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{{about|the plant genus|the most commonly cultivated strawberry|Strawberry}} {{about|the plant genus|the most commonly cultivated strawberry|Strawberry}}
{{Automatic taxobox {{Automatic taxobox
| oldest_fossil = Miocene
|image = 103 Fragaria vesca L.jpg
|image_caption = '']'' illustration from ''Atlas des plantes de France'' 1891, by A. Masclef | image = 103 Fragaria vesca L.jpg
| image_caption = '']'' illustration from ''Atlas des plantes de France'' 1891, by A. Masclef
|display_parents = 3 | display_parents = 3
|taxon = Fragaria | taxon = Fragaria
|authority = ] | authority = ]
|subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = 20+ species; see text | subdivision = 20+ species; see text
}} }}


'''''Fragaria''''' {{IPAc-en|f|r|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɛər|i|ə}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a ] of ]s in the ] family, ], commonly known as '''strawberries''' for their edible ]s. There are more than 20 described ] and many ] and ]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the ], a hybrid known as ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''<!--N.B. Editors please keep multiplication sign outside quote marks, otherwise it appears italicised on certain browsers-->. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. '''''Fragaria''''' ({{IPAc-en|f|r|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɛər|i|.|ə}})<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995: 606–07</ref> is a ] of ]s in the ] family, ], commonly known as '''strawberries''' for their edible ]s. There are more than 20 described ] and many ] and ]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the ], a hybrid known as ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''<!--N.B. Editors please keep multiplication sign outside quote marks, otherwise it appears italicised on certain browsers-->. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.


==Description== ==Description==
Strawberries are not true berries.<ref name=Esau>Esau, K. 1977. ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York.</ref> The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a ], and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are ]s and therefore the true botanical fruits.<ref name=Esau/><ref>E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia: .</ref> Strawberries are not ].<ref name=Esau>Esau, K. 1977. ''Anatomy of seed plants''. John Wiley and Sons, New York.</ref> The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a ], and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are ]s and therefore the true botanical fruits.<ref name=Esau/><ref>E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia: .</ref>


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
The genus name {{lang|la|{{linktext|Fragaria}}}} derives from {{lang|la|{{linktext|fragum}}}} ("]") and {{lang|la|{{linktext|-aria}}}}, a suffix used to create feminine nouns and ]s. The Latin name is thought in turn to derive from a ] root meaning "]", either ''*dʰreh₂ǵ-'' or ''*sróh₂gs''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=De Vaan |first1=Michiel |title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004167971 |page=239}}</ref> The genus name is sometimes ] from {{lang|la|{{linktext|fragro}}}} ("to be fragrant, to reek").{{cn|date=January 2024}}
The latin name derives from the verb '']'', thanks to the great smell of the fruits.

Although it is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a ] in cultivating the plants, the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/notthink/strawberry.asp |title=Etymology of Strawberry |website=Snopes.com |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{aut|Darrow, G.M.}} (1966). 3. Early History of the Strawberry: 16</ref> The English word is found in ] as ''streawberige''.<ref>''Ðeós wyrt ðe man fraga and óðrum naman streáwbergean nemneþ'': Anglo-Saxon Leechdom</ref> It is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a ] in cultivating the plants, though it has been suggested that the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. ''Streaw'' in Old English means 'straw', but also ''streawian'' means 'to strew', from the same root.<ref>: ]</ref> David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/notthink/strawberry.asp |title=Etymology of Strawberry |website=Snopes.com |date=5 October 2003 |access-date=2013-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{aut|Darrow, G.M.}} (1966). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826020754/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm |date=2013-08-26 }} 3. Early History of the Strawberry: 16</ref>


==Classification== ==Classification==
There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. A numbers of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria |title=Species records in the database (for the query: '''genus''' = ''Fragaria'') |publisher=] |access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref> One key to the classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of ]s. They all have seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes, but exhibit different ]. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total). There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. A number of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx?Fragaria |title=Species records in the database (for the query: '''genus''' = ''Fragaria'') |publisher=U.S. National Plant Germplasm System |access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref> One key to the classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of ]s. They all have seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes, but exhibit different ]. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

⚫ As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.<ref>Darrow, George M. ''The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology''. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826020754/http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm |date=2013-08-26 }}</ref>


The oldest fossils confidently classifiable as ''Fragaria'' are from the ] of Poland. Fossilised ''Fragaria'' achenes are also known from the ] of China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Yong-Jiang |last2=Zhu |first2=Hai |last3=Momohara |first3=Arata |last4=Jia |first4=Lin-Bo |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhe-Kun |date=March 2019 |title=Fruit fossils of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=180–189 |doi=10.1111/jse.12443 |s2cid=89751967 |issn=1674-4918|doi-access=free }}</ref>
⚫ As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.<ref>Darrow, George M. ''The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology''. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. </ref>


===Diploid species=== ===Diploid species===
Line 30: Line 34:
]'', an Asian species]] ]'', an Asian species]]
]'') from ], Penza Oblast, Russia]] ]'') from ], Penza Oblast, Russia]]
]'') gathered in ], ]]] ]'' fruit photographed in ], ]]]


⚫ * ] <small>Duchesne</small> - ''F. vesca'' × ''F. viridis'' (Europe)
*'']'' <small>]</small> (China) *'']'' <small>]</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>Losinsk</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>J.Gay</small> (Himalayas) *'']'' <small>J.Gay</small> (Himalayas)
* '']'' Jia J. Lei (China)
*'']'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (China) *'']'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>Makino</small> (East ], Japan) *'']'' <small>Makino</small> (Taiwan)
*'']'' <small>Makino</small> (East Russia, Japan)
*'']'' <small>Staudt</small> (China) *'']'' <small>Staudt</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>Schlecht. ex J.Gay</small> (] and ]) *'']'' <small>Schlecht. ex J.Gay</small> (] and ])
*'']'' <small>]</small> (]) *'']'' <small>]</small> (Korea, Japan)
*'']'' <small>] ex ]</small> (]) *'']'' <small>] ex ]</small> (])
*'']'' <small> Losinsk.</small> (China) *'']'' <small> Losinsk.</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>]</small> - woodland strawberry (]) *'']'' <small>]</small> - woodland strawberry (])
*'']'' <small>]</small> (], Central Asia) *'']'' <small>]</small> (Europe, Central Asia)
⚫ *'']'' <small>]</small> (Northeast Asia)
⚫ *'']'' <small>Duchesne</small> - F. vesca × viridis (Europe)

===Tetraploid species=== ===Tetraploid species===

⚫ * '']'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (northern China)
* ] <small>(Bach) Beck</small> (Europe)

*'']'' <small>Cardot</small> (China) *'']'' <small>Cardot</small> (China)
*'']'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (Eastern Asia, Eastern Siberia) *'']'' <small>Losinsk.</small> (Eastern Asia, Eastern Siberia)
*'']'' Staudt & Dickoré (China)


===Pentaploid hybrids=== ===Pentaploid hybrids===
Line 54: Line 64:


===Hexaploid species=== ===Hexaploid species===
*'']'' <small>]</small> - Musk strawberry (Europe) *'']'' <small>]</small> - musk strawberry (Europe)


===Octoploid species and hybrids=== ===Octoploid species and hybrids===
*] <small>] ex Rozier</small> - Pineapple strawberry, Garden strawberry *] <small>] ex Rozier</small> - garden strawberry, pineapple strawberry
*'']'' <small>(]) Mill.</small> - Beach strawberry (Western ]) *'']'' <small>(]) Mill.</small> - beach strawberry (Western ])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis'' **''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis''
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''patagonica'' (], ]) **''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''patagonica'' (], ])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''lucida'' <small>(E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt</small> (] of ], ], ], ]) **''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''lucida'' <small>(E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt</small> (] of ], ], ], ])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''pacifica'' <small>Staudt</small> (coast of ], British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California) **''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''pacifica'' <small>Staudt</small> (coast of ], British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''sandwicensis'' <small>(]) Staudt</small> - ''{{okina}}Ōhelo papa'' (]) **''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''sandwicensis'' <small>(]) Staudt</small> - ''{{okina}}ōhelo papa'' (])
*'']'' <small>]</small> - Virginia strawberry (]) *'']'' <small>]</small> - Virginia strawberry (])


===Decaploid species and hybrids=== ===Decaploid species and hybrids===
*'']'' <small>K.E. Hummer</small> (Cascade Mountains in ])<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Hummer |author-first=K.E. |date=2012 |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=276470 |title=A new species of Fragaria (Roseaceae) from Oregon |journal=Journal of Botanical Research Institute of Texas |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref> *'']'' <small>K.E. Hummer</small> (Cascade Mountains in ])<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Hummer |author-first=K.E. |date=2012 |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=276470 |title=A new species of Fragaria (Roseaceae) from Oregon |journal=Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=9–15 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref>
*'']'' <small>]</small> - Iturup strawberry (], ]) *'']'' <small>Staudt</small> - Iturup strawberry (], ])
*] *]
*'']'' *'']''

=== Polyploidy unknown ===

* '']'' <small>S.S.Ying</small> (Taiwan)


===Uncategorized hybrids=== ===Uncategorized hybrids===
*'Lipstick' (''Fragaria'' × ''Comarum'' hybrid), red-flowered runnering ornamental, sparse small globular fruits. *'Lipstick' (''Fragaria'' × ''Comarum'' hybrid), red-flowered runnering ornamental, sparse small globular fruits.
*'']'' and certain other diploid species can be hybridized and produce fertile offspring (although '']'' appears less compatible).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/130/3/418.full.pdf |title=Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis |first1=R.H. |last1=Bors |first2=J.A. |last2=Sullivan |date=2005 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=418–423|doi=10.21273/JASHS.130.3.418 }}</ref> *'']'' and certain other diploid species can be hybridized and produce fertile offspring (although '']'' appears less compatible).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/130/3/418.full.pdf |title=Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis |first1=R.H. |last1=Bors |first2=J.A. |last2=Sullivan |date=2005 |journal=J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=418–423|doi=10.21273/JASHS.130.3.418 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*'']'' can hybridize with diploid species such as '']'' and '']'' but producing a lower proportion of viable seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/31/4/610.2 |title=Production of Interspecific Hybrids between Hexaploid Fragaria moschata and the diploid species F. nubicola and F. viridis. |first1=Robert H. |last1=Bors |first2=J. Alan |last2=Sullivan |date=August 1996 |journal=HortScience|volume=31|issue=4|pages=610|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.31.4.610b |doi-access=free }}</ref> *'']'' can hybridize with diploid species such as '']'' and '']'' but producing a lower proportion of viable seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/31/4/610.2 |title=Production of Interspecific Hybrids between Hexaploid Fragaria moschata and the diploid species F. nubicola and F. viridis. |first1=Robert H. |last1=Bors |first2=J. Alan |last2=Sullivan |date=August 1996 |journal=HortScience|volume=31|issue=4|pages=610|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.31.4.610b |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*'']'' can hybridize with ].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Karp |first=David |date=July 2006 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/berried-treasure-120534521 |title=Berried Treasure |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref> *'']'' can hybridize with ].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Karp |first=David |date=July 2006 |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/berried-treasure-120534521 |title=Berried Treasure |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref>


==Ecology== ==Ecology==
A number of species of ] and ]s feed on strawberry plants: see ]. A number of species of ] and ]s feed on strawberry plants.{{facts|date=June 2024}}


==See also== ==See also==
Line 94: Line 108:


==External links== ==External links==
⚫ * from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System website
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Fragaria}}
⚫ * from the ] website


{{fragaria}} {{fragaria}}
Line 107: Line 119:
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 10:35, 11 July 2024

Genus of strawberry plants This article is about the plant genus. For the most commonly cultivated strawberry, see Strawberry.

Fragaria
Temporal range: Miocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Fragaria vesca illustration from Atlas des plantes de France 1891, by A. Masclef
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Rosoideae
Tribe: Potentilleae
Subtribe: Fragariinae
Genus: Fragaria
L.
Species

20+ species; see text

Fragaria (/frəˈɡɛəri.ə/) is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. There are more than 20 described species and many hybrids and cultivars. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the garden strawberry, a hybrid known as Fragaria × ananassa. Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.

Description

Strawberries are not berries in the botanical sense. The fleshy and edible part of the "fruit" is a receptacle, and the parts that are sometimes mistakenly called "seeds" are achenes and therefore the true botanical fruits.

Etymology

The genus name Fragaria derives from fragum ("strawberry") and -aria, a suffix used to create feminine nouns and plant names. The Latin name is thought in turn to derive from a Proto-Indo-European language root meaning "berry", either *dʰreh₂ǵ- or *sróh₂gs. The genus name is sometimes mistakenly derived from fragro ("to be fragrant, to reek").

The English word is found in Old English as streawberige. It is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a mulch in cultivating the plants, though it has been suggested that the word is possibly derived from "strewn berry" in reference to the runners that "strew" or "stray away" from the base of the plants. Streaw in Old English means 'straw', but also streawian means 'to strew', from the same root. David Mikkelson argues that "the word 'strawberry' has been part of the English language for at least a thousand years, well before strawberries were cultivated as garden or farm edibles."

Classification

There are more than 20 different Fragaria species worldwide. A number of other species have been proposed, some of which are now recognized as subspecies. One key to the classification of strawberry species is that they vary in the number of chromosomes. They all have seven basic types of chromosomes, but exhibit different polyploidy. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total), but others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).

As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries.

The oldest fossils confidently classifiable as Fragaria are from the Miocene of Poland. Fossilised Fragaria achenes are also known from the Pliocene of China.

Diploid species

Fragaria daltoniana, a species from the Himalayas
Woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca), a Northern Hemisphere species
Flower of Fragaria nilgerrensis, an Asian species
Wild strawberries (Fragaria viridis) from Sosnovka, Penza Oblast, Russia
Fragaria viridis fruit photographed in Keila, Estonia

Tetraploid species

Pentaploid hybrids

Hexaploid species

Octoploid species and hybrids

Decaploid species and hybrids

Polyploidy unknown

Uncategorized hybrids

Ecology

A number of species of butterflies and moths feed on strawberry plants.

See also

References

  1. Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995: 606–07
  2. ^ Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  3. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia: Fragaria virginiana.
  4. De Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Brill. p. 239. ISBN 9789004167971.
  5. Ðeós wyrt ðe man fraga and óðrum naman streáwbergean nemneþ: Anglo-Saxon Leechdom
  6. Bosworth and Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
  7. "Etymology of Strawberry". Snopes.com. 5 October 2003. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  8. Darrow, G.M. (1966). The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology Archived 2013-08-26 at the Wayback Machine 3. Early History of the Strawberry: 16
  9. "Species records in the database (for the query: genus = Fragaria)". U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
  10. Darrow, George M. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. online text Archived 2013-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  11. Huang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hai; Momohara, Arata; Jia, Lin-Bo; Zhou, Zhe-Kun (March 2019). "Fruit fossils of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 57 (2): 180–189. doi:10.1111/jse.12443. ISSN 1674-4918. S2CID 89751967.
  12. Hummer, K.E. (2012). "A new species of Fragaria (Roseaceae) from Oregon". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 6 (1): 9–15. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
  13. Bors, R.H.; Sullivan, J.A. (2005). "Interspecific Hybridization of Fragaria vesca subspecies with F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, F. pentaphylla, and F. viridis" (PDF). J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130 (3): 418–423. doi:10.21273/JASHS.130.3.418.
  14. Bors, Robert H.; Sullivan, J. Alan (August 1996). "Production of Interspecific Hybrids between Hexaploid Fragaria moschata and the diploid species F. nubicola and F. viridis". HortScience. 31 (4): 610. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.31.4.610b.
  15. Karp, David (July 2006). "Berried Treasure". Smithsonian Magazine.

Further reading

  • Hogan, Sean (chief consultant) (2003), Flora: A Gardener's Encyclopedia, Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-538-1.

External links

Strawberries
Species
Hybrids: F. × ananassa
F. × bringhurstii
F. × vescana
Strawberry cultivars
Breeders
Dishes
Pest and diseases
See also
 Category: Strawberries
Taxon identifiers
Fragaria
Categories: