Misplaced Pages

Telecommunications in Montenegro: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 13:44, 15 November 2012 editMason Doering (talk | contribs)362 edits Added {{linkrot}} tag to article (TW)← Previous edit Latest revision as of 00:17, 4 July 2024 edit undoLucasBrown (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users42,813 editsNo edit summaryTag: 2017 wikitext editor 
(40 intermediate revisions by 27 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see ] -->
{{linkrot|date=November 2012}}
'''Telecommunications in Montenegro''' includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the ].
==Telephony==
===Fixed telephony===
*'''Telephones - main lines in use''': 170.133 (October 2010)<ref></ref>


==Radio and television==
⚫ Services provided by ] (Owned by ]), ] (Owned by ] and ]).
{{See also |List of radio stations in Montenegro |List of television stations in Montenegro}}


* ]:
===Mobile telephony===
** 14 local public radio stations and more than 40 private radio stations, the state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 radio networks (2007);<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014>, ''World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 15 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</ref>
*'''Telephones - mobile cellular''': 1.295.956 (October 2010)<ref></ref>
⚫ ** 31 stations (2004).
* ]:
** 4 public and some 20 private TV stations and 1 satellite TV channel, the state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks (2007);<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014/>
** 13 stations (2004).


⚫ ] (RTCG) is the state-owned public broadcaster with nationwide coverage. Other privately owned television broadcast stations mostly cover the major cities in Montenegro.
⚫ Montenegro currently has the highest ] at 208,98%. Services are provided by three ] operators, ] (Owned by ]), ] (Owned by Crnogorski Telekom) and ] (Owned by ] and ]). All providers have national coverage, and provide advanced services. ] telephony began operations in the summer of 2007, with all three operators implementing 3G technology.

Government opponents claim that, despite some improvement, RTCG is still controlled by the ruling political structures and that the public broadcaster clearly favors the government in its programming and reporting.<ref name=USDOS-CROHRP-Montenegro-2012/>

==Telephones==
{{See also |Telephone numbers in Montenegro}}

* ]: +382<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014/>
* Main lines: 163,000 lines in use, 131st in the world (2012).<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014/>
⚫ ** Fixed line services are provided by ] (owned by ]), ] (owned by ]).{{citation needed |date=January 2014}}
* Mobile cellular: 1.1 million lines, 154th in the world;<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014/> 178 for every 100 people, 9th in the world (2012).<ref name=telecompaper/>
⚫ ** Mobile cellular services are provided by three ] operators, ] (owned by Antenna Hungaria), ] (owned by Crnogorski Telekom) and ] (owned by ]). All providers have national coverage, and provide advanced services. ] services were offered by all three operators starting in the summer of 2007.{{citation needed |date=January 2014}}
* Telephone system: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites; GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing; 2 international switches connect with the national system (2011).<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014/>

At 178% Montenegro had the second highest ], behind only ], and ranked 9th worldwide.<ref name=telecompaper>, Telecom Paper, 10 September 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</ref>


==Internet== ==Internet==
*'''Internet users''': 280,000 (March 2010)<ref></ref>


⚫ * ]: ],<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014/> the top level domain for Montenegro, began its "national sunrise" starting phase in May 2008; next were the "general sunrise" and "land rush" periods; and starting in July 2008, applications were processed on a "first come, first served" basis.{{citation needed |date=January 2014}}
⚫ Internet services are provided by ] and ]. Crnogorski Telekom provides ] and ] access, while MTEL provides ] access.
* ]:
** 373,655 users, 134th in the world; 56.8% of the population, 70th in the world (2012).<ref name=NIUCalc>Calculated using penetration rate and population data from {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060848/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php |date=2017-03-29 }}, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013</ref><ref name=ITU-IndividualsUsingTheInternet>, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013</ref>
** 280,000 users, 133rd in the world (2009).<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014/>
* ]: 54,439 subscriptions, 112th in the world; 8.3% of the population, 90th in the world (2012).<ref name=NIUCalc/><ref name="FixedBroadbandITUDynamic2012">, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, ]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>
* ]: 177,437 subscriptions, 112th in the world; 27.0% of the population, 59th in the world (2012).<ref name="MobleBroadbandITUDynamic2012">, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, ]. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.</ref>
* ]: 171,520 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 260.9 addresses per 1000 people (2012).<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513033601/http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ |date=2009-05-13 }}, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.</ref><ref>, ], ] ]. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.</ref>
* ]: 10,088 hosts 135th in the world (2012).<ref name=CIAWFB-Montenegro-2014/>


⚫ Internet services are provided by ] and ]. Crnogorski Telekom provides ] and ] access, while MTEL provides ] access.{{citation needed |date=January 2014}}
In October 2010, there were 2.347 dial-up connections and 63.155 broadband connections. It is estimated that 280,000, or 41,3% of Montenegrin citizens use the internet, which places Montenegro just below the European average of internet usage.


In October 2010, there were 2,347 dial-up connections and 63,155 broadband connections.<ref name="Ekip">{{cite web |url=http://www.ekip.me/download/10-2010%20Fiksna.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722174643/http://www.ekip.me/download/10-2010%20Fiksna.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2011 |title=Agencija Za Elektronske Komunikacije I Postansku Djelatnost Crne Gore |trans-title=Information about the state of the electronic communications market in October 2010: Telephones |publisher=Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services |language=sr |access-date=15 November 2012 }}</ref>
===Broadband access===
ADSL became available in ] in 2005. So far, the sole provider of ADSL services in Montenegro is ]. There were 55.443 ADSL connections in Montenegro in October 2010 , which makes ADSL the most popular internet access technology in the country. Speeds up to 10 Mbit/s downstream are available.


] became available in ] in 2005. So far, the sole provider of ADSL services in Montenegro is ]. There were 55,443 ADSL connections in Montenegro in October 2010,<ref name="Ekip"/> which makes ADSL the most popular Internet access technology in the country. Speeds up to 7&nbsp;Mbit/s downstream are available. Recently, the company started to connect end users with fiber optics, with speeds up to 40&nbsp;Mbit/s downstream.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telekom.me/fiber-to-the-home-ns_article-fiber-to-the-home_en.nspx |title=Crnogorski telekom - Fiber to the home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227201635/http://www.telekom.me/fiber-to-the-home-ns_article-fiber-to-the-home_en.nspx |archive-date=2014-02-27 }}</ref> However, currently their "fiber to the home" offer is only available in half of the Podgorica (the capital city), and in a few small areas on the coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telekom.me/locations-en-residential.nspx |title=Crnogorski telekom - Fiber to the home - Locations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227215306/http://www.telekom.me/locations-en-residential.nspx |archive-date=2014-02-27 }}</ref>
⚫ ] access is provided by ]. There were 7.381 WiMAX connection in Montenegro in October 2010.<ref></ref> Speeds of up to 2048kbit/s/256kbit/s are available.


Another broadband Internet provider is M-Kabl, who uses ] technology. Speeds up to 16 Mbit/s downstream are available with an 18-month contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m-kabl.net/internet |title=m.kabl - internet|language=sr }}</ref> However they only operate in major cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m-kabl.net/onama/pokrivenost |title=m.kabl - coverage map |language=sr }}</ref>
===.me top level domain===
⚫ .me, the top level domain for Montenegro, was (May 2008) in its “national sunrise” phase. Next were the “general sunrise” and “land rush” periods. Then, starting in July 2008, applications were processed on a “first come, first served” basis.


⚫ ] access is provided by ], and also by WiMax Montenegro. There were 7,381 WiMAX connections in Montenegro in October 2010. Speeds of up to 4&nbsp;Mbit/s down and 1&nbsp;Mbit/s up are available.<ref name="Ekip"/>
==Broadcast==
⚫ *'''Radio broadcast stations''': 31 (2004)
*''']''': 13 (2004)


===Internet censorship and surveillance===
⚫ ] is the state-owned public broadcaster with nationwide coverage. Other privately owned television broadcast stations mostly cover major cities in Montenegro.

There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet. Until ordered to cease doing so in March 2011, one of the country’s principal Internet service providers gave police direct access to all forms of communications carried on its servers. It is unknown whether authorities made use of this access to monitor ] or Internet ] or ]. There is no evidence that the government collects or discloses ] about individuals based on the individual's peaceful expression of political, religious, or ideological opinion or belief.<ref name=USDOS-CROHRP-Montenegro-2012>, ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.</ref>

The constitution and law provide for ] and ], but there are some restrictions. The law criminalizes ] on national, racial, and religious grounds, and there have been prosecutions on these grounds. Individuals can criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal. Following the repeal of the criminal ] law in 2011, parliament enacted a law on ] to ] persons convicted of ] and ].<ref name=USDOS-CROHRP-Montenegro-2012/>

In March 2012, representatives of 19 print and electronic media outlets formed a media council for self-regulation. However, some of the most influential media declined to join what they described as an excessively progovernment group. They indicated that they would form a separate self-regulatory mechanism. A group of small local media outlets from the northern region of the country established their own self-regulation council.<ref name=USDOS-CROHRP-Montenegro-2012/>

The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence without court approval or legal necessity, and prohibit police from searching a residence or conducting undercover or monitoring operations without a warrant. The government generally respects the prohibitions relating to physical and property searches, but has been less compliant regarding ].<ref name=USDOS-CROHRP-Montenegro-2012/>

The law requires the Agency for National Security (ANB) to obtain court authorization for ], but authorities reportedly use wiretapping and surveillance inappropriately against opposition parties, the international community, NGOs, and other groups without appropriate legal authority. The NGO Alternativa stated that during 2011, the ANB performed secret surveillance and data collection against 113 persons. NGOs claimed that police and the state prosecutor’s office illegally monitor citizens' electronic communications and fail to account for how many people or Internet addresses they monitor.<ref name=USDOS-CROHRP-Montenegro-2012/>

== See also ==
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{refimprove|date=March 2012}} {{Refimprove|date=March 2012}}
{{reflist}}


* {{CIA World Factbook |year=2014}}
⚫ {{Montenegro topics2}}
* {{US DOS |year=2012}}
{{Reflist |30em}}

==External links==
* , .me domain registry.
*

{{-}}
{{Telecommunications in Europe}}
{{Telecommunications}} {{Telecommunications}}
{{Internet censorship by country}}
⚫ {{Montenegro topics}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Telecommunications In Montenegro}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Telecommunications In Montenegro}}
⚫ ]
] ]
⚫ ]

]
]

Latest revision as of 00:17, 4 July 2024

Telecommunications in Montenegro includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.

Radio and television

See also: List of radio stations in Montenegro and List of television stations in Montenegro
  • Radio stations:
    • 14 local public radio stations and more than 40 private radio stations, the state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 radio networks (2007);
    • 31 stations (2004).
  • Television stations:
    • 4 public and some 20 private TV stations and 1 satellite TV channel, the state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks (2007);
    • 13 stations (2004).

Radio Television of Montenegro (RTCG) is the state-owned public broadcaster with nationwide coverage. Other privately owned television broadcast stations mostly cover the major cities in Montenegro.

Government opponents claim that, despite some improvement, RTCG is still controlled by the ruling political structures and that the public broadcaster clearly favors the government in its programming and reporting.

Telephones

See also: Telephone numbers in Montenegro
  • Calling code: +382
  • Main lines: 163,000 lines in use, 131st in the world (2012).
  • Mobile cellular: 1.1 million lines, 154th in the world; 178 for every 100 people, 9th in the world (2012).
    • Mobile cellular services are provided by three GSM operators, One (owned by Antenna Hungaria), T-Mobile Montenegro (owned by Crnogorski Telekom) and m:tel (owned by Telekom Srbija). All providers have national coverage, and provide advanced services. 3G services were offered by all three operators starting in the summer of 2007.
  • Telephone system: modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites; GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing; 2 international switches connect with the national system (2011).

At 178% Montenegro had the second highest mobile cellular phone penetration rate in Europe, behind only Russia, and ranked 9th worldwide.

Internet

  • Top-level domain: .me, the top level domain for Montenegro, began its "national sunrise" starting phase in May 2008; next were the "general sunrise" and "land rush" periods; and starting in July 2008, applications were processed on a "first come, first served" basis.
  • Internet users:
    • 373,655 users, 134th in the world; 56.8% of the population, 70th in the world (2012).
    • 280,000 users, 133rd in the world (2009).
  • Fixed broadband: 54,439 subscriptions, 112th in the world; 8.3% of the population, 90th in the world (2012).
  • Wireless broadband: 177,437 subscriptions, 112th in the world; 27.0% of the population, 59th in the world (2012).
  • IPv4: 171,520 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 260.9 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
  • Internet hosts: 10,088 hosts 135th in the world (2012).

Internet services are provided by Crnogorski Telekom and MTEL. Crnogorski Telekom provides dial-up and ADSL access, while MTEL provides WiMAX access.

In October 2010, there were 2,347 dial-up connections and 63,155 broadband connections.

ADSL became available in Montenegro in 2005. So far, the sole provider of ADSL services in Montenegro is Crnogorski Telekom. There were 55,443 ADSL connections in Montenegro in October 2010, which makes ADSL the most popular Internet access technology in the country. Speeds up to 7 Mbit/s downstream are available. Recently, the company started to connect end users with fiber optics, with speeds up to 40 Mbit/s downstream. However, currently their "fiber to the home" offer is only available in half of the Podgorica (the capital city), and in a few small areas on the coast.

Another broadband Internet provider is M-Kabl, who uses DOCSIS technology. Speeds up to 16 Mbit/s downstream are available with an 18-month contract. However they only operate in major cities.

WiMAX access is provided by MTEL, and also by WiMax Montenegro. There were 7,381 WiMAX connections in Montenegro in October 2010. Speeds of up to 4 Mbit/s down and 1 Mbit/s up are available.

Internet censorship and surveillance

There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet. Until ordered to cease doing so in March 2011, one of the country’s principal Internet service providers gave police direct access to all forms of communications carried on its servers. It is unknown whether authorities made use of this access to monitor e-mail or Internet Web sites or chat rooms. There is no evidence that the government collects or discloses personally identifiable information about individuals based on the individual's peaceful expression of political, religious, or ideological opinion or belief.

The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and press, but there are some restrictions. The law criminalizes inciting hatred and intolerance on national, racial, and religious grounds, and there have been prosecutions on these grounds. Individuals can criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal. Following the repeal of the criminal libel law in 2011, parliament enacted a law on amnesty to pardon persons convicted of defamation and insult.

In March 2012, representatives of 19 print and electronic media outlets formed a media council for self-regulation. However, some of the most influential media declined to join what they described as an excessively progovernment group. They indicated that they would form a separate self-regulatory mechanism. A group of small local media outlets from the northern region of the country established their own self-regulation council.

The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence without court approval or legal necessity, and prohibit police from searching a residence or conducting undercover or monitoring operations without a warrant. The government generally respects the prohibitions relating to physical and property searches, but has been less compliant regarding digital privacy.

The law requires the Agency for National Security (ANB) to obtain court authorization for wiretaps, but authorities reportedly use wiretapping and surveillance inappropriately against opposition parties, the international community, NGOs, and other groups without appropriate legal authority. The NGO Alternativa stated that during 2011, the ANB performed secret surveillance and data collection against 113 persons. NGOs claimed that police and the state prosecutor’s office illegally monitor citizens' electronic communications and fail to account for how many people or Internet addresses they monitor.

See also

References

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Telecommunications in Montenegro" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
  1. ^ "Communications: Montenegro", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 15 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  2. ^ "Montenegro", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  3. ^ "Russia, Montenegro top for mobile penetration in Europe", Telecom Paper, 10 September 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  4. ^ Calculated using penetration rate and population data from "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013
  5. "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012", International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
  6. "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
  7. "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012", Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
  8. Select Formats Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
  9. Population, The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
  10. ^ "Agencija Za Elektronske Komunikacije I Postansku Djelatnost Crne Gore" [Information about the state of the electronic communications market in October 2010: Telephones] (PDF) (in Serbian). Agency for Electronic Communications and Postal Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  11. "Crnogorski telekom - Fiber to the home". Archived from the original on 2014-02-27.
  12. "Crnogorski telekom - Fiber to the home - Locations". Archived from the original on 2014-02-27.
  13. "m.kabl - internet" (in Serbian).
  14. "m.kabl - coverage map" (in Serbian).

External links

Telecommunications in Europe
Sovereign states
States with limited
recognition
Dependencies and
other entities
Other entities
Telecommunications
History
Pioneers
Transmission
media
Network topology
and switching
Multiplexing
Concepts
Types of network
Notable networks
Locations
Internet censorship and surveillance by country
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Montenegro articles
History
Geography
Politics
Economy
Society
Culture
Symbols
Categories: