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| == Ideology and goals == | |||
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| Heterodox Academy does not formally define itself as conservative or centrist, describing itself as bipartisan.<ref name="Lerner" /><ref name="ObserverRichardson">{{cite web|accessdate=2019-02-28 |last1=Richardson|first1=Davis |title=Is a Red Pill Tidal Wave Brewing in Academia?|url=https://observer.com/2018/06/conservatives-centrists-grow-political-capital-at-universities/|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> ] has described them as advancing an argument that "political correctness" was a major problem on college campuses; Heterodox Academy objected to that characterization and accused the piece making it of bias.<ref name="VoxBeauchamp">{{cite web|first1=Zack|last1=Beauchamp|accessdate=2019-02-28|title=The myth of a campus free speech crisis|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/8/31/17718296/campus-free-speech-political-correctness-musa-al-gharbi|date=31 August 2018|website=Vox}}</ref> | |||
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| Nonetheless, Heterodox Academy has been identified as advancing conservative viewpoints on college campuses by playing into or presenting the argument that such views are suppressed by left-wing bias.<ref name="ObserverRichardson" /><ref name="VoxBeauchamp" /><ref name="BioDifferences">{{cite journal|first1=Agustín|last1=Fuentes|first2=Carolyn|last2=Rouse|title=New Articulations of Biological Difference in the 21st Century: A Conversation|journal=Anthropology Now|date=1 September 2016|issn=1942-8200|pages=14–25|volume=8|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19428200.2016.1242907}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Dylan|last1=Matthews|accessdate=2019-02-28|title=The Journal of Controversial Ideas is already, well, controversial. Here's a founder's defense.|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/11/19/18101600/journal-of-controversial-ideas-censorship-politically-correct-academia|date=19 November 2018|website=Vox}}</ref>{{synthesis inline|date=March 2019}} Many commentators, including ]'s Davis Richardson; Vox's Zack Beauchamp; and Chris Quintana, writing in ], have disputed Heterodox Academy's assumption that college campuses are facing a "free-speech crisis", noting the lack of data to support it and arguing that advocacy groups such as Heterodox Academy functionally do more to narrow the scope of academic debates than any of the biases they allege.<ref name="ObserverRichardson" /><ref name="VoxBeauchamp" /><ref>{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Quintana|accessdate=2019-02-28|title=The Real Free-Speech Crisis Is Professors Being Disciplined for Liberal Views, a Scholar Finds|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Real-Free-Speech-Crisis-Is/243284|newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=30 April 2018|issn=0009-5982|via=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref> Its focus on what it sees as a "campus free speech crisis" has been condemned as a ] by some commentators.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2019-02-28|last1=Liu|first1=Jasmine |title=Building a new framework for Cardinal Conversations|url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/01/29/building-a-new-framework-for-cardinal-conversations/|date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="SalonSachs">{{cite web|accessdate=2019-02-28 |last1=Sachs|first1=Jeffrey Adam |title=There is no campus free speech crisis: The right's new moral panic is largely imaginary|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/05/01/there-is-no-campus-free-speech-crisis-the-rights-new-moral-panic-is-largely-imaginary/|date=1 May 2018|website=] |type=reprint}}</ref> | |||
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| ==History== | |||
| While giving a talk at the ], ] asked the 1000-person audience to raise their hands to show their political alignment, and estimated that, while 80% signified they were ], only three identified as ]. He observed that, in similar situations, such a disparity is usually attributed to discrimination or a hostile climate.<ref name="Tierney2011">{{cite news |last1=Tierney |first1=John |authorlink1=John Tierney (journalist) |title=Social Scientist Sees Bias Within |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08tier.html |accessdate=9 March 2019 |work=] |date=February 7, 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.today/2014.08.09-082112/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08tier.html?_r=0 |archivedate=August 9, 2014}}</ref> Haidt's talk was widely-discussed among his colleagues, and he took a particular interest in a post by José Duarte, then a ] at the ]. The two decided to collaborate on a research study of political diversity within their field, along with other interested colleagues Jarret T. Crawford, Charlotta Stern, ], and ]. Their paper, "''Political diversity will improve social psychological science''", was published in the January 2015 edition of '']''.<ref name="GoldsteinGadfly">{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein|first1=Evan R. |title=The Gadfly: Can Jonathan Haidt Calm the Culture Wars? |url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Gadfly/240311|url-access=subscription |accessdate=March 6, 2019 |work=] |department=] |volume=63|issue=40 |publication-date=July 7, 2017 |date=June 11, 2017 |pages=B6–9}}</ref><ref name="BBS">{{cite journal|title=Political diversity will improve social psychological science |first1=José L.|last1=Duarte |first2=Jarret T.|last2=Crawford |first3=Charlotta|last3=Stern |first4=Jonathan|last4=Haidt|authorlink4=Jonathan Haidt |first5=Lee|last5=Jussim|authorlink5=Lee Jussim |first6=Philip E.|last6=Tetlock|authorlink6=Philip E. Tetlock |publisher=] |journal=] |volume=38 |pages=1–54|number=e130 |date=July 18, 2014|publication-date=2015 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X14000430 |pmid=25036715}}</ref><ref name="Jacoby">{{cite journal |last=Jacoby |first=Russell |authorlink=Russell Jacoby |date=April 1, 2016 |publication-date=April 8, 2016 |title=Academe Is Overrun by Liberals. So What? |journal=] |volume=62|issue=30 |pages= |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Academe-Is-Overrun-by/235898 |url-access=subscription |department=]}}</ref> | |||
| Around the time of the paper's release, Haidt was contacted by ], a ] law professor, who shared a talk he'd given to an association of legal scholars called the ] in which Rosenkranz had discussed a similar disparity in intellectual diversity within his field. The two met in New York and decided to start an association of faculty which would support political diversity. It was Rosenkranz that suggested the name "Heterodox Academy". They invited Haidt's co-authors from the research study, as well as Chris Martin from ], who had also published an article on the subject. Initial funding for the group came from the ] and The Achelis and Bodman Foundation.<ref name="GoldsteinGadfly" /><ref name="MartinInterview">{{cite web|title=Variety and Heterodox Academy: The Chris Martin Interview|url=https://thebestschools.org/diversity-heterodox-academy-chris-martin-interview/|website=TheBestSchools.org |date=August 2016 |accessdate=March 9, 2019}}</ref> | |||
| The Heterodox Academy website was launched with 25 members in September 2015. In the wake of campus freedom of speech controversies such as those surrounding ] at Yale and the ], the membership grew and the website became "a clearinghouse for data and views on academic bias, scientific integrity, and the latest campus free-speech flaps."<ref name="GoldsteinGadfly" /> | |||
| In June 2018, Heterodox Academy held an inaugural Open Mind Conference in New York City, featuring several academic guests recently involved in campus free speech or viewpoint diversity issues, like ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Rubenstein2018">{{cite news |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Adam |authorlink1=Adam Rubenstein |title=Heterodoxy Now |url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/adam-rubenstein/heterodox-academy-meet-the-academics-who-are-trying-to-save-free-speech |accessdate=1 March 2019 |publisher=] |date=June 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bartlett2018">{{cite journal |last1=Bartlett |first1=Tom |title=A Conference’s Recipe for ‘Viewpoint Diversity’: More Free Play, More John Stuart Mill |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/A-Conference-s-Recipe-for/243733 |accessdate=1 March 2019 |journal=] |date=June 21, 2018 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="Smith2018">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Emily Esfahani |title=A Movement Rises to Take Back Higher Education |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-movement-rises-to-take-back-higher-education-1529258360 |accessdate=4 March 2019 |work=] |date=June 17, 2018 |url-access=subscription |archiveurl=http://archive.today/2018.06.18-005054/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-movement-rises-to-take-back-higher-education-1529258360 |archivedate=June 18, 2018 |deadurl=}}</ref> | |||
| ==Membership== | |||
| Membership was initially open to tenured and pre-tenure professors, but has been expanded to ]s, ]s, and ]. The group has a selective membership application process, which has lead to the rejection of a few undesirable applicants. They also actively recruit to address imbalances toward any particular political ideology. In July 2017, the group had 800 members from across the political spectrum and located throughout the USA and internationally.<ref name="GoldsteinGadfly" /><ref name="Belkin2017">{{cite news |last1=Belkin |first1=Douglas |title=Colleges Pledge Tolerance for Diverse Opinions, But Skeptics Remain |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/colleges-promise-to-be-less-politically-correct-1498305600 |accessdate=4 March 2019 |work=] |date=June 24, 2017 |url-access=subscription |archiveurl=http://archive.today/2017.06.27-223331/https://www.wsj.com/articles/colleges-promise-to-be-less-politically-correct-1498305600 |archivedate=June 27, 2017 |deadurl=}}</ref> The smallest number of members are those that consider themselves conservative/right; most are moderates/centrists, liberals, or progressives.<ref name="Weiss2017">{{cite news |last1=Weiss |first1=Bari |authorlink1=Bari Weiss |title=Jonathan Haidt on the Cultural Roots of Campus Rage |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jonathan-haidt-on-the-cultural-roots-of-campus-rage-1491000676 |accessdate=4 March 2019 |work=] |date=April 14, 2017 |url-access=subscription |archiveurl=http://archive.today/2017.07.25-110507/https://www.wsj.com/articles/jonathan-haidt-on-the-cultural-roots-of-campus-rage-1491000676 |archivedate=July 25, 2017 |deadurl=}}</ref> | |||
| By February 2018, over 1500 college professors had joined Heterodox Academy, along with a couple hundred ]s.<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news|last1=Friedersdorf|first1=Conor|title=A New Leader in the Push for Diversity of Thought on Campus|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/02/a-new-leader-in-the-push-for-diversity-of-thought-on-campus/552275/|accessdate=24 May 2018|work=]|date=February 6, 2018}}</ref> As of February 2019, the organization reported that it had over 2,600 academic members and over 350 graduate affiliates.<ref name="members" /> | |||
| Notable members of the Heterodox Academy include: | |||
| {{columns-list|colwidth=35em| | |||
| * ] (founder, social psychologist)<ref name="GoldsteinGadfly" /> | |||
| * ] (founder, law professor)<ref name="GoldsteinGadfly" /> | |||
| * Debra Mashek (executive director, psychology professor)<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="Smith2018" /><ref name="Lerner" /> | |||
| * ] (social psychologist)<ref name="MartinInterview" /> | |||
| * ] (political science writer and professor)<ref name="MartinInterview" /> | |||
| * ] (linguistics professor)<ref name="Smith2018" /><ref name="BruniDangerous" /><ref name="MartinInterview" /> | |||
| * ] (social psychologist)<ref name="MartinInterview" /> | |||
| * ] (cognitive psychologist)<ref name="Smith2018" /><ref name="MartinInterview" /> | |||
| * ] (law professor, former president of the ACLU)<ref name="Smith2018" /><ref name="Rubenstein2018" /> | |||
| * ] (economist, ] winner)<ref name="Rubenstein2018" /> | |||
| * ] (political scientist)<ref name="Belkin2017" /> | |||
| * ] (sociologist)<ref name="Belkin2017" /> | |||
| * ] (legal scholar)<ref name="Smith2018" /> | |||
| }} | |||
| ==Goals and outreach== | |||
| Heterodox Academy's goal is to broaden the diversity of opinions on college and university campuses.<ref name="Belkin2017" /><ref name="BruniDangerous">{{cite news|last1=Bruni|first1=Frank|title=The Dangerous Safety of College|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/11/opinion/sunday/the-dangerous-safety-of-college.html?_r=0|accessdate=18 March 2017|work=]|date=11 March 2017}}</ref> The group's website describes its outlook and its rationale for their mission as follows: "When nearly everyone in a field shares the same political orientation, certain ideas become ], dissent is discouraged, and errors can go unchallenged."<ref name="Lerner">{{cite news|last1=Lerner|first1=Maura|title=Nurturing a new diversity on campus: 'Diversity of thought'|url=http://www.startribune.com/nurturing-a-new-diversity-on-u-campus-diversity-of-thought-to-bridge-political-differences/480416263/|accessdate=24 May 2018|work=]|date=April 24, 2018}}</ref> | |||
| To directly engage students, the Heterodox Academy created a "Viewpoint Diversity Experience" designed "to prepare students for democratic citizenship and success in the political diverse workplaces they will soon inhabit."<ref name="Roth2017">{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Michael S. |authorlink1=Michael S. Roth |title=The Opening of the Liberal Mind |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-opening-of-the-liberal-mind-1494515186 |accessdate=4 March 2019 |work=] |date=May 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription|archiveurl=http://archive.today/2017.05.11-212651/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-opening-of-the-liberal-mind-1494515186 |archivedate=May 11, 2017 |deadurl=}}</ref><ref name="Weiss2017" /> | |||
| The group produces the ''Heterodox Academy Guide to Colleges'' - a ] in which 150 prominent universities and colleges are rated on their level of support of ideological diversity and free speech based on each school's internal regulations, incidents of censorship, and the ratings of other ]-supporting groups.<ref name="Belkin2017" /><ref name="Weiss2017" /><ref name="Reason2016">{{cite web |last1=Bailey |first1=Ronald |authorlink1=Ronald Bailey |title=How Heterodox Is Your University? |url=https://reason.com/blog/2016/10/24/how-heterodox-is-your-university |publisher=] |accessdate=9 March 2019 |date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> | |||
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