexuality is the sole source of human enjoyment; religion, a superficial and empty ritual, is confused with spirituality|Vishnu Purana<ref name="Hooper">{{cite book | last = Hooper | first = Rev. Richard | title = End of Days: Predictions of the End From Ancient Sources | date = 20 April 2011 | location = Sedona, AZ | pages = 156 | url = https://www.amazon.com/End-Days-Predicions-Ancient-ebook/dp/B004XJ6W0G | access-date = 31 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210123100623/https://www.amazon.com/End-Days-Predicions-Ancient-ebook/dp/B004XJ6W0G | url-status = live }}</ref>}}


The fourth age is ruled over by ], not the goddess Kāli but the ].<ref name="Hooper"/> Puranas go on to write that kings in the fourth age will be godless, wanting in tranquility, quick to anger, and dishonest. They will inflict death on women, and children, and will rise and fall to power quickly. Undisciplined barbarians will receive the support of rulers. The fourth age is ruled over by ], not the goddess Kāli but the ].<ref name="Hooper"/> Puranas go on to write that kings in the fourth age will be godless, wanting in tranquility, quick to anger, and dishonest. They will inflict death on women, and children, and will rise and fall to power quickly. Undisciplined barbarians will receive the support of rulers.
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Sannyasins will wear red. There will be many false religions, and many will profess false knowledge to earn their livelihood. Life will be short and miserable. Marriage will be for pleasure alone. Being dry of water will be the only definition of land, and any hard to reach water will define a pilgrimage destination. People will hide in valleys between mountains, and suffering from cold and exposure, people will wear clothes of tree bark and leaves. People will live less than twenty-three years and the pretense of greatness will be the proof of it. Ultimately, humankind will be destroyed.<ref name="Brown"/> Sannyasins will wear red. There will be many false religions, and many will profess false knowledge to earn their livelihood. Life will be short and miserable. Marriage will be for pleasure alone. Being dry of water will be the only definition of land, and any hard to reach water will define a pilgrimage destination. People will hide in valleys between mountains, and suffering from cold and exposure, people will wear clothes of tree bark and leaves. People will live less than twenty-three years and the pretense of greatness will be the proof of it. Ultimately, humankind will be destroyed.<ref name="Brown"/>
<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.astrojyoti.com/vishnupurana.htm |title = Vishnu Purana |publisher = Astrojyoti.com |access-date = 2011-11-21 }}</ref>


==Kalki== ==Kalki==
{{Main|Kalki}} {{Main|Kalki}}
]At this time of evil, the final incarnation of Vishnu known as ] will appear on a white horse. He will amass an army of those few pious souls remaining. These, together with all the incarnations of the Godhead (avatars) which have appeared throughout human history, will destroy all demons and sins in the world. ]At this time of evil, the final incarnation of Vishnu known as ] will appear on a white horse. He will amass an army of those few pious souls remaining. These, together with all the incarnations of the Godhead (avatars) which have appeared throughout human history, will destroy all evil spirit and sins in the world.


As written in the ]:<br> As written in the ]:<br>
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:Whenever there is decay of righteousness O! Bharatha :Whenever there is decay of righteousness O! Bharatha
:And a rise of unrighteousness then I manifest Myself! <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6, Bhagavad Gita Chapter IV, Section 7|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|access-date = 12 Nov 2012|date = 12 Nov 2012}}</ref></poem> :And a rise of unrighteousness then I manifest Myself!<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 6, Bhagavad Gita Chapter IV, Section 7|publisher=Sacred-texts.com|access-date=12 November 2012|date=12 November 2012|archive-date=21 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521235153/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06025.htm|url-status=live}}</ref></poem>


Aditi is the mother of the eight Adityas or solar deities. At the end of creation these eight suns will shine together in the skies. Kalki will amass an army to "establish righteousness upon the earth" and leave "the minds of the people as pure as crystal." Those left, transformed by virtue, will be the new seeds for a higher form of humanity, and humanity will begin again.<ref name="Hooper"/> Aditi is the mother of the twelve Adityas or solar deities. At the end of creation these eight suns will shine together in the skies. Kalki will amass an army to "establish righteousness upon the earth" and leave "the minds of the people as pure as crystal." Those left, transformed by virtue, will be the new seeds for a higher form of humanity, and humanity will begin again.<ref name="Hooper"/>


Puranas write: {{quote|When the sun and moon, the lunar constellation Pushya, and the planet Jupiter are all in one mansion, the Krita age shall return to the earth.|Hooper, 1508<ref name="Hooper"/>}} Puranas write: {{blockquote|When the sun and moon, the lunar constellation Pushya, and the planet Jupiter are all in one mansion, the Krita age shall return to the earth.|Hooper, 1508<ref name="Hooper"/>}}


At the completion of '']'', the next '']'' (epoch) will begin, '']'', in which everyone will be righteous with the reestablishment of dharma and piety. This, in turn, will be followed cyclically by epochs of '']'', '']'' and again another ''Kali Yuga''. This cycle will repeat till the larger cycle of existence under ] returns to the singularity{{Failed verification|date=November 2020|reason=Singularity not found in cited source and isn't a common belief in Hinduism, probably someone's POV on a modern theory.}} and a new universe is born.<ref name="Brown">{{cite book|last = Browne | first = Sylvia | title = End of Days: Predictions and Prophecies About the End of the World|year = 2008 |publisher = Penguin | url = https://archive.org/details/endofdayspredict00brow |url-access = registration }}</ref> At the completion of '']'', the next '']'' (epoch) will begin, '']'', in which everyone will be righteous with the reestablishment of dharma and piety. This, in turn, will be followed cyclically by epochs of '']'', '']'' and again another ''Kali Yuga''. This cycle will repeat till the larger cycle of existence under ] returns to the singularity{{Failed verification|date=November 2020|reason=Singularity not found in cited source and isn't a common belief in Hinduism, probably someone's POV on a modern theory.}} and a new universe is born.<ref name="Brown">{{cite book|last = Browne | first = Sylvia | title = End of Days: Predictions and Prophecies About the End of the World|year = 2008 |publisher = Penguin | isbn = 9780525950677 | url = https://archive.org/details/endofdayspredict00brow |url-access = registration }}</ref>

===Brahma Kumaris===
Within Hinduism, there are more distinguishing scenarios in certain sects. ] of the ] has written that their prediction of the imminent end of the world is hidden from non-members.<ref name="Beit-hallahmi2004">{{cite journal |author = Beit-hallahmi, B. |date = 2004 |title = Death, Fantasy, and Religious Transformations |journal = The Psychology of Death in Fantasy and History |isbn = 9780275981785 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SjIKL5q8HrEC&q=bkwsu&pg=PA87 |quote = A case study of Brahma Kumaris, a contemporary group characterized by an apocalyptic vision (kept hidden from nonmembers). |access-date = 2008-01-25 }}</ref> Within their tradition, the majority of the planet is predicted to become submerged beneath the ocean.<ref>{{cite web |last = Varughese |first = Suma |url = http://www.lifepositive.com/spirit/spirit-centers/bramha-kumari.asp |title = An article on the sect of the Brahma Kumaris in Rajasthan, India |publisher = Lifepositive.com |access-date = 2011-11-21 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111128221137/http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/spirit-centers/bramha-kumari.asp |archive-date = 28 November 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>


===Kalagnanam=== ===Kalagnanam===
Sri ], wrote 400 years ago in his ''Divya Maha Kala Gnana,'' or 'Divine Knowledge of the Time,' that Kalki would arrive when the moon, sun, Venus and Jupiter entered the same sign. This is not a rare occurrence and last happened in early 2012, passing without event.<ref>{{cite web|author=Santanu Acharya |url=http://ww-iii.tripod.com/hindu.htm |title=Hindu Prophecies: Translations from the Kalki Purana |publisher=Ww-iii.tripod.com |access-date=2013-01-20}}</ref> Sri ], wrote 400 years ago in his ''Divya Maha Kala Gnana,'' or 'Divine Knowledge of the Time,' that Kalki would arrive when the moon, sun, Venus and Jupiter entered the same sign.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} This is not a rare occurrence and last happened in early 2012, passing without event.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Pralaya ==
According to ], pralaya is a three-phase process. Initially, there is a devastating drought leading to the earth's desiccation. This is followed by what she terms the "double pralaya". During this process, Kalagnirudra, or Shiva, absorbs the three worlds (loka) through yogic fire. This is followed by a second absorption where Narayana, or Vishnu, reabsorbs the remains and all beings in floodwaters while resting in yogic sleep, subsequently recreating the worlds through Brahma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |date=1972 |title=The "Mahābhārata" and Hindu Eschatology |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062101 |journal=History of Religions |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=95–135 |doi=10.1086/462670 |jstor=1062101 |issn=0018-2710}}</ref>

== In daily life ==
On a day-to-day basis, karma is implicitly weighed and taken into consideration by practitioners of Hinduism. In fact, this perspective on the long run consequences of daily actions has been shown to drastically impact consumer expectations in India. Empirical results support that "those who believe more strongly in karma are less influenced by disconfirmation sensitivity and therefore have higher expectations," noted by Praveen Kopalle, a professor at the Tuck School of Business. Although the advent of mass consumerism took India by storm at the turn of the century, research is showing that even in urban populations, consumer expectations are generally invariant to artificial lowering of expectations in order to increase short-term pleasure. This uniquely characterizes religions that practice long-term orientation or similar framing of action.<ref>Kopalle, Praveen K., et al. “Consumer Expectations and Culture: The Effect of Belief in Karma in India.” Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 37, no. 2, 2010, pp. 251–63. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1086/651939.</ref>

In Hindu eschatology, karma is the central determinant in how one's soul progresses through the cyclical stages of life, death, and rebirth, as every consequence is perceived as having non-trivial weight. As a result, actions broader than the individual scope are also taken into consideration. For example, the prevalent link between Indian party politics and Hinduism has additionally led to religious-based explanations for issues the country faces. One instance of this is present in an academic journal detailing a perspective on the cause behind COVID, which states “the COVID-19 pandemic is also the cause-effect of karmic activity that caused and appeared as a novel and severe viral infectious disease. The karmic action identified as the cause of the epidemic is … a neoliberal capitalist order driven by endless greed, desire, delusion in today’s aggressive and competitive world.”<ref>Namgyal, Tsetan. “Buddhist World View During COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Indian Research, vol. 9, no. 1, 2021, pp. 23–36.</ref> In accordance with Hindu eschatology, the current epoch of humanity is the ''kali'' yuga. As a cycle characterized by widespread suffering, hypocrisy, and the progressive degradation of morality, the pandemic arrived as a calamity of biblical proportions.<ref>Knipe, David M. “Hindu Eschatology.” The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology, 2009, pp. 170–190., {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170498.003.10}}.</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*]
*] *]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{reflist|30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Commonscatinline}}


{{Hindudharma}} {{Hindudharma}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Eschatology}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Eschatology}}
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 18:26, 29 June 2024

Aspect of Hindu theology concerning the end of times

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Hindu eschatology is linked to the figure of Kalki, or the tenth and last avatar of Vishnu before the age draws to a close, and Harihara simultaneously dissolves and regenerates the universe.

The current period is believed by Hindus to be the Kali Yuga, the last of four Yuga that make up the current age. It started when Krishna left the Earth in 3102 BC or 5125 years from 2024. Each period has seen a progressive decline in morality, to the point that in Kali Yuga quarrel and hypocrisy are norm. In Hinduism, time is cyclic, consisting of cycles or "kalpas". Each kalpa lasts for 4.32 billion years and is followed by a pralaya (dissolution) of equal length, which together make a period of one full day and night of Brahma's 100 360-day year lifespan, who lives for 311 trillion, 40 billion years. The cycle of birth, growth, decay, and renewal at the individual level finds its echo in the cosmic order, yet is affected by the vagaries of divine intervention in Vaishnavism. Some Shaivites hold the view that he is incessantly destroying and creating the world.

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The Four Yugas

Main article: Yuga Cycle

Within the current Kalpa (aeon) are 1,000 cycles of a Chatur Yuga (epoch), each with four yugas (ages). These ages encompass a beginning of complete purity to a descent into total decay, a devolution of dharmic principles.

A Chatur Yuga lasts for 4.32 million years:

Kali Yuga

Main article: Kali Yuga

Kali Yuga, the last of the four ages, is the one in which we currently reside. This epoch has been foretold to be characterized by impiety, violence, and decay. As written in the Vishnu Purana in 100 BCE:

Social status depends not upon your accomplishments, but in the ownership of property; wealth is now the source of virtue; passion and luxury are the sole bonds between spouses; falsity and lying are the conditions of success in life; sexuality is the sole source of human enjoyment; religion, a superficial and empty ritual, is confused with spirituality

— Vishnu Purana

The fourth age is ruled over by Kali, not the goddess Kāli but the demon Kali. Puranas go on to write that kings in the fourth age will be godless, wanting in tranquility, quick to anger, and dishonest. They will inflict death on women, and children, and will rise and fall to power quickly. Undisciplined barbarians will receive the support of rulers.

From the four pillars of dharma—penance, charity, truthfulness, and compassion—charity will be all that remains, although it too will decrease daily. People will commit sin in mind, speech and action. Plague, famine, pestilence and natural calamities will appear. People will not believe one another, falsehoods will win disputes, and brothers will become avaricious. As each age progresses, the human life span decreases, starting from thousands of years in the Satya Yuga to 100 years in the current Kali Yuga.

Sannyasins will wear red. There will be many false religions, and many will profess false knowledge to earn their livelihood. Life will be short and miserable. Marriage will be for pleasure alone. Being dry of water will be the only definition of land, and any hard to reach water will define a pilgrimage destination. People will hide in valleys between mountains, and suffering from cold and exposure, people will wear clothes of tree bark and leaves. People will live less than twenty-three years and the pretense of greatness will be the proof of it. Ultimately, humankind will be destroyed.

Kalki

Main article: Kalki
Kalki leading his white horse

At this time of evil, the final incarnation of Vishnu known as Kalki will appear on a white horse. He will amass an army of those few pious souls remaining. These, together with all the incarnations of the Godhead (avatars) which have appeared throughout human history, will destroy all evil spirit and sins in the world.

As written in the Gita:

यदा यदा हि धर्मस्य ग्लानिर्भवति भारत ।
अभ्युत्थानमधर्मस्य तदात्मानं सृजाम्यहम् |

परित्राणाय साधूनां विनाशाय च दुष्कृताम् ।
धर्मसंस्थापनार्थाय सम्भवामि युगे युगे |

Yadā yadā hi dharmasya glānirbhavati bhārata.
Abhyut'thānamadharmasya tadātmānaṁ sr̥jāmyaham.

Paritrāṇāya sādhūnāṁ vināśāya ca duṣkr̥tām.
Dharmasansthāpanārthāya sambhavāmi yugē yugē.


Whenever there is decay of righteousness O! Bharatha
And a rise of unrighteousness then I manifest Myself!

Aditi is the mother of the twelve Adityas or solar deities. At the end of creation these eight suns will shine together in the skies. Kalki will amass an army to "establish righteousness upon the earth" and leave "the minds of the people as pure as crystal." Those left, transformed by virtue, will be the new seeds for a higher form of humanity, and humanity will begin again.

Puranas write:

When the sun and moon, the lunar constellation Pushya, and the planet Jupiter are all in one mansion, the Krita age shall return to the earth.

— Hooper, 1508

At the completion of Kali Yuga, the next Yuga Cycle (epoch) will begin, Satya Yuga, in which everyone will be righteous with the reestablishment of dharma and piety. This, in turn, will be followed cyclically by epochs of Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and again another Kali Yuga. This cycle will repeat till the larger cycle of existence under Brahma returns to the singularity and a new universe is born.

Kalagnanam

Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami, wrote 400 years ago in his Divya Maha Kala Gnana, or 'Divine Knowledge of the Time,' that Kalki would arrive when the moon, sun, Venus and Jupiter entered the same sign. This is not a rare occurrence and last happened in early 2012, passing without event.

Pralaya

According to Madeleine Biardeau, pralaya is a three-phase process. Initially, there is a devastating drought leading to the earth's desiccation. This is followed by what she terms the "double pralaya". During this process, Kalagnirudra, or Shiva, absorbs the three worlds (loka) through yogic fire. This is followed by a second absorption where Narayana, or Vishnu, reabsorbs the remains and all beings in floodwaters while resting in yogic sleep, subsequently recreating the worlds through Brahma.

In daily life

On a day-to-day basis, karma is implicitly weighed and taken into consideration by practitioners of Hinduism. In fact, this perspective on the long run consequences of daily actions has been shown to drastically impact consumer expectations in India. Empirical results support that "those who believe more strongly in karma are less influenced by disconfirmation sensitivity and therefore have higher expectations," noted by Praveen Kopalle, a professor at the Tuck School of Business. Although the advent of mass consumerism took India by storm at the turn of the century, research is showing that even in urban populations, consumer expectations are generally invariant to artificial lowering of expectations in order to increase short-term pleasure. This uniquely characterizes religions that practice long-term orientation or similar framing of action.

In Hindu eschatology, karma is the central determinant in how one's soul progresses through the cyclical stages of life, death, and rebirth, as every consequence is perceived as having non-trivial weight. As a result, actions broader than the individual scope are also taken into consideration. For example, the prevalent link between Indian party politics and Hinduism has additionally led to religious-based explanations for issues the country faces. One instance of this is present in an academic journal detailing a perspective on the cause behind COVID, which states “the COVID-19 pandemic is also the cause-effect of karmic activity that caused and appeared as a novel and severe viral infectious disease. The karmic action identified as the cause of the epidemic is … a neoliberal capitalist order driven by endless greed, desire, delusion in today’s aggressive and competitive world.” In accordance with Hindu eschatology, the current epoch of humanity is the kali yuga. As a cycle characterized by widespread suffering, hypocrisy, and the progressive degradation of morality, the pandemic arrived as a calamity of biblical proportions.

See also

Notes

  1. Calculation excludes year zero. 1 BCE to 1 CE is one year, not two.

References

  1. "Time in Hinduism: The Yuga". Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  2. ^ Hooper, Rev. Richard (20 April 2011). End of Days: Predictions of the End From Ancient Sources. Sedona, AZ. p. 156. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Browne, Sylvia (2008). End of Days: Predictions and Prophecies About the End of the World. Penguin. ISBN 9780525950677.
  4. "The Mahabharata, Book 6, Bhagavad Gita Chapter IV, Section 7". Sacred-texts.com. 12 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  5. Hiltebeitel, Alf (1972). "The "Mahābhārata" and Hindu Eschatology". History of Religions. 12 (2): 95–135. doi:10.1086/462670. ISSN 0018-2710. JSTOR 1062101.
  6. Kopalle, Praveen K., et al. “Consumer Expectations and Culture: The Effect of Belief in Karma in India.” Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 37, no. 2, 2010, pp. 251–63. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1086/651939.
  7. Namgyal, Tsetan. “Buddhist World View During COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Indian Research, vol. 9, no. 1, 2021, pp. 23–36.
  8. Knipe, David M. “Hindu Eschatology.” The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology, 2009, pp. 170–190., doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170498.003.10.

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