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{{Short description|Inhalation of marijuana fumes}}
] (A), a cannabis ] (B), a small amount of crushed cannabis (C), and a book of cigarette ] (D).]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{About| smoking practices | drug information| Cannabis (drug)| other uses |Cannabis (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Hotboxing|the Magnapop album|Hot Boxing{{!}}''Hot Boxing''}}
] in ], ]]]
{{Cannabis sidebar}}


'''Cannabis smoking''' (known ] as '''smoking weed''' or '''smoking pot''') is the inhalation of smoke or vapor released by heating the flowers, leaves, or extracts of ] and releasing the main ], Δ<sup>9</sup>-] (THC), which is absorbed into the ] via the ]s. Archaeological evidence indicates cannabis with high levels of THC was being ] at least 2,500 years ago.<ref name="NatGeo2019Jun">{{cite web | title=Earliest evidence for cannabis smoking discovered in ancient tombs | website=Culture & History | date=12 June 2019 | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/06/earliest-evidence-cannabis-marijuana-smoking-china-tombs/ | access-date=13 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613054237/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/06/earliest-evidence-cannabis-marijuana-smoking-china-tombs/ | archive-date=13 June 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2021, cannabis is the most commonly consumed federally illegal drug in the United States, with 36.4 million people (aged 10 years or older) consuming it monthly.<ref>Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2022). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP22-07-01-005, NSDUH Series H-57). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2021-nsduh-annual-national-report</ref>
'''Cannabis smoking''' is the practice of using some form of ] in order to release and ]ize the ]s, including the ] found in the ] plant as ]-like particles. These escape into the ] and are picked up by the ], then absorbed into the ] where the drugs travel to the ] for their ] effects to take place. It is a frequent occurrence in ]. Slow combustion breaks down certain ] products found in the ]s of the ] of the cannabis plant while allowing access to some of the psychoactive elements inside without damage. There are numerous methods for accomplishing this technique, but there are several which are the most popular. These vary in terms of how the plant parts are set up before combustion, which parts of the plant are combusted, and the treatment of the resulting smoke particles.


In addition to being smoked and ], cannabis and its active ]s may be ], ], or applied to the skin. The ] characteristics and effects of smoking and vaporizing cannabis differ from other ] in having a more rapid and predictable onset of effect.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_effects.shtml |title=Cannabis (Marijuana) Vault : Effects |publisher=Erowid.org |access-date=23 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417104542/https://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_effects.shtml |archive-date=17 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Joint==
{{mainarticles|], ]}}
A cannabis joint is created by rolling cannabis up, either manually or with a ], into a cigarette, often called a '']'' or ''joint'', with thin '']'', or into a cigar, often called a ], with wrapper either obtained by removing the tobacco from the inside of a standard cigar or purchased as a "blunt wrap". In such preparation, ] or other smokable material are sometimes combined or mulled into a single roll. Users may also purchase ]ed papers or blunt wraps which both mask the scent of the cannabis and increase the ] of the smoke.


==Bong== == Methods ==
], a Moroccan long-drawtube one-hitter]]
{{main|Bong}}
Cannabis (marijuana) can be smoked in a variety of ] made in different shapes and of different materials including hand pipes (]), ], ], or ].<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |year=2006 |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2006/wdr2006_chap2_annex1.pdf |title=World Drug Report |volume=1 |isbn=978-92-1-148214-0 |access-date=22 November 2007 |pages=187–192 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007013244/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2006/wdr2006_chap2_annex1.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>
]
A bong is a water-pipe by which the cannabis smoke is filtered through water into a chamber. The design originated in ], bong likely being a corruption of the Thai word "baung", and was brought back to the states by the soldiers of the ] returning from the ]. It should be noted that smoking from a bong loaded with cold ], ], or snow will greatly cool the smoke and reduce adverse effects of the heat. Counterintuitively, using hot water, which are sometimes called ''lava shots'' or ''lava bongs'', increases moisture in the smoke, which also can reduce adverse effects. Using non-] alcoholic beverages, such as ] or ], as a filtering liquid is sometimes preferred by smokers and is said to make the smoke milder, although it's unknown whether this has any additional adverse effects.
Bong use is common and enables smoking techniques that are not possible with a simple ]. Bongs are one of the most efficient methods of smoking, as very little smoke is wasted due to burning while not being inhaled, due to the presence of a chamber and carb, although large-chambered bongs can ignite cannabis at a very fast pace.


] (also called "solar toking", "taking solar hits”, or “solar bowls” <ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/1483.html |title=Solar Bowls |accessdate=2009-02-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921060218/http://www.cannabisculture.com/articles/1483.html |archivedate=2008-09-21 }}</ref>) is the act of using the ]'s rays with a ] or ] to heat ] for ].
]s, 3/8 oz of marijuana, baggies, grinder, rolling papers. In the middle are two British pound coins for size comparison.]]
Other designs include '']s'', a term which covers several variations, including ''waterfall bongs'' and ''bucket bongs''. The bucket bong is commonly called a ''bucky'' in New Zealand. In ] it is called a pail, and the method is called pailing, usually consists of the user placing the marijuana in a cone made from a standard bowl or socket set (13 mm) atop a plastic bottle with either a few small holes (2 cm diameter) in the bottom of the bottle, or a complete cut along the bottom of the bottle. The bottle is then lowered into a bucket of water so that only the cone is above the water level. From here, the user lights the cone and proceeds to pull the bottle upwards until the bottle is full with smoke from the marijuana. The cone is then removed by unscrewing the bottle cap, and the user then proceeds to place his or her mouth over the bottle, exhaling all air beforehand, then inhaling as they lower the bottle into the water. This method is especially efficient when marijuana supplies are scarce, but also can burn up marijuana at a very fast pace. Bongs, and gravity bongs in particular, are notable by some for producing a very intense experience. In a homemade bong known in the United States as a ''steamroller'', a carbonated drinks bottle is often used, although any container, even glass, ceramic, or metal (according to the skill and preference of the user) can be used. A bong pipe (or other improvised bowl) is inserted into a small hole, usually burnt or somehow put near the bottom of the bottle, but leaving enough room to allow for the stem to pass through the user's choice of liquid. A carburetor may or may not be cut, bored or burnt into the bong, according to the user's preference.
] bowl or ].]]


Hotboxing involves multiple persons smoking cannabis in an enclosed space, such as a car, with no way for smoke to escape. In addition to the primary smoke from the chosen smoking devices, ] is repeatedly inhaled and exhaled.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lutchmansingh|first1=D|last2=Pawar|first2=L|last3=Savici|first3=D|title=Legalizing Cannabis: A physician's primer on the pulmonary effects of marijuana.|journal=Current Respiratory Care Reports|date=2014|volume=3|issue=4|pages=200–205|pmid=25401045|doi=10.1007/s13665-014-0093-1|pmc=4226845}}</ref> A single user breathing in and out of a breathbonnet (breadbag) can achieve this effect.
==Pipe==
{{main|Smoking pipe}}
By using a ], often called a ''bowl'', usually made of ], wood, or sometimes ], which would be a nonreactive one such as brass, to avoid inhalation of undesirable metal vapors. When speaking about a specific pipe, the term "bowl" can be used to refer to the indentation where cannabis is placed in order to be smoked. Metal pipes are often assembled with various fittings that screw together, with interchangeable, and frequently decorative, parts. Blown-glass pipes are usually intricately and colorfully designed, with colors becoming more vivid after repeated use. Such pipes usually have a ''rush'', ''choke'', or ''carb'', short for ''carburetor'' or ''shotgun'' hole which is covered by a finger for suction when beginning smoking, which is released to finish inhalation, thus clearing the pipe of smoke without advancing the burning any further. Tobacco pipes, pipes home-made by the user, and others, are also sometimes used. Some users prefer a vertically held ceramic or glass pipe, known as a ''chillum'', coming from India. Pipes are also frequently improvised, using ], small plumbing fittings, ], or crisp ] or ] (such as apples, carrots, or potatoes) that have been carved with a "bowl" on one end and a hole bored through the other end, connecting the bowl to a place where the user can inhale the smoke. While foil, fittings, and cans are often used out of desperation (no other utensils are available), some people prefer using crisp edibles, because the moisture content cools and flavors the smoke, and because they are easily disposed of, even eaten in an emergency to remove "evidence".


=== Vaporization ===
==Shotgun==
{{Main article|Vaporizer (inhalation device)#Cannabis vaporizers}}
{{main|Shotgun (cannabis)}}
Vaporizers (vape pens and/or stationary platform) are devices used to extract the active ingredients of cannabis, ] (E-cigarettes), or any plant material at lower than burning temperature, eliminating carbon monoxide and carcinogenic "tars" found hazardous in smoke.{{medcn|date=November 2015}} 197&nbsp;°C / 385&nbsp;°F is frequently mentioned as a good vaporizing temperature for favored cannabinoids. Utensils usually thought of as smoking pipes can be used to vaporize if the receptacle, or "bowl", is narrow enough to permit controlling the inward flow of heated air from a source such as a lighter which is held far enough below the opening.
In a 'shottie', also known as a 'brainer' or 'super', one smoker takes a ''hit'' of a blunt or joint, and then turns it backwards in their mouth, ember in. A second smoker places his or her mouth in front of the end of the smoking device, and the first smoker exhales through the blunt, blowing both his or her smoke as well as that produced from the blunt itself into the second smoker's mouth. Other types of ''shotties'' have developed over the years, including types such as the ''boat shottie,'' ''Lincoln shottie,'' ''nose shottie,'' ''ghost shottie'' or ''whale shottie,'' which use the hands or the nose to direct the smoke in different ways.
]
==One-hitter==
{{main|Dugout (smoking)}}
By smoking it with a one-hitter (also referred to as a hitter or bat), a small ceramic or metal device that looks similiar to a cigarette. This is usually used in conjunction with a ]. Marijuana buds are broken up and the stems and seeds are removed, then it is deposited into a compartment in the dugout. The hitter or "bat" is held in another spring loaded compartment. A small amount of marijuana is packed into the hitter and light then inhale. The bat will need to be lit for every individual hit and, if used properly, there is usually little or no burnoff at the one hitter's tip. This is often used by marijuana users who smoke in public because the hitter resembles a ]. It is also seen as the most efficient way to smoke cannabis, as there is little-to-no smoke that is not inhaled by the user. Complaints by users can include that there is too small an amount of cannabis consumed with each hit, and that the one-hitter heats up quickly, sometimes becomming too hot to hold or place to their lips. Users unfamiliar with one-hitters sometimes inhale too strongly and suck burning embers into their mouths and throats.


According to the journal Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vaporizing cannabis is a safe and more effective way (than smoking) of delivering THC to patients for medical uses.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vaporization as a Smokeless Cannabis Delivery System: A Pilot Study| doi=10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200|volume=82|issue = 5|journal=Clinical Pharmacology|pages=572–578|pmid=17429350|date=November 2007 | last1 = Abrams | first1 = DI | last2 = Vizoso | first2 = HP | last3 = Shade | first3 = SB | last4 = Jay | first4 = C | last5 = Kelly | first5 = ME | last6 = Benowitz | first6 = NL| s2cid=14629288}}</ref>
{{cannabis resources}}
The feasibility of vaporization of THC has been demonstrated in a series of laboratory studies involving different vaporizer designs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/2001-03-04-9.pdf|title=Cannabis "Vaporization : A Promising Strategy for Smoke Harm Reduction|author=Dale H. Gieringer|website=Cannabis-med.org|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428065541/http://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/2001-03-04-9.pdf|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> An electric vaporizer was shown to release substantial amounts of the THC while producing no measurable amounts of benzene, toluene, and naphthalene, which are generated when marijuana is smoked.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vaporization as a Smokeless Cannabis Delivery System: A Pilot Study|journal=Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics|volume=82|issue=5|pages=572–578|doi=10.1038/sj.clpt.6100200|pmid=17429350|year = 2007|last1 = Abrams|first1 = D. I.|last2=Vizoso|first2=H. P.|last3=Shade|first3=S. B.|last4=Jay|first4=C.|last5=Kelly|first5=M. E.|last6=Benowitz|first6=N. L.|s2cid=14629288}}</ref>

=== Smoking ===

==== Health effects of smoking ====
{{Main article|Effects of cannabis|Long-term effects of cannabis}}
<!----- This is only a summary of the effects specific to smoking practices. Further details of health effects should be placed in the main article, Effects of cannabis----->

Some data on the correlation of an increase in the incidence of lung cancer and cannabis smoking are conflicting. A systematic review evaluating 19 studies from 1966 to 2006 found no significant tobacco-adjusted association between cannabis smoking and lung cancer development despite evidence of precancerous histopathologic changes of the respiratory mucosa.<ref name="Mehra-2006">{{citation |title=The Association Between Marijuana Smoking and Lung Cancer |author=Mehra |volume=166 |issue=13 |pages=1359–1367 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.13.1359 |pmid=16832000 |date=10 July 2006 |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|s2cid=10117687 |display-authors=etal|doi-access= }}</ref>

Cannabis smoke was listed as a cancer agent in California in 2009.<ref>{{citation |url=https://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/p65single072012.pdf |title=Chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity |publisher=ca.gov |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=8 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120030810/https://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/p65single072012.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cannabis smoke contains many of the same ]s as ] from ] smoke.<ref>{{citation |last1=Tomar |first1=Rajpal C. |first2=Jay |last2=Beaumont |first3=Jennifer C.Y. |last3=Hsieh |date=August 2009 |title=Evidence on the carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke |publisher=Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/hazard_ident/pdf_zip/FinalMJsmokeHID.pdf |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724183619/http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/hazard_ident/pdf_zip/FinalMJsmokeHID.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 2012 literature survey by the ] identified cannabis smoke as a carcinogen and also found awareness of the danger was low, with 40% of under 35s thinking that cannabis (when smoked) was not harmful. Other observations include lack of research on the effect of cannabis smoke alone due to common mixing of cannabis and tobacco and frequent cigarette smoking by cannabis users; low rate of addiction compared to tobacco; and episodic nature of cannabis use compared to steady frequent smoking of tobacco.<ref name=BLA2012>{{citation |title=The impact of cannabis on your lungs |url=http://www.blf.org.uk/Files/8ec171b2-9b7e-49d9-b3b1-a07e00f11c05/ |publisher=British Lung Association |date=June 2012 |access-date=9 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927183248/http://www.blf.org.uk/Files/8ec171b2-9b7e-49d9-b3b1-a07e00f11c05/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref>

A 2013 literature review said that exposure to cannabis had biologically based physical, mental, behavioral and social health consequences and was "associated with diseases of the liver (particularly with co-existing hepatitis C), lungs, heart, and vasculature". The authors cautioned that "evidence is needed, and further research should be considered, to prove causal associations of marijuana with many physical health conditions".<ref name=Gordon2013>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gordon AJ, Conley JW, Gordon JM |title=Medical consequences of marijuana use: a review of current literature |journal=Curr Psychiatry Rep |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=419 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24234874 |doi=10.1007/s11920-013-0419-7 |s2cid=29063282 |type=Review |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232874 |access-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807172632/https://zenodo.org/record/1232874|archive-date=7 August 2019 }}</ref>

== Materials ==

=== Disposable materials ===
Disposable materials are often used in places where cannabis is illegal.

A roach is the remains of a ], ] or ] after most of it has been smoked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/roach|title=Roach|website=Thefreedictionary.com|access-date=9 April 2018|via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>

==== Joint ====
{{Main article|Joint (cannabis)}}

Joint is a ] for a ] filled with cannabis instead of tobacco. Alternatively, mainly in Europe, joints may contain tobacco (commonly dubbed "a ]", but not to be confused with the Jamaican term Spliff, which refers to a large joint) or various non-addictive herbs.{{Cn|date=July 2023}} Sometimes a joint will contain ] or ]; hashish can be heated and made to crumble before placement within the joint. Specially manufactured ]s are most often used in industrialized countries; however, recycled brown paper and newspaper are commonly used in the ].<ref name="Barrett1988">{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Leonard|title=The Rastafarians: Twentieth Anniversary Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA131|access-date=9 May 2013|year=1988|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-1039-6|page=130|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011174140/http://books.google.com/books?id=swdaI6DfDkEC&pg=PA131|archive-date=11 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Modern papers are now made from a wide variety of materials including rice, hemp, soy, and flax.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ryomagazine.com/papers.htm |title=Roll Your Own Magazine – Papers |work=Winter-Spring 2008 |publisher=Ryomagazine.com |year=2008 |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721082249/http://www.ryomagazine.com/papers.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> A joint typically contains 0.8 - 1g net weight of cannabis and/or fillers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cannabis: a health perspective and research agenda |author=World Health Organization: Division of Mental Health and Prevention of Substance Abuse |page=11 |id=WHO/MSA/PSA/97.4 |year=1997 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/63691/WHO_MSA_PSA_97.4.pdf |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223175544/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1997/WHO_msa_PSA_97.4.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref>

==== Blunt ====
{{Main article|Blunt (cannabis)}}

A blunt is ] rolled with a ] wrapper (usually tobacco leaf, which contains nicotine).<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/marijuana.html |title=How is marijuana abused? |publisher=nida.nih.gov |year=2012 |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228070600/http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofacts/marijuana.html |archive-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Blunts are often made with blunt wraps: tobacco-based wraps — often flavored — that are related to the wraps used on a blunt cigar and are often used to roll cannabis <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Jessica E.|last2=Luo|first2=Wentai|last3=Isabelle|first3=Lorne M.|last4=Pankow|first4=James F.|date=5 June 2014|title=Candy Flavorings in Tobacco|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=23|pages=2250–2252|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1403015|issn=0028-4793|pmid=24805984|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Blunts can also now be rolled with Hemp wraps that do not contain Nicotine. There are several types available in varying flavors as an alternative to using a cigar wrapper, for those people who don't desire the nicotine.

=== Reusable materials ===

==== Pipe or bowl ====
{{redirect|Pinchie|the town in Canada|Pinchie, British Columbia}}
{{main article|Bowl (smoking)}}
]

Pipes made for smoking cannabis, sometimes called ''pieces'' or '']'', are made of a variety of materials, including metal fittings, ceramic, ], stone, wood, bamboo among other materials. Subtypes include ]s, bubblers, ]s, glass blunts, corn cob pipes, and standard hand pipes.
Pipes vary greatly in shape and materials, and most are handmade. The common thread between them is having a narrow screened receptacle ("]"), a "stem" (which may be a long flexible tube as on ]s and ]s), and a "mouthpiece". The smoking material is placed in the receptacle and affected with a heat source while air is drawn through the bowl and stem to the user.

Blown-glass pipes and ]s are often intricately and colorfully designed. In India and Jamaica, the most commonly used pipe is the ].; in the UAE, '']''; in Morocco, '']''.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

* A ] is a device used for a single serving (usually 25&nbsp;mg).{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
* ] is a cannabis smoking pipe used most often by members of the Jamaican ].

====Bubbler====
A bubbler is a mix of a bong and a pipe. They tend to look like small bongs and are another way to smoke cannabis. A bubbler contains a chamber for water, commonly with a down stem directly connected to the bowl of the piece. A bubbler normally has a dedicated carburetor, a hole which is usually covered with the finger then opened for mixing clean air with the smoke to make inhaling easier. Because of the carburetor there is no need to pull the stem as you would with a bong.

==== Bong ====
{{Main article|Bong}}
] filled with water and its bowl packed with cannabis]]
]

A bong is similar to a pipe, only it has a water-chamber through which cannabis smoke passes prior to inhalation. Users fill the bong with ], sometimes also adding ice in order to cool the smoke. This cooling effect reduces the discomfort caused by the heat of the smoke. The bowl and stem assembly of most bongs is removed briefly after the cannabis is burned, allowing clean air to circulate and clear the smoke chamber, ensuring no smoke dissipates without being properly consumed.

Types of bongs:
* Classical ]s.
* ] (also known as a grav, bucket, bucky (in New Zealand), submarine, geeb, or GB) is a ] used for smoking cannabis. A typical variant consists of a bucket of water in which is typically placed a bottle with the bottom cut off, such as a 2-litre ] ] bottle. However, commercial gravity bongs made of borosilicate glass exist too. Some kind of cap or screen is rigged over the mouth of the bottle and filled with hash or cannabis. A flame is then held near enough to heat the drug while the bottle is slowly raised out of the water, creating a ] inside the bottle, drawing smoke from the heated cannabis—along with air—into the vacuum. The cap or screen is removed once the bottle is almost full, the user's mouth is placed over the mouth of the bottle and the bottle pushed back down into the water, causing the pressure to rise and forcing the smoke into the lungs. There are many variants on this basic premise, such as using a large water cooler tank in lieu of a soft drink bottle.
* Waterfall bong: Similar to a gravity bong, a waterfall bong utilizes both a bottle and a cap or screen rigged over the bottle's mouth to hold cannabis. In this case, however, the bottle—which has one or several holes drilled near or at the bottom—is either filled with water or placed in a larger container filled with water before the cannabis is packed. The holes are then uncovered, or the bottle is simply raised from the container, evacuating the water either onto the ground or back into the container. When heat is applied to the drug, the resultant smoke is forced into the bottle with negative gauge pressure, as with the gravity bong. Once the water is evacuated, the smoke can be inhaled from the bottle. Variations on this concept are also used. Commercial gravity bongs made of borosilicate glass exist too.

====Spots====
{{main|Spots (cannabis)}}
] ]

Spotting refers to a method of smoking ].<ref>"Handbook of Pharmacy Education", Harmen R.J., 2001, Pg 169</ref> In this method, small pieces of cannabis are rolled (or simply torn from a larger bud) to form the "spot". Generally, the tips of two knife blades are heated, the spot is compressed between the two blades, and the subsequent smoke is inhaled through the nose or mouth. This method of smoking is also referred to as "hot knives" because of the heated blades. Another means is specially made glass presses heated with a ] or ] torch.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = McBride | first1 = A. | title = Cannabis use in a drug and alcohol clinic population | doi = 10.1016/0376-8716(95)01132-I | journal = Drug and Alcohol Dependence | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–32 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7587971}}</ref> In order to facilitate this process, a "spottle" (also referred to as a "bowser", "hooter" or "toker") is often, but not always, used to funnel the smoke and maximize the amount inhaled. A spottle is generally made from a funnel or cone-shaped container, such as the top (or neck) of a plastic or glass bottle or a gallon of milk/water.<ref name="streetdrugs">"Understanding street drugs: a handbook of substance misuse for parents, teachers and other professionals", Emmett D. & Nice G. 2006, Pg 41</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=June 2015}}<ref>"James Bong's Ultimate SpyGuide to Marijuana", Arooka, Pg 186</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Cannabis}}

*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Cannabis resources}}
{{Recreational drug use}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cannabis Smoking}}
]

Latest revision as of 10:16, 9 July 2024

Inhalation of marijuana fumes

This article is about smoking practices. For drug information, see Cannabis (drug). For other uses, see Cannabis (disambiguation). "Hotboxing" redirects here. For the Magnapop album, see Hot Boxing.
A man smoking cannabis through a pipe in Kolkata, India
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Cannabis smoking (known colloquially as smoking weed or smoking pot) is the inhalation of smoke or vapor released by heating the flowers, leaves, or extracts of cannabis and releasing the main psychoactive chemical, Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is absorbed into the bloodstream via the lungs. Archaeological evidence indicates cannabis with high levels of THC was being smoked at least 2,500 years ago. As of 2021, cannabis is the most commonly consumed federally illegal drug in the United States, with 36.4 million people (aged 10 years or older) consuming it monthly.

In addition to being smoked and vaporized, cannabis and its active cannabinoids may be ingested, placed under the tongue, or applied to the skin. The bioavailability characteristics and effects of smoking and vaporizing cannabis differ from other cannabis consumption methods in having a more rapid and predictable onset of effect.

Methods

Sebsi, a Moroccan long-drawtube one-hitter

Cannabis (marijuana) can be smoked in a variety of pipe-like implements made in different shapes and of different materials including hand pipes ("bowls"), water pipes ("bongs"), cigarettes ("joints"), or blunts.

Solar puffing (also called "solar toking", "taking solar hits”, or “solar bowls” ) is the act of using the Sun's rays with a magnifying lens or burning glass to heat cannabis for consumption.

Hotboxing involves multiple persons smoking cannabis in an enclosed space, such as a car, with no way for smoke to escape. In addition to the primary smoke from the chosen smoking devices, second hand smoke is repeatedly inhaled and exhaled. A single user breathing in and out of a breathbonnet (breadbag) can achieve this effect.

Vaporization

Main article: Vaporizer (inhalation device) § Cannabis vaporizers

Vaporizers (vape pens and/or stationary platform) are devices used to extract the active ingredients of cannabis, tobacco (E-cigarettes), or any plant material at lower than burning temperature, eliminating carbon monoxide and carcinogenic "tars" found hazardous in smoke. 197 °C / 385 °F is frequently mentioned as a good vaporizing temperature for favored cannabinoids. Utensils usually thought of as smoking pipes can be used to vaporize if the receptacle, or "bowl", is narrow enough to permit controlling the inward flow of heated air from a source such as a lighter which is held far enough below the opening.

According to the journal Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vaporizing cannabis is a safe and more effective way (than smoking) of delivering THC to patients for medical uses. The feasibility of vaporization of THC has been demonstrated in a series of laboratory studies involving different vaporizer designs. An electric vaporizer was shown to release substantial amounts of the THC while producing no measurable amounts of benzene, toluene, and naphthalene, which are generated when marijuana is smoked.

Smoking

Health effects of smoking

Main articles: Effects of cannabis and Long-term effects of cannabis

Some data on the correlation of an increase in the incidence of lung cancer and cannabis smoking are conflicting. A systematic review evaluating 19 studies from 1966 to 2006 found no significant tobacco-adjusted association between cannabis smoking and lung cancer development despite evidence of precancerous histopathologic changes of the respiratory mucosa.

Cannabis smoke was listed as a cancer agent in California in 2009. Cannabis smoke contains many of the same carcinogens as tar from tobacco smoke.

A 2012 literature survey by the British Lung Foundation identified cannabis smoke as a carcinogen and also found awareness of the danger was low, with 40% of under 35s thinking that cannabis (when smoked) was not harmful. Other observations include lack of research on the effect of cannabis smoke alone due to common mixing of cannabis and tobacco and frequent cigarette smoking by cannabis users; low rate of addiction compared to tobacco; and episodic nature of cannabis use compared to steady frequent smoking of tobacco.

A 2013 literature review said that exposure to cannabis had biologically based physical, mental, behavioral and social health consequences and was "associated with diseases of the liver (particularly with co-existing hepatitis C), lungs, heart, and vasculature". The authors cautioned that "evidence is needed, and further research should be considered, to prove causal associations of marijuana with many physical health conditions".

Materials

Disposable materials

Disposable materials are often used in places where cannabis is illegal.

A roach is the remains of a joint, blunt or roll up cigarette after most of it has been smoked.

Joint

Main article: Joint (cannabis)

Joint is a slang term for a cigarette filled with cannabis instead of tobacco. Alternatively, mainly in Europe, joints may contain tobacco (commonly dubbed "a spliff", but not to be confused with the Jamaican term Spliff, which refers to a large joint) or various non-addictive herbs. Sometimes a joint will contain kief or hashish; hashish can be heated and made to crumble before placement within the joint. Specially manufactured rolling papers are most often used in industrialized countries; however, recycled brown paper and newspaper are commonly used in the developing world. Modern papers are now made from a wide variety of materials including rice, hemp, soy, and flax. A joint typically contains 0.8 - 1g net weight of cannabis and/or fillers.

Blunt

Main article: Blunt (cannabis)

A blunt is cannabis rolled with a cigar wrapper (usually tobacco leaf, which contains nicotine). Blunts are often made with blunt wraps: tobacco-based wraps — often flavored — that are related to the wraps used on a blunt cigar and are often used to roll cannabis Blunts can also now be rolled with Hemp wraps that do not contain Nicotine. There are several types available in varying flavors as an alternative to using a cigar wrapper, for those people who don't desire the nicotine.

Reusable materials

Pipe or bowl

"Pinchie" redirects here. For the town in Canada, see Pinchie, British Columbia. Main article: Bowl (smoking)

Pipes made for smoking cannabis, sometimes called pieces or bowls, are made of a variety of materials, including metal fittings, ceramic, borosilicate glass, stone, wood, bamboo among other materials. Subtypes include one-hitters, bubblers, chillums, glass blunts, corn cob pipes, and standard hand pipes. Pipes vary greatly in shape and materials, and most are handmade. The common thread between them is having a narrow screened receptacle ("bowl"), a "stem" (which may be a long flexible tube as on hookahs and vaporizers), and a "mouthpiece". The smoking material is placed in the receptacle and affected with a heat source while air is drawn through the bowl and stem to the user.

Blown-glass pipes and bongs are often intricately and colorfully designed. In India and Jamaica, the most commonly used pipe is the chillum.; in the UAE, midwakh; in Morocco, sebsi.

Bubbler

A bubbler is a mix of a bong and a pipe. They tend to look like small bongs and are another way to smoke cannabis. A bubbler contains a chamber for water, commonly with a down stem directly connected to the bowl of the piece. A bubbler normally has a dedicated carburetor, a hole which is usually covered with the finger then opened for mixing clean air with the smoke to make inhaling easier. Because of the carburetor there is no need to pull the stem as you would with a bong.

Bong

Main article: Bong
A glass bong filled with water and its bowl packed with cannabis
A man demonstrates how to use a bong to inhale smoke.

A bong is similar to a pipe, only it has a water-chamber through which cannabis smoke passes prior to inhalation. Users fill the bong with water, sometimes also adding ice in order to cool the smoke. This cooling effect reduces the discomfort caused by the heat of the smoke. The bowl and stem assembly of most bongs is removed briefly after the cannabis is burned, allowing clean air to circulate and clear the smoke chamber, ensuring no smoke dissipates without being properly consumed.

Types of bongs:

  • Classical bongs.
  • Gravity bong (also known as a grav, bucket, bucky (in New Zealand), submarine, geeb, or GB) is a hydropneumatic device used for smoking cannabis. A typical variant consists of a bucket of water in which is typically placed a bottle with the bottom cut off, such as a 2-litre PET soft drink bottle. However, commercial gravity bongs made of borosilicate glass exist too. Some kind of cap or screen is rigged over the mouth of the bottle and filled with hash or cannabis. A flame is then held near enough to heat the drug while the bottle is slowly raised out of the water, creating a negative gauge pressure inside the bottle, drawing smoke from the heated cannabis—along with air—into the vacuum. The cap or screen is removed once the bottle is almost full, the user's mouth is placed over the mouth of the bottle and the bottle pushed back down into the water, causing the pressure to rise and forcing the smoke into the lungs. There are many variants on this basic premise, such as using a large water cooler tank in lieu of a soft drink bottle.
  • Waterfall bong: Similar to a gravity bong, a waterfall bong utilizes both a bottle and a cap or screen rigged over the bottle's mouth to hold cannabis. In this case, however, the bottle—which has one or several holes drilled near or at the bottom—is either filled with water or placed in a larger container filled with water before the cannabis is packed. The holes are then uncovered, or the bottle is simply raised from the container, evacuating the water either onto the ground or back into the container. When heat is applied to the drug, the resultant smoke is forced into the bottle with negative gauge pressure, as with the gravity bong. Once the water is evacuated, the smoke can be inhaled from the bottle. Variations on this concept are also used. Commercial gravity bongs made of borosilicate glass exist too.

Spots

Main article: Spots (cannabis)
Spotting knives heating
Glass blades

Spotting refers to a method of smoking cannabis. In this method, small pieces of cannabis are rolled (or simply torn from a larger bud) to form the "spot". Generally, the tips of two knife blades are heated, the spot is compressed between the two blades, and the subsequent smoke is inhaled through the nose or mouth. This method of smoking is also referred to as "hot knives" because of the heated blades. Another means is specially made glass presses heated with a propane or butane torch. In order to facilitate this process, a "spottle" (also referred to as a "bowser", "hooter" or "toker") is often, but not always, used to funnel the smoke and maximize the amount inhaled. A spottle is generally made from a funnel or cone-shaped container, such as the top (or neck) of a plastic or glass bottle or a gallon of milk/water.

See also

References

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