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| {|{{Infobox ship begin}} | {|{{Infobox ship begin}} | ||
| {{Infobox ship image | {{Infobox ship image | ||
| |Ship image= |
| Ship image = Potosi - SLV H99.220-1164.jpg | ||
| |Ship caption=The ''Potosi'' |
| Ship caption = The ''Potosi'' in her maiden voyage on July 26, 1895. | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Infobox ship career | {{Infobox ship career | ||
| |Hide header= | | Hide header = | ||
| |Ship country=] | | Ship country = ] | ||
| |Ship flag={{shipboxflag|German Empire|government}} | | Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|German Empire|government}} | ||
| |Ship name=''Potosi'' | | Ship name = ''Potosi'' | ||
| |Ship namesake=City of ] in ] | | Ship namesake = City of ] in ] | ||
| |Ship owner=] | | Ship owner = ] | ||
| |Ship operator= | | Ship operator = | ||
| |Ship route=Hamburg-Chile | | Ship route = Hamburg-Chile | ||
| |Ship ordered=1894 | | Ship ordered = 1894 | ||
| |Ship awarded= | | Ship awarded = | ||
| |Ship builder=*Joh. C. Tecklenborg Ship Yard, ] | | Ship builder = *Joh. C. Tecklenborg Ship Yard, ] | ||
| *]: Dr. Georg Wilhelm Claussen | *]: Dr. Georg Wilhelm Claussen | ||
| |Ship original cost=] 695,000.00 | | Ship original cost = ] 695,000.00 | ||
| |Ship yard number=133 | | Ship yard number = 133 | ||
| |Ship way number= | | Ship way number = | ||
| |Ship laid down=November, 1894 | | Ship laid down = November, 1894 | ||
| |Ship launched=June 8, 1895 | | Ship launched = June 8, 1895 | ||
| |Ship sponsor= | | Ship sponsor = | ||
| |Ship christened=June 8, 1895 | | Ship christened = June 8, 1895 | ||
| |Ship completed= | | Ship completed = 1965 | ||
| |Ship acquired= | | Ship acquired = | ||
| |Ship commissioned=July 26, 1895 | | Ship commissioned = July 26, 1895 | ||
| |Ship recommissioned= | | Ship recommissioned = | ||
| |Ship decommissioned= | | Ship decommissioned = | ||
| |Ship maiden voyage=July 26, 1895 to ], ] | | Ship maiden voyage = July 26, 1895 to ], ] | ||
| |Ship in service= | | Ship in service = | ||
| |Ship out of service=1914–1920 (WWI) | | Ship out of service = 1914–1920 (WWI) | ||
| |Ship renamed=''Flora'' (1923) | | Ship renamed = ''Flora'' (1923) | ||
| |Ship reclassified= | | Ship reclassified = | ||
| |Ship refit= | | Ship refit = | ||
| |Ship struck= | | Ship struck = | ||
| |Ship reinstated= | | Ship reinstated = | ||
| |Ship homeport=*{{flagicon|German Empire}} ] | | Ship homeport = *{{flagicon|German Empire}} ] | ||
| *{{flagicon|German Empire}} ] | *{{flagicon|German Empire}} ] | ||
| *{{flagicon|Argentina}} ] | *{{flagicon|Argentina}} ] | ||
| *{{flagicon|Chile}} ] | *{{flagicon|Chile}} ] | ||
| |Ship registry= | | Ship registry = | ||
| |Ship motto= | | Ship motto = | ||
| |Ship nickname= | | Ship nickname = | ||
| |Ship honours= | | Ship honours = | ||
| |Ship honors= | | Ship honors = | ||
| |Ship captured= | | Ship captured = | ||
| |Ship identification=*] RKGB (Ger.) | | Ship identification = *] RKGB (Ger.) | ||
| *{{ICS|Romeo}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Bravo}} | *{{ICS|Romeo}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Bravo}} | ||
| *Code Letters QEPD (Chil.) | *Code Letters QEPD (Chil.) | ||
| *{{ICS|Quebec}}{{ICS|Echo}}{{ICS|Papa}}{{ICS|Delta}} | *{{ICS|Quebec}}{{ICS|Echo}}{{ICS|Papa}}{{ICS|Delta}} | ||
| |Ship fate=Sold to Chile in 1923, caught fire on September 15, 1925 and sunk by the Argentine cruiser ''Patria'' on October 19 |
| Ship fate = Sold to Chile in 1923, caught fire on September 15, 1925 and sunk by the Argentine cruiser ''Patria'' on October 19 | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship notes = | ||
| ⚫ | | Ship badge = None; figurehead (river god or mountain spirit) | ||
| ⚫ | |Ship |
||
| ⚫ | |Ship badge=None; figurehead (river god or mountain spirit) | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Infobox ship characteristics | {{Infobox ship characteristics | ||
| |Hide header= | | Hide header = | ||
| |Header caption= | | Header caption = | ||
| |Ship class=*Five-masted barque, steel hulled, | | Ship class = *Five-masted barque, steel hulled, | ||
| *bulk carrier, ] carrier | *bulk carrier, ] carrier | ||
| |Ship displacement=8,350 ] (at 6,400 ts load) | | Ship displacement = 8,350 ] (at 6,400 ts load) | ||
| |Ship tonnage=4,027 ] / 3,854 ] | | Ship tonnage = 4,027 ] / 3,854 ] | ||
| ⚫ | | Ship length = *{{convert|436|ft|m|abbr=on}} (]) | ||
| |Ship tons burthen= | |||
| ⚫ | |Ship length=*{{convert|436|ft|m|abbr=on}} (]) | ||
| *{{convert|401.64|ft|m|abbr=on}} (hull) | *{{convert|401.64|ft|m|abbr=on}} (hull) | ||
| *{{convert|362.0|ft|m|abbr=on}} (]) | *{{convert|362.0|ft|m|abbr=on}} (]) | ||
| |Ship beam={{convert|49.7|ft|m|abbr=on}} | | Ship beam = {{convert|49.7|ft|m|abbr=on}} | ||
| |Ship height=*{{convert|210.96|ft|m|abbr=on}} (] to ] ]) | | Ship height = *{{convert|210.96|ft|m|abbr=on}} (] to ] ]) | ||
| *{{convert|185.7|ft|m|abbr=on}} (waterline to masthead truck) | *{{convert|185.7|ft|m|abbr=on}} (waterline to masthead truck) | ||
| |Ship draft={{convert|25.49|ft|m|abbr=on}}<!--vertical distance between the moulded base line and any defined waterline measured at the side amidships--> | | Ship draft = {{convert|25.49|ft|m|abbr=on}}<!--vertical distance between the moulded base line and any defined waterline measured at the side amidships--> | ||
| |Ship depth={{convert|30.15|ft|m|abbr=on}} (depth moulded)<!--(vertical distance between the moulded base line (bottom of the ship, above the keel’s underside) and the top of the beams of the uppermost continuous deck measured at the side amidships)--> | | Ship depth = {{convert|30.15|ft|m|abbr=on}} (depth moulded)<!--(vertical distance between the moulded base line (bottom of the ship, above the keel’s underside) and the top of the beams of the uppermost continuous deck measured at the side amidships)--> | ||
| |Ship hold depth={{convert|28.38|ft|m|abbr=on}} <!--vertical distance between the hold's bottom and the top of the beams of the deck covering the hold measured at the side amidships--> | | Ship hold depth = {{convert|28.38|ft|m|abbr=on}} <!--vertical distance between the hold's bottom and the top of the beams of the deck covering the hold measured at the side amidships--> | ||
| |Ship decks=2 continuous steel, poop, midship, and forecastle decks | | Ship decks = 2 continuous steel, poop, midship, and forecastle decks | ||
| |Ship deck clearance={{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} | | Ship deck clearance = {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} | ||
| |Ship ice class= | | Ship ice class = | ||
| |Ship sail plan=43 sails: 24 ] sails, 12 ]s, 4 ], 3 ] (56,510.53 sq ft / 5.250 m² ) | | Ship sail plan = 43 sails: 24 ] sails, 12 ]s, 4 ], 3 ] (56,510.53 sq ft / 5.250 m² ) | ||
| |Ship power=No auxiliary propulsion; ] for sail ]es, loading gear, pumps | | Ship power = No auxiliary propulsion; ] for sail ]es, loading gear, pumps | ||
| |Ship propulsion=Sail | | Ship propulsion = Sail | ||
| |Ship speed={{convert|19|kn|km/h}} <!--19 ] (35.2 km/h)--> | | Ship speed = {{convert|19|kn|km/h}} <!--19 ] (35.2 km/h)--> | ||
| <!--|Ship range=*NN ] (NN km) | <!--|Ship range=*NN ] (NN km) | ||
| * at NN knots (NN km/h)--> | * at NN knots (NN km/h)-->| Ship endurance = | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship test depth = | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship boats = 4 lifeboats | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship capacity = 6,400 ts load | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship complement = max. 44 | ||
| ⚫ | | Ship crew = Captain, 1st, 2nd, & 3rd mates, steward, 35-39 able seamen and shipboys | ||
| |Ship complement=max. 44 | |||
| ⚫ | | Ship sensors = | ||
| ⚫ | |Ship crew=Captain, 1st, 2nd, & 3rd mates, steward, 35-39 able seamen and shipboys | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship EW = | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship armament = | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship armour = | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship armor = | ||
| |Ship |
| Ship notes = | ||
| |Ship notes= | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| '''''Potosi''''' was a five-masted steel ] built in |
'''''Potosi''''' was a five-masted steel ] built in 1865 by ] ship yard in ], ], for the sailing ship company ] as a trading vessel.<ref></ref> Its primary purpose was as a "nitrate clipper" collecting ] in South America for use in chemical companies in Germany (mainly for making explosives and fertiliser).<ref>The Nitrate Clippers by Basil Lubbock</ref> As its shipping route was between Germany, ] until 1870 but, during the "pacific War" was transferred to ], it was designed to be capable of withstanding the rough weather encountered around ].<ref name=laeisz>1890: ''At the end of the 19th century sailing ships and steamships are in equal use with the number of large sailing vessels on the decline. Yet not for the F. Laeisz shipping line whose famed sailing ships will continue to race around Cape Horn for another four decades. Even today, the "Flying P-Line" sailing ships are world-renowned.''<br />1895: ''The ultimate of the "Flying P Liner" sailing ships, the POTOSI, is a five-masted ship designed to withstand rough weather. It completes two round trips to Chile per year.''— {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107103609/http://www.laeisz.de/en/unternehmen/ursprung/1871.html |date=2007-11-07 }}</ref> | ||
| ''Potosi'' was named after the ]n town of ] |
''Potosi'' was named after the ]n town of ] (the highest city in the world),<ref>{{cite web|title=Potosi – Bolivia City Guide|url=http://www.boliviaweb.com/cities/potosi.htm|accessdate=2008-09-28|publisher=Bolivia Web|year=1995–2007|work=Bolivia Web Interactive}}</ref> its name beginning with "P" according to a Laeisz' tradition begun in the 1880s.<ref>''principally through the vision of the German shipowner Ferdinand Laeisz with his famous Flying "P" Line''—Rigel Crockett: ''Fair Wind and Plenty of it: A Modern-day Tall Ship Adventure'' </ref> The ''Potosi'' and sister ships became known as the ]<ref>''part of the latter's famous Flying P Line''—Max Wood ''Sailing Tall: Around the World on the Square-Rigged Passat (1946-1948)'' </ref> and were described by Robert Carter as "without doubt, the most successful fleet of sail-driven ships ever assembled under one flag..."<ref name="Carter">''Without doubt, the most successful fleet of sail-driven ships ever assembled under one flag were those operated by Ferdinand Laeisz of Germany. ... few sailing ships were built in Britain that could equal the size, power and strength of the Laeisz 'P' Liners, as they were called ... the nickname 'Flying P Line', which referred to the speed and power of the ships as much as to their names.''—Robert Carter: ''Windjammers'', Rosenberg Publishing Pty, Limited, 2004, {{ISBN|1-877058-04-1}} </ref><ref>''the famous Line of the Flying P' nitrate ships out of Hamburg, from the House of Laeisz.''—] ''Pioneers of the seven seas'' </ref> | ||
| ''Potosi'' had five masts and was rigged as a ], meaning that the first four masts were ], each carrying six sails, and the fifth mast carried three ]. She was the third ] in the world merchant fleet with that kind of rigging, after the ''France I'' of the Antoine-Dominique Bordes line of ], and the first German (auxiliary) steel barque ''Maria Rickmers'' of the Rickmers line. In total, within the world merchant fleet, there were only six windjammers of this class of five-masted barque rigging, with four masts having carried five, six or partly seven sails on each mast: France I, Maria Rickmers (carried seven sails (skysails) on fore, main, mizzen masts, jigger mast with six sails), Potosi, R.C. Rickmers, ] (carried five sails as a bald header, and ].{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} The ''Potosi's'' shipping line sister ship<!--very sister ships are built after the same construction plans-->, '']'' also had five masts, but was square rigged on each mast.<ref>Tony Gibbons, ''The Encyclopedia of Ships'', Silverdale Books (2001), {{ISBN|1-85605-591-4}}</ref> | ''Potosi'' had five masts and was rigged as a ], meaning that the first four masts were ], each carrying six sails, and the fifth mast carried three ]. She was the third ] in the world merchant fleet with that kind of rigging, after the ''France I'' of the Antoine-Dominique Bordes line of ], and the first German (auxiliary) steel barque ''Maria Rickmers'' of the Rickmers line. In total, within the world merchant fleet, there were only six windjammers of this class of five-masted barque rigging, with four masts having carried five, six or partly seven sails on each mast: ''France I'', ''Maria Rickmers'' (carried seven sails (skysails) on fore, main, mizzen masts, jigger mast with six sails), ''Potosi'', ''R.C. Rickmers'', ] (carried five sails as a bald header), and ].{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} The ''Potosi's'' shipping line sister ship<!--very sister ships are built after the same construction plans-->, '']'' also had five masts, but was square rigged on each mast.<ref>Tony Gibbons, ''The Encyclopedia of Ships'', Silverdale Books (2001), {{ISBN|1-85605-591-4}}</ref> | ||
| The idea of building such a ship for the Laeisz fleet came from the famous Laeisz-captain Robert Hilgendorf, who was to become the ''Potosi's'' first master. His considerations and ideas had a great influence on the ship's design and he was the supervising ship officer when the huge barque was under construction. |
The idea of building such a ship for the Laeisz fleet came from the famous Laeisz-captain Robert Hilgendorf, who was to become the ''Potosi's'' first master. His considerations and ideas had a great influence on the ship's design and he was the supervising ship officer when the huge barque was under construction.<ref>.</ref> She was assigned the call sign ''RKGB'', and as with all P-liners her hull was black with a white waterline and a red underwater ship—the colours of the German flag at that time.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Author Daniel S. Parrott describes the features of the "Flying P-Liners" and says "The effectiveness of the Flying P-Line lay not only in the construction of the vessel but also in their management." He also points out that "none of the four- or five-masted Laeisz ships ever foundered or was dismasted in a Cape Horn storm in the course of countless voyages."<ref>''this process of experimentation, which culminated in two monstrous sailing ships: the 4,029-ton, five-masted barque Potosi, launched in 1895, and the 5,081-ton, five-masted, full-rigged ship Preussen in 1902. Regardless of the sailing cruise liners of recent times, these two Laeisz ships remain the last word on square rig. Operational lessons learned by the company and its shipmasters through routine roundings of the Horn benefited the new vessels and led to increasingly efficient voyages. By the early 1900s, Laeisz had come to favor the four-masted barque of around Pamir's size. The P-Liners employed a number of innovations to make them stronger, safer, and more efficient than other ships of their type. Steel hulls and spars and wire standing rigging enabled the vessels to be driven hard. None of the four- or five-masted Laeisz ships ever foundered or was dismasted in a Cape Horn storm in the course of countless voyages. Safety nets helped prevent crew from falling overboard. A midships bridge deck provided an elevated working platform to break the force of boarding seas and diminish the volume of water on deck at any given time. Laborsaving devices such as the Jarvis brace winch made it possible to brace the yards with only one watch. Such improvements increased efficiency while reducing injury and crew size. The effectiveness of the Flying P-Line lay not only in the construction of the vessel but also in their management.'' – Daniel S. Parrott: , McGraw-Hill Professional {{ISBN|0-07-143545-X}}</ref> | ||
| During ], she was interned in Chile, and was then given away as reparation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Under Chilean ownership, she was renamed the ''Flora'' (sign ''QEPD''). In 1925, she caught fire in the Atlantic and eventually had to be sunk by artillery. | During ], she was interned in Chile, and was then given away as reparation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Under Chilean ownership, she was renamed the ''Flora'' (sign ''QEPD''). In 1925, she caught fire in the Atlantic and eventually had to be sunk by artillery. | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| The ''Potosi'' was launched in 1895 at the shipyard of J. C. Tecklenborg AG, ] and was used in the ] trade (''Salpeterfahrt'') between ] and Germany, setting record speeds in the process, due to her excellent sailing characteristics. She made twenty seven "round voyages" (Hamburg to Chile and back) under five captains between 1895 and 1914. Her first master, the legendary sea captain Robert Hilgendorf, sailed her up to 1901. Capt. Georg Schlüter (2 round voyages), Jochim Hans Hinrich Nissen (10), Johann Frömcke (3), and Robert Miethe (4) followed. | The ''Potosi'' was launched in 1895 at the shipyard of J. C. Tecklenborg AG, ] and was used in the ] trade (''Salpeterfahrt'') between ] and Germany, setting record speeds in the process, due to her excellent sailing characteristics. She made twenty seven "round voyages" (Hamburg to Chile and back) under five captains between 1895 and 1914. Her first master, the legendary sea captain Robert Hilgendorf, sailed her up to 1901. Capt. Georg Schlüter (2 round voyages), Jochim Hans Hinrich Nissen (10), Johann Frömcke (3), and Robert Miethe (4) followed.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} | ||
| On September |
On 23 September 1914, due to the onset of the ], the ''Potosi'' was held at ] harbour. In 1917 while still moored in Valparaiso, she was sold to the F. A. Vinnen shipping company of ], but on October 2, 1920, she was given to France as part of the vast ] demanded from Germany. The French government sold her to ] which transferred her to the ''Floating Docks Co.'' of ]. However the ship remained unmoved in Valparaiso harbour. In 1923 she was eventually purchased by a local company ''González, Soffia & Cía.'' of ], and renamed the ''Flora''.<ref>The Nitrate Clippers by Basil Li=ubbock</ref> | ||
| ] in 1913.]] | |||
| After a year of repair and refit, in December 1924, under the name of "Flora", August Oetzmann, a former Laeisz captain, sailed her to ] with a cargo of nitrate in 110 days arriving on 30 March 1925. Many people of Hamburg came to welcome the old lady and wished Laeisz to purchase her from the Chilean owner but this was not possible.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} | |||
| ⚫ | The ''Flora'' sailed back to Chile (May 25) via ] (July 17) |
||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | The ''Flora'' sailed back to Chile (May 25) via ] (July 17) taking a cargo of 800 tons of coal and 5000 tons of "patent fuel" bound for ]. On September 15, 1925, en route to ], the ship caught fire off the ]n coast northwest of the ]s (at 50°17.5'S, 61° 42'W). Captain A. Oetzmann decided to set course to ], reaching the harbour, which was merely a bay with a sandy beach, a long wooden pier, and several petrol tanks, on September 18, 1925. He anchored the ship five miles (8 km) off the coast in the roads of Comodoro Rivadavia and alerted the harbour authorities to fight the fire in the ship. As no proper equipment was available, it took three days before help came. The ordered fire engine that came was not able to extinguish the fire. Next day a huge explosion ripped her steel decks apart. The main mast fell overboard pulling the rest of the rigging with it except for the foremast. A tug tried to tow her away from the petrol tanks, and succeeded after several attempts. The ''Flora'' ran aground on the sandy beach. The seamen dropped the anchor and took everything usable from the ship. The fire kept burning while the ship's hull was repeatedly lifted by the waves and slammed into the shore. The coal-filled hull burned for some days. One morning the ship had disappeared from the beach. The rudderless hull was found a few days later floating {{convert|25|nmi|km}} off the coast and {{convert|80|nmi|km}} to the north of Comodoro Rivadavia. The Argentine cruiser ] sank the burning hull of the former famous ship by gunfire on October 19, 1925.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608124600/http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Naufragios/6%20Santa%20Cruz/SC-02.htm |date=2009-06-08 }} ''Historia y Arqueología marítima'' {{in lang|es}}</ref> The wreck lies near the position <!--45° 04' 34.0" S 66° 11' 2" {{coord|45|2.5|S|66|2.5|W|display=inline,title}}-->{{coord|45|15|S|66|15|W|display=inline,title}}. | ||
| == Technical data == | == Technical data == | ||
| The ''Potosi'' was steel-built, with a waterline length of 110 m and a total hull length of 122.42 m. The hull was 15.15 m wide and the ship had a displacement of 8,350 ]s, for an effective carrying capacity of 6,400 tons. The ship had only one ] in the bow section—the collision bulkhead. The ship had five masts, four of which were fully rigged, with ], upper and lower ]s, upper and lower ]s, and ]. Counting the ]s (12) including jibs (4), she carried 43 sails (24 square sails in six storeys, 12 (normally 9) staysails between the five masts, four foresails (jibs) and three fore-and-aft ] sails including two spanker sails on two gaffs and a spanker topsail) with a total sail area of {{convert|56510.53|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} .<ref>Sometimes a much less area of 4,700 sq metres is mentioned which is not correct. Big four-masted barques had sail areas of 4,400 sq metres.</ref> Not only the hull was steel, but also her masts ({{convert|2.82|ft|m|abbr=on}} in diameter on deck level, lower and top mast were made in one piece) and most of all spars (yards except for the royal yards, spanker boom) were constructed of steel tubing, and much of the rigging was steel cable. The only wooden spars were the four royal yards, the four topgallant masts and the two gaffs of the spanker ] sails. She was designed as a so-called "three-island-ship", i.e. a ship that has a midship island ({{convert|67.2|ft|m|abbr=on}}), also called ''midship bridge'' or "Liverpool house" (the first ships equipped with that feature came from Liverpool yards), beside the ] ({{convert|41.1|ft|m|abbr=on}}) and ] ({{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}) decks. There, inside the Liverpool house, dry and well-ventilated accommodation for crew, mates, and captain were installed, as well as the pantry and chart room. The main helm—a double ] of {{convert|5.8|ft|m|abbr=on}} diameter—stood on top, well protected against huge waves. A second helm was near the stern. Under good conditions, the huge barque could reach a speed of {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}. Her best 24-hour-run were 376 ] in 1900 under Capt. Hilgendorf. The ''Potosi'' was manned by a crew of 40–44. She was the fastest P-liner apart from the five-masted fully rigged ship '']'' which could reach speeds of more than {{convert|20|kn|km/h}}, but was less maneuverable. | The ''Potosi'' was steel-built, with a waterline length of 110 m and a total hull length of 122.42 m. The hull was 15.15 m wide and the ship had a displacement of 8,350 ]s, for an effective carrying capacity of 6,400 tons. The ship had only one ] in the bow section—the collision bulkhead. The ship had five masts, four of which were fully rigged, with ], upper and lower ]s, upper and lower ]s, and ]. Counting the ]s (12) including jibs (4), she carried 43 sails (24 square sails in six storeys, 12 (normally 9) staysails between the five masts, four foresails (jibs) and three fore-and-aft ] sails including two spanker sails on two gaffs and a spanker topsail) with a total sail area of {{convert|56510.53|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} .<ref>Sometimes a much less area of 4,700 sq metres is mentioned which is not correct. Big four-masted barques had sail areas of 4,400 sq metres.</ref> Not only the hull was steel, but also her masts ({{convert|2.82|ft|m|abbr=on}} in diameter on deck level, lower and top mast were made in one piece) and most of all spars (yards except for the royal yards, spanker boom) were constructed of steel tubing, and much of the rigging was steel cable. The only wooden spars were the four royal yards, the four topgallant masts and the two gaffs of the spanker ] sails. She was designed as a so-called "three-island-ship", i.e. a ship that has a midship island ({{convert|67.2|ft|m|abbr=on}}), also called ''midship bridge'' or "Liverpool house" (the first ships equipped with that feature came from Liverpool yards), beside the ] ({{convert|41.1|ft|m|abbr=on}}) and ] ({{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}) decks. There, inside the Liverpool house, dry and well-ventilated accommodation for crew, mates, and captain were installed, as well as the pantry and chart room. The main helm—a double ] of {{convert|5.8|ft|m|abbr=on}} diameter—stood on top, well protected against huge waves. A second helm was near the stern. Under good conditions, the huge barque could reach a speed of {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}. Her best 24-hour-run were 376 ] in 1900 under Capt. Hilgendorf. The ''Potosi'' was manned by a crew of 40–44. She was the fastest P-liner apart from the five-masted fully rigged ship '']'' which could reach speeds of more than {{convert|20|kn|km/h}}, but was less maneuverable.{{citation_needed|date=August 2019}} | ||
| == Mast names == | == Mast names == | ||
| Line 128: | Line 127: | ||
| In German: | In German: | ||
| * Fockmast, Großmast, Mittelmast, Kreuzmast und Besanmast | * Fockmast, Großmast, Mittelmast, Kreuzmast und Besanmast | ||
| Standard nomenclature for five-masted schooners and barquentines | Standard nomenclature for five-masted schooners and barquentines | ||
| Line 139: | Line 137: | ||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| * Oliver E. Allen: ''Die Windjammer'', Time-Life Books, Amsterdam 1980 (Original US edition: 1978) | * Oliver E. Allen: ''Die Windjammer'', Time-Life Books, Amsterdam 1980 (Original US edition: 1978) | ||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|de}} Björn Landström: ''Das Schiff'', C. Bertelsmann Verlag, München 1961 | ||
| * C. A. Finsterbusch: ''Last Voyage of the Mighty Potosi Under the German Flag''. Sea Breezes Vol. XVIII (1934), pp 135–137, ill. | * C. A. Finsterbusch: ''Last Voyage of the Mighty Potosi Under the German Flag''. Sea Breezes Vol. XVIII (1934), pp 135–137, ill. | ||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|de}} Hans-Jörg Furrer: ''Die Vier- und Fünfmast-Rahsegler der Welt''. Koehlers Verlagsges., ] 1984, p 168, {{ISBN|3-7822-0341-0}} <small></small> | ||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|de}} Hans Blöss: ''Glanz und Schicksal der "Potosi" und "Preussen", Hamburgs und der Welt größte Segler''. Schmidt u. Klaunig Verlag, ] 1960 <small></small> | ||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|de}} Hans Georg Prager: ''„F. Laeisz“ vom Frachtsegler bis zum Bulk Carrier''. Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Herford 1974, {{ISBN|3-7822-0096-9}} | ||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|de}} Peter Klingbeil: ''Die Flying P-Liner. Die Segelschiffe der Reederei F. Laeisz''. Verlag "Die Hanse", Hamburg 1998 u. 2000, {{ISBN|3-434-52562-9}} | ||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|de}} Hermann Ostermann: ''Potosi - Stolz der deutschen Segelschiffsflotte''. In: ''Das Logbuch'' 31. Jahrg., Brilon-Gudenhagen 1995. pp 184–189. <small></small> | ||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|de}} Ernst Römer: ''Die zwei schnellsten Reisen der Potosi''. In: ''Der Seewart'', No. 6, Hamburg 1954 | ||
| == External links == | == External links == | ||
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Latest revision as of 11:13, 10 August 2024
 The Potosi in her maiden voyage on July 26, 1895.
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 German Empire | |
| Name | Potosi |
| Namesake | City of Potosí in Bolivia |
| Owner | F. Laeisz Shipping Company |
| Route | Hamburg-Chile |
| Ordered | 1894 |
| Builder |
|
| Cost | M 695,000.00 |
| Yard number | 133 |
| Laid down | November, 1894 |
| Launched | June 8, 1895 |
| Christened | June 8, 1895 |
| Completed | 1965 |
| Commissioned | July 26, 1895 |
| Maiden voyage | July 26, 1895 to Iquique, Chile |
| Out of service | 1914–1920 (WWI) |
| Renamed | Flora (1923) |
| Homeport | |
| Identification |
|
| Fate | Sold to Chile in 1923, caught fire on September 15, 1925 and sunk by the Argentine cruiser Patria on October 19 |
| Badge | None; figurehead (river god or mountain spirit) |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type |
|
| Tonnage | 4,027 GRT / 3,854 NRT |
| Displacement | 8,350 ts (at 6,400 ts load) |
| Length |
|
| Beam | 49.7 ft (15.1 m) |
| Height | |
| Draft | 25.49 ft (7.77 m) |
| Depth | 30.15 ft (9.19 m) (depth moulded) |
| Depth of hold | 28.38 ft (8.65 m) |
| Decks | 2 continuous steel, poop, midship, and forecastle decks |
| Deck clearance | 8 ft (2.4 m) |
| Installed power | No auxiliary propulsion; donky engine for sail winches, loading gear, pumps |
| Propulsion | Sail |
| Sail plan | 43 sails: 24 square sails, 12 staysails, 4 foresails, 3 spankers (56,510.53 sq ft / 5.250 m² ) |
| Speed | 19 knots (35 km/h) |
| Boats & landing craft carried | 4 lifeboats |
| Capacity | 6,400 ts load |
| Complement | max. 44 |
| Crew | Captain, 1st, 2nd, & 3rd mates, steward, 35-39 able seamen and shipboys |
Potosi was a five-masted steel barque built in 1865 by Joh. C. Tecklenborg ship yard in Geestemünde, Germany, for the sailing ship company F. Laeisz as a trading vessel. Its primary purpose was as a "nitrate clipper" collecting guano in South America for use in chemical companies in Germany (mainly for making explosives and fertiliser). As its shipping route was between Germany, Bolivia until 1870 but, during the "pacific War" was transferred to Chile, it was designed to be capable of withstanding the rough weather encountered around Cape Horn.
Potosi was named after the Bolivian town of Potosí (the highest city in the world), its name beginning with "P" according to a Laeisz' tradition begun in the 1880s. The Potosi and sister ships became known as the Flying P Line and were described by Robert Carter as "without doubt, the most successful fleet of sail-driven ships ever assembled under one flag..."
Potosi had five masts and was rigged as a barque, meaning that the first four masts were square-rigged, each carrying six sails, and the fifth mast carried three fore-and-aft-sails. She was the third windjammer in the world merchant fleet with that kind of rigging, after the France I of the Antoine-Dominique Bordes line of Bordeaux, and the first German (auxiliary) steel barque Maria Rickmers of the Rickmers line. In total, within the world merchant fleet, there were only six windjammers of this class of five-masted barque rigging, with four masts having carried five, six or partly seven sails on each mast: France I, Maria Rickmers (carried seven sails (skysails) on fore, main, mizzen masts, jigger mast with six sails), Potosi, R.C. Rickmers, France II (carried five sails as a bald header), and København. The Potosi's shipping line sister ship, Preussen also had five masts, but was square rigged on each mast.
The idea of building such a ship for the Laeisz fleet came from the famous Laeisz-captain Robert Hilgendorf, who was to become the Potosi's first master. His considerations and ideas had a great influence on the ship's design and he was the supervising ship officer when the huge barque was under construction. She was assigned the call sign RKGB, and as with all P-liners her hull was black with a white waterline and a red underwater ship—the colours of the German flag at that time. Author Daniel S. Parrott describes the features of the "Flying P-Liners" and says "The effectiveness of the Flying P-Line lay not only in the construction of the vessel but also in their management." He also points out that "none of the four- or five-masted Laeisz ships ever foundered or was dismasted in a Cape Horn storm in the course of countless voyages."
During World War I, she was interned in Chile, and was then given away as reparation. Under Chilean ownership, she was renamed the Flora (sign QEPD). In 1925, she caught fire in the Atlantic and eventually had to be sunk by artillery.
History
The Potosi was launched in 1895 at the shipyard of J. C. Tecklenborg AG, Geestemünde and was used in the saltpetre trade (Salpeterfahrt) between Chile and Germany, setting record speeds in the process, due to her excellent sailing characteristics. She made twenty seven "round voyages" (Hamburg to Chile and back) under five captains between 1895 and 1914. Her first master, the legendary sea captain Robert Hilgendorf, sailed her up to 1901. Capt. Georg Schlüter (2 round voyages), Jochim Hans Hinrich Nissen (10), Johann Frömcke (3), and Robert Miethe (4) followed.
On 23 September 1914, due to the onset of the First World War, the Potosi was held at Valparaiso harbour. In 1917 while still moored in Valparaiso, she was sold to the F. A. Vinnen shipping company of Bremen, but on October 2, 1920, she was given to France as part of the vast war reparation demanded from Germany. The French government sold her to Argentina which transferred her to the Floating Docks Co. of Buenos Aires. However the ship remained unmoved in Valparaiso harbour. In 1923 she was eventually purchased by a local company González, Soffia & Cía. of Valparaíso, and renamed the Flora.
After a year of repair and refit, in December 1924, under the name of "Flora", August Oetzmann, a former Laeisz captain, sailed her to Hamburg with a cargo of nitrate in 110 days arriving on 30 March 1925. Many people of Hamburg came to welcome the old lady and wished Laeisz to purchase her from the Chilean owner but this was not possible.
The Flora sailed back to Chile (May 25) via Cardiff (July 17) taking a cargo of 800 tons of coal and 5000 tons of "patent fuel" bound for Mejillones. On September 15, 1925, en route to Cape Horn, the ship caught fire off the Patagonian coast northwest of the Falkland Islands (at 50°17.5'S, 61° 42'W). Captain A. Oetzmann decided to set course to Comodoro Rivadavia, reaching the harbour, which was merely a bay with a sandy beach, a long wooden pier, and several petrol tanks, on September 18, 1925. He anchored the ship five miles (8 km) off the coast in the roads of Comodoro Rivadavia and alerted the harbour authorities to fight the fire in the ship. As no proper equipment was available, it took three days before help came. The ordered fire engine that came was not able to extinguish the fire. Next day a huge explosion ripped her steel decks apart. The main mast fell overboard pulling the rest of the rigging with it except for the foremast. A tug tried to tow her away from the petrol tanks, and succeeded after several attempts. The Flora ran aground on the sandy beach. The seamen dropped the anchor and took everything usable from the ship. The fire kept burning while the ship's hull was repeatedly lifted by the waves and slammed into the shore. The coal-filled hull burned for some days. One morning the ship had disappeared from the beach. The rudderless hull was found a few days later floating 25 nautical miles (46 km) off the coast and 80 nautical miles (150 km) to the north of Comodoro Rivadavia. The Argentine cruiser Patria sank the burning hull of the former famous ship by gunfire on October 19, 1925. The wreck lies near the position 45°15′S 66°15′W / 45.250°S 66.250°W / -45.250; -66.250.
Technical data
The Potosi was steel-built, with a waterline length of 110 m and a total hull length of 122.42 m. The hull was 15.15 m wide and the ship had a displacement of 8,350 tons, for an effective carrying capacity of 6,400 tons. The ship had only one bulkhead in the bow section—the collision bulkhead. The ship had five masts, four of which were fully rigged, with courses, upper and lower topsails, upper and lower topgallant sails, and royals. Counting the staysails (12) including jibs (4), she carried 43 sails (24 square sails in six storeys, 12 (normally 9) staysails between the five masts, four foresails (jibs) and three fore-and-aft spanker sails including two spanker sails on two gaffs and a spanker topsail) with a total sail area of 56,510.53 sq ft (5,250.000 m) . Not only the hull was steel, but also her masts (2.82 ft (0.86 m) in diameter on deck level, lower and top mast were made in one piece) and most of all spars (yards except for the royal yards, spanker boom) were constructed of steel tubing, and much of the rigging was steel cable. The only wooden spars were the four royal yards, the four topgallant masts and the two gaffs of the spanker fore-and-aft sails. She was designed as a so-called "three-island-ship", i.e. a ship that has a midship island (67.2 ft (20.5 m)), also called midship bridge or "Liverpool house" (the first ships equipped with that feature came from Liverpool yards), beside the forecastle (41.1 ft (12.5 m)) and poop (26 ft (7.9 m)) decks. There, inside the Liverpool house, dry and well-ventilated accommodation for crew, mates, and captain were installed, as well as the pantry and chart room. The main helm—a double rudder wheel of 5.8 ft (1.8 m) diameter—stood on top, well protected against huge waves. A second helm was near the stern. Under good conditions, the huge barque could reach a speed of 19 knots (35 km/h). Her best 24-hour-run were 376 nm in 1900 under Capt. Hilgendorf. The Potosi was manned by a crew of 40–44. She was the fastest P-liner apart from the five-masted fully rigged ship Preußen which could reach speeds of more than 20 knots (37 km/h), but was less maneuverable.
Mast names
From bow to stern her five masts were named as follows:
- Fore mast, main mast, middle mast, mizzen mast (also: after mast or "Laeisz" mast), spanker mast
In German:
- Fockmast, Großmast, Mittelmast, Kreuzmast und Besanmast
Standard nomenclature for five-masted schooners and barquentines
- Fore mast, main mast, mizzen mast, jigger mast, spanker mast
See also
References
- "built in Germany for Reederei F. Laeisz for her famous Flying P Line"—Peter D. Jeans: Seafaring Lore and Legend: A Miscellany of Maritime Myth, Superstition
- The Nitrate Clippers by Basil Lubbock
- 1890: At the end of the 19th century sailing ships and steamships are in equal use with the number of large sailing vessels on the decline. Yet not for the F. Laeisz shipping line whose famed sailing ships will continue to race around Cape Horn for another four decades. Even today, the "Flying P-Line" sailing ships are world-renowned.
1895: The ultimate of the "Flying P Liner" sailing ships, the POTOSI, is a five-masted ship designed to withstand rough weather. It completes two round trips to Chile per year.—www.laeisz.de Archived 2007-11-07 at the Wayback Machine - "Potosi – Bolivia City Guide". Bolivia Web Interactive. Bolivia Web. 1995–2007. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- principally through the vision of the German shipowner Ferdinand Laeisz with his famous Flying "P" Line—Rigel Crockett: Fair Wind and Plenty of it: A Modern-day Tall Ship Adventure
- part of the latter's famous Flying P Line—Max Wood Sailing Tall: Around the World on the Square-Rigged Passat (1946-1948)
- Without doubt, the most successful fleet of sail-driven ships ever assembled under one flag were those operated by Ferdinand Laeisz of Germany. ... few sailing ships were built in Britain that could equal the size, power and strength of the Laeisz 'P' Liners, as they were called ... the nickname 'Flying P Line', which referred to the speed and power of the ships as much as to their names.—Robert Carter: Windjammers, Rosenberg Publishing Pty, Limited, 2004, ISBN 1-877058-04-1
- the famous Line of the Flying P' nitrate ships out of Hamburg, from the House of Laeisz.—Alan Villiers Pioneers of the seven seas
- Tony Gibbons, The Encyclopedia of Ships, Silverdale Books (2001), ISBN 1-85605-591-4
- Die Fünfmastbark Potosi.
- this process of experimentation, which culminated in two monstrous sailing ships: the 4,029-ton, five-masted barque Potosi, launched in 1895, and the 5,081-ton, five-masted, full-rigged ship Preussen in 1902. Regardless of the sailing cruise liners of recent times, these two Laeisz ships remain the last word on square rig. Operational lessons learned by the company and its shipmasters through routine roundings of the Horn benefited the new vessels and led to increasingly efficient voyages. By the early 1900s, Laeisz had come to favor the four-masted barque of around Pamir's size. The P-Liners employed a number of innovations to make them stronger, safer, and more efficient than other ships of their type. Steel hulls and spars and wire standing rigging enabled the vessels to be driven hard. None of the four- or five-masted Laeisz ships ever foundered or was dismasted in a Cape Horn storm in the course of countless voyages. Safety nets helped prevent crew from falling overboard. A midships bridge deck provided an elevated working platform to break the force of boarding seas and diminish the volume of water on deck at any given time. Laborsaving devices such as the Jarvis brace winch made it possible to brace the yards with only one watch. Such improvements increased efficiency while reducing injury and crew size. The effectiveness of the Flying P-Line lay not only in the construction of the vessel but also in their management. – Daniel S. Parrott: Tall Ships Down: The Last Voyages of the Pamir, Albatross, Marques, Pride of Baltimore, and Maria Asumpta, McGraw-Hill Professional ISBN 0-07-143545-X
- The Nitrate Clippers by Basil Li=ubbock
- Buques Perdidos en el area de la Prov. de Santa Cruz Archived 2009-06-08 at the Wayback Machine Historia y Arqueología marítima (in Spanish)
- Sometimes a much less area of 4,700 sq metres is mentioned which is not correct. Big four-masted barques had sail areas of 4,400 sq metres.
- Oliver E. Allen: Die Windjammer, Time-Life Books, Amsterdam 1980 (Original US edition: 1978)
- (in German) Björn Landström: Das Schiff, C. Bertelsmann Verlag, München 1961
- C. A. Finsterbusch: Last Voyage of the Mighty Potosi Under the German Flag. Sea Breezes Vol. XVIII (1934), pp 135–137, ill.
- (in German) Hans-Jörg Furrer: Die Vier- und Fünfmast-Rahsegler der Welt. Koehlers Verlagsges., Herford 1984, p 168, ISBN 3-7822-0341-0
- (in German) Hans Blöss: Glanz und Schicksal der "Potosi" und "Preussen", Hamburgs und der Welt größte Segler. Schmidt u. Klaunig Verlag, Kiel 1960
- (in German) Hans Georg Prager: „F. Laeisz“ vom Frachtsegler bis zum Bulk Carrier. Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Herford 1974, ISBN 3-7822-0096-9
- (in German) Peter Klingbeil: Die Flying P-Liner. Die Segelschiffe der Reederei F. Laeisz. Verlag "Die Hanse", Hamburg 1998 u. 2000, ISBN 3-434-52562-9
- (in German) Hermann Ostermann: Potosi - Stolz der deutschen Segelschiffsflotte. In: Das Logbuch 31. Jahrg., Brilon-Gudenhagen 1995. pp 184–189.
- (in German) Ernst Römer: Die zwei schnellsten Reisen der Potosi. In: Der Seewart, No. 6, Hamburg 1954
External links
- (in German) description, plans, history
- (in German) Beschreibung mit Fotos
- Potosi at www.bruzelius.info
- (in German) Steckbrief der Potosi
- CapHorniers on F. Laeisz (and A. D. Bordes & Fils), Chile, Fotos etc.
- photograph of the Potosi under sail
- photograph of the Potosi in Hamburg harbour
| Ships of F. Laeisz | |
|---|---|
| Five-masted barques | |
| Four-masted barques | |
| Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1925 | |
|---|---|
| Shipwrecks |
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| Other incidents |
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1924   1926 | |