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{{Infobox organization {{Short description|International conservation organization}}
{{Advert|date=December 2023}}{{Infobox organization
| name = African Wildlife Foundation
| name = African Wildlife Foundation
| bgcolor = <!-- header background color -->
| image =
| fgcolor = <!-- header text color -->
| image_border =
| image = African wildlife foundation logo.gif
| image_border = | size = 164px
| alt = <!-- alt text; see ] -->
| size = 164px
| caption =
| alt = <!-- alt text; see ] -->
| map = <!-- optional -->
| caption =
| map = <!-- optional --> | msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px -->
| msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px --> | malt = <!-- map alt text -->
| malt = <!-- map alt text --> | mcaption = <!-- optional -->
| map2 =
| mcaption = <!-- optional -->
| abbreviation =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = | predecessor =
| successor =
| motto = To ensure the wildlife and wild lands of Africa will endure forever
| formation = 1961
| predecessor =
| extinction = <!-- date of extinction, optional -->
| successor =
| type = ]
| formation = 1961
| extinction = <!-- date of extinction, optional --> | status = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc -->
| purpose = Wildlife conservation
| type = ]
| headquarters = Nairobi, Kenya
| status = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc -->
| location =
| purpose = Environmental protection
| coords = <!-- Coordinates of location using a coordinates template -->
| headquarters = Washington, DC, USA
| location =
| coords = <!-- Coordinates of location using a coordinates template -->
| region_served = Africa | region_served = Africa
| membership = | membership =
| language = <!-- official languages --> | language = <!-- official languages -->
| general = <!-- Secretary General --> | general = <!-- Secretary General -->
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Helen W. Gichohi
| leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer | leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name2 = Patrick J. Bergin | leader_name2 = ]
| leader_title3 = | leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 = | leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = | leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 = | leader_name4 =
| key_people = | key_people =
| main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc --> | main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc -->
| parent_organization = <!-- if one --> | parent_organization = <!-- if one -->
| affiliations = <!-- if any --> | affiliations = <!-- if any -->
| budget = US$19,333,998 (2009) | budget = US$27,709,524 (2016)
| num_staff = 132 | num_staff = 132
| num_volunteers = | num_volunteers =
| website = {{url|http://www.awf.org/}} | website = {{URL|http://www.awf.org/}}
| remarks = | remarks =
| former name = African Wildlife Leadership Foundation | former name = African Wildlife Leadership Foundation
}} }}
The '''African Wildlife Foundation''' ('''AWF''') is an international ] organization created with the intent of preserving ], wild lands, and natural resources.{{sfn|About AWF}} Founded in 1961, the organization helped establish conservation programs at the ], Mweka in ], and the Ecole de Faune de Garoua in ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chimtom |first=Ngala |date=July 11, 2024 |title=AWF president urges African governments to take conservation as valid source of revenue |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/africa/awf-president-urges-african-governments-to-take-conservation-as-valid-source-of-revenue |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Down to Earth}}</ref> The Foundation works with governments and businesses to develop conservation efforts as a source of revenue.<ref name=":0" />
The '''African Wildlife Foundation''' (AWF), founded in 1961 as the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, is an international conservation organization that focuses on critically important ] in Africa.{{sfn|About AWF}}

When founded in 1961, the purpose was to train Africans to maintain game reserves professionally, ensuring an adequate supply of game for hunters on safari. Later, the mandate evolved to supporting western scientists in studies of protected animals in their natural habitat. More recently, the focus has been on developing sustainable systems that benefit both animals and local human communities.

The AWF has always been constrained by funding, earning less than US$20 million in the year ending 30 June 2009.
While supporting education and other programs, the main focus of the AWF is now on assisting development of nine "heartlands", large ecologically important areas that typically span national boundaries. These are home to endangered or threatened species that include Western African Giraffes, mountain gorillas, bonobos, Grevy's zebras, white rhinos and elephants.


==Early years== ==Early years==


] ]
The African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (AWLF) was founded in 1961 by ], a wealthy judge and hunter, and member of the Washington Safari Club.{{sfn|Russell E. Train}} The African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (AWLF) was founded in 1961 by ], a wealthy judge, hunter, and member of the Washington Safari Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/russelletrain/timeline.html|title=Russell E. Train Timeline|publisher=World Wildlife Fund|access-date=2011-10-14}}</ref> Other founding members of the Safari Club were ], a former United States Marine Corps combat officer and journalist; ] of the ]; James S. Bugg, a businessman; and ], an accountant who would later serve as finance chairman of the ]. {{sfn|Virginia Assembly...}}{{sfn|Train|2003|p=44}}{{sfn|Harrison|2009}}{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=56-57}}
Other founding members from the Safari Club were ], a former United States Marine Corps combat officer and journalist, ] of the CIA, James S. Bugg, a business man and ], later to be ]'s finance chairman.{{sfn|Virginia Assembly...}}{{sfn|Train|2003|p=44}}{{sfn|Harrison|2009}}{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=56-57}}


Train was worried that European park managers would be replaced by unqualified Africans in conservation work as African countries gained their independence. Twenty African countries became independent in 1960 and 1961. Train was worried that European park managers would be replaced by unqualified Africans in conservation works as African countries gained their independence. Twenty African countries became independent in 1960 and 1961. Train wrote, {{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=57}}
Train wrote "In Tanganyika alone, the government recently ordered 100 percent Africanization of the game service by 1966! ... Replacement of European staff by intrained, unqualified men spells disaster for the game".
He felt that it was urgent to train Africans to become wildlife professionals.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=57}}


{{Blockquote|text="In Tanganyika alone, the government recently ordered Hundred percent (100%) Africanization of the game service by 1966! The replacement of European staff by untrained, unqualified men spells disaster for the game."}}
The first major grant of the AWLF was $47,000 to help found the ] at Mweka, ] in 1963.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=58}}
The college was organized by ], Chief Game Warden of Tanganyika, as a pioneer institution for the training of African wildlife managers.{{sfn|Eyeball to eyeball...}}
Funding for Mweka was also provided by the ], and the ], with facilities donated by the government of ].
By 2010 the college had trained over 4,500 wildlife managers from 28 African countries and 18 non-African countries.{{sfn|Last Stand...}}


The first major grant of the AWLF was $47,000 to help found the ] at Mweka, ], in 1963.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=58}} The college was organized by ], Chief Game Warden of Tanganyika, as a pioneer institution for the training of African wildlife managers.{{sfn|Eyeball to eyeball...}} Funding for Mweka was also provided by the ] and the ], with facilities donated by the government of ]. By 2010, the college had trained over 4,500 wildlife managers from 28 African countries and 18 non-African countries.{{sfn|Last Stand...}}
In 1963 AWLF started a scholarship program to bring young Africans to American universities where they could study biology and wildlife management. The AWLF built a conservation education center in the same year, situated at the entrance to the ]. In 1967 the AWLF provided $50,000 to finance construction of a Research Institute in Tanzania. In 1970 the AWF established a school for wildlife management in ], Cameroon, giving instruction in French.
During the 1970s and 1980s the AWLF continued to finance students, and also assisted conservation projects, often giving supplies such as tents, vehicle spare parts, water pumps and photographic equipment rather than cash.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}


In 1963, AWLF started a scholarship program to bring young Africans to American universities where they could study biology and wildlife management. Later that year, AWLF built a conservation education center at the entrance to ]. In 1967, the AWLF provided $50,000 to finance the construction of a research institute in Tanzania. In 1970, the AWF established a school for ] in ], Cameroon; giving instruction in French. During the 1970s and 1980s, the AWLF continued to finance students, and also assisted conservation projects, often giving supplies such as tents, vehicle spare parts, water pumps, and photographic equipment, rather than cash.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
In 1969 the AWLF took the lead in a campaign supported by other conservation groups to protect rhinos. In 1974 the foundation began a program to study cheetahs.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
In 1983 the AWF dropped "Leadership" from its name. Train was disappointed with the change, considering that the organization had lost sight of its original mandate. Instead, it had become just another conservation organization, giving funding to westerners to conduct research on animals.
However, research such as ]'s work on gorillas and ]'s work on elephants, both supported by the AWF, was clearly useful.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=59}}


In 1969, the AWLF took the lead in a campaign supported by other conservation groups to protect rhinoceroses. In 1974, the foundation began a program to study cheetahs.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}} In 1983, the AWF dropped "Leadership" from its name. Train was disappointed with the change, believing that the organization had lost sight of its original mandate. In his view, it had become just another conservation organization, giving funding to westerners to conduct research on animals. There is research such as ]'s work on gorillas and ]'s work on elephants, which were both supported by the AWF.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=59}}
The foundation struggled to raise money.
In 1968 the annual budget was less than US$250,000.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
In 1988, the year in which the AWF launched a campaign against elephant poaching, the foundation had a staff of six and an annual budget of just $2 million.
When the AWF turned 30 in 1991, the board of trustees continued to be dominated by prominent and wealthy Americans, many of whom served on other non-profit boards.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=60}}


In 1968, the annual budget was less than US$250,000.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
==Recent thrusts==
In 1988, the year of the AWF's campaign launch against elephant ], the foundation had a staff of six and an annual budget of $2 million. When the AWF turned 30 in 1991, the board of trustees remained dominated by prominent and wealthy Americans, many of whom served on other non-profit boards.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=60}}


==Recent initiatives==
In more recent years the AWF has modelled its program around three objectives: empowering people, conserving wildlife and protecting land. Empowering people involves conservation enterprises that provide benefits and incentives to local communities, sponsoring training of African conservationists and working with government to define conservation policy.{{sfn|Empowering People}}
Conserving wildlife involves research into species and into how these species interact with people, the basis for defining programs from which both humans and animals can benefit.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife}}


The AWF have said their recent programs are modelled around three central objectives: empowering people, conserving wildlife, and protecting land. Empowering people involves conservation enterprises.{{sfn|Empowering People}}{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife}}
The main thrust, however, is on protecting land, ensuring that large open landscapes are available for wildlife.
This involves supporting existing protected areas, creating private land trusts and working with local community groups on protecting special sites. Starting in 1998, land protection efforts have focused on nine "heartlands" with unique ecologies, most of which span international boundaries.{{sfn|Protecting Land}}


The AWF's primary goal is to protect land. Starting in 1998, land protection efforts focused on landscape-level conservation approaches.{{sfn|Protecting Land}}
The foundation had income of US$19,333,998 in the fiscal year ended 30 June 2009. Of this, $8,582,555 came from public sector support, $5,815,839 from corporate and foundation support, $5,224,931 from gifts from individuals and $1,360,424 from legacy gifts.
$17,395,456 was spent on programs, $1,524,764 on fund raising and $1,262,056 in administration.
Program funding broke down as $14,174,224 on conservation programs, $2,392,989 on public education and $828,243 on membership programs.{{sfn|BBB Wise Giving...}}


Foundation finances include a reported income of US$19,333,998 in the 2009 fiscal year. Of this, $8,582,555 came from ] support, $5,815,839 from corporate and foundation support, $5,224,931 from gifts from individuals, and $1,360,424 from legacy gifts.
==Heartlands==
$17,395,456 was spent on programs, $1,524,764 on fund raising, and $1,262,056 in administration. Program funding broke down as $14,174,224 on conservation programs, $2,392,989 on public education, and $828,243 on membership programs.{{sfn|BBB Wise Giving...}}


==Priority landscapes==
The AWF names the landscapes that it supports "heartlands".
These are large areas of exceptional wildlife and natural value that extend across state, private and community lands with the potential to conserve viable populations of wildlife, key habitats and ecological systems well into the future.
Within each Heartland, the AWF defines the functioning landscape, establishes priority conservation targets and determines critical threats to these targets.
AWF then develops strategies to increase the area under improved management, increase participation and capacity of landowners and improve the management of key conservation targets.{{sfn|Global Conservation Program...}}


The AWF formerly referred to its protected landscapes as its "heartlands"; currently, the organization employs a "priority landscape" approach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awf.org/where-we-work|title=Protecting wildlife and providing a bright future for Africa's people.|date=2013-03-06|website=African Wildlife Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> These priority landscapes include:{{sfn|The African Landscape}}
Heartlands include:{{sfn|The African Heartlands}}
{|class=wikitable {|class=wikitable
!Countries !! Heartland !! Start !! Notes !Countries !! Priority landscape !! Start !! Notes
|- |-
|Democratic Republic of Congo || Congo || 2003 ||Moist tropical forest between the ] and ] Rivers. Home of the endangered ] |Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) || Congo || 2003 ||Moist tropical forest between the ] and ] Rivers. Home of the endangered ]
|- |-
|Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe || Kazungula || 2001 ||Woodland-grassland mosaic with important wildlife migration corridors around the ] |Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe || Kazungula || 2001 ||Woodland-grassland mosaic with important wildlife migration corridors around the ]
|- |-
|Kenya & Tanzania || Kilamanjaro || 1999 ||Wetlands and savanna surrounding ] |Kenya & Tanzania || Kilimanjaro || 1999 ||Wetlands and savanna surrounding ]
|- |-
|Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe || Limpopo || 2002 ||Savannahs, woodlands, rivers and floodplains around the ] |Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe || Limpopo || 2002 ||Savannahs, woodlands, rivers and floodplains around the ]
|- |-
|Tanzania || Maasai Steppe || 1999 ||Savannah including ] and ] |Tanzania || Maasai Steppe || 1999 ||Savannah including ] and ]
|- |-
|Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin || Parc W || 2010 || Protected savanna in West Africa |Niger, Burkina Faso, and Benin || Parc W || 2010 || Protected savanna in West Africa.
|- |-
|Kenya || Samburu || 1999 ||Acacia grassland near to ] |Kenya || Samburu || 1999 ||Acacia grassland near to ]
|- |-
|Congo, Rwanda and Uganda || Virunga || 1999 ||Volcanic highland mountains, home of the last 700 mountain gorillas in the world |Congo, Rwanda and Uganda || Virunga || 1999 ||Volcanic highland mountains, home of the last 700 mountain gorillas in the world
|- |-
|Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe || Zambezi || 2000 ||Zambezi River, tributaries, acacia floodplain and interconnecting wetlands |Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe || Zambezi || 2000 ||Zambezi River, tributaries, acacia floodplain and interconnecting wetlands
|-
|Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) || Bili Uele || 2013 || Savanna mosaic north of the Uele River and lowland primary forest to the south. Home of the ] and ]
|-
|Namibia || Etosha-Skeleton Coast || 2013 || Vast salt pan, woodland, and savanna ecosystems
|-
|South Africa || Great Fish River || 2013 || A 45,000-hectare reserve in the Great Fish River valley, home to increasingly vulnerable population of critically endangered black rhino
|-
| Zimbabwe || Save Valley || || Save Valley Conservancy, home to endangered rhinos
|-
| Cameroon || Faro || 2012 || In addition to hosting the largest population of hippos in Cameroon, Faro National Park is home to elephants, black rhinos, cheetahs, hyenas, and other wildlife
|-
| Kenya || Mau Forest || 2011 || The Mau Forest Complex sits within Kenya's Rift Valley and is the largest indigenous montane forest in East Africa
|-
| Tanzania || Ruaha || 2012 || The Ruaha area will intersect with an agriculture corridor that the Tanzanian government wants to develop in southern Tanzania

|} |}

===Bili-Uele===
The Bili-Uele Protected Area Complex is found in the remote north of the ], along the border of the Central African Republic. The region consists of savanna mosaic north of the ] and lowland primary forest to the south. Both regions support the remaining undisturbed population of the ]. An estimated 35,000–65,000 eastern chimpanzees are found in this complex. Few organizations are working there.

===Congo=== ===Congo===
]s]] ]s]]
The ] in the ] one of the least developed and most remote parts of the Congo Basin. The ] in the ] is one of the least developed and most remote parts of the Congo Basin. The inhabitants are among the poorest in Africa.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}} Most people live by ] agriculture and rely on ] protein. Cash crops include maize, cassava and groundnuts.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=332}} The growing population risks a revival of logging.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}}
The inhabitants are among the poorest in Africa, depending on natural resources to meet their basic needs.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}}
Most of the people live by slash-and-burn agriculture, and rely on bushmeat such as porcupine, sitatunga, and forest hog for protein.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=331}}
Cash crops include maize, cassave and groundnuts.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=332}}
The growing population is placing more stress on the environment, and there is risk of a revival of logging that could harm the ability of the land to sustain the people and could jeopardize both biodiversity.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}}


Since 1973 a Japanese team has been researching the ] population near the village of ] in 1973. Since 1973, a Japanese team has been researching the ] population near the village of ] in 1973.
However, research was discontinued after political disorders started in 1991 followed by civil war in 1997, resuming only in the mid-2000s.{{sfn|Kimura|2009|pp=209-225}} However, research was discontinued after political disorders started in 1991, followed by the ] in 1997, resuming only in the mid-2000s.{{sfn|Kimura|2009|pp=209-225}}
The ] classifies bonobos as an ] with conservative population estimates ranging from 29,500 to 50,000 individuals.{{sfn|Pan paniscus: IUCN}} The ] classifies ]s as an ], with conservative population estimates ranging from 29,500 to 50,000 individuals. The AWF has partnered with local and international groups to develop a sustainable land use plan for the MLW Landscape. The plan aims to ensure that the economic and cultural needs of the inhabitants are met while conserving the environment. The approach combines AWF's Landscape Conservation Process and the ] (CARPE) Program Monitoring Plan.
A variety of tools are used, including surveys, interviews with local people, and ] interpretation.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008}}
The AWF has led efforts by local and international groups to develop a sustainable land use plan for the MLW Landscape.
The plan aims to ensure that the economic and cultural needs of the inhabitants are met while conserving the environment.
The approach combines AWF's Heartland Conservation Process and the ] (CARPE) Program Monitoring Plan.
A variety of tools are used including surveys, interviews with local people and satellite image interpretation.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008}}


===Kazungula=== ===Etosha-Skeleton Coast===
The Etosha-Skeleton Coast landscape, in the northern part of ], is home to and its vast salt pan, woodland, and savanna ecosystems. The landscape is home to the ] and the ]. To the west of the park lies the Skeleton Coast, where herds of elephants live. The African Wildlife Foundation is scaling up ] investments through its subsidiary, , which invests in the Grootberg Lodge in the Khoadi-Hoas community conservancy.


===Faro===
]
At the core of the Faro landscape in northern Cameroon is ], located close to the Nigerian border. This park hosts the largest population of hippos in Cameroon. AWF is lending support to counter-poaching park rangers in Faro and building a contingent of community scouts on the park's borders to provide a buffer between outsiders and the park.
]
] is a huge area around the meeting point of Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, centered on the ].
The landscape, one of the most important terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in Africa, has an area of about {{convert|86500|km2|sqmi}}.{{sfn|Kazungula USAID}}
The floodplains of the Zambezi River are surrounded by a mosaic of Miombo and Mopane woodlands and grasslands that include important wildlife migration corridors.{{sfn|Kazungula Heartland}}


===Great Fish River===
Threats to biodiversity in the landscape include encroachment of incompatible human settlements, commercial agriculture and cultivation of natural areas, poaching, unsustainable fishing practices and unsustainable wood harvesting for charcoal and construction.{{sfn|Kazungula USAID}}
The ] is located in ]'s Eastern Cape province. The 45,000-hectare reserve, which lies in the Great Fish River valley, is home to critically endangered ].
The ], the largest in the world, are between ] in Zambia and ] in Zimbabwe.
The Falls and surrounding area are designated a ].
However, the environment is threatened by growing and haphazard development of tourism, and lack of funding to the park authorities.{{sfn|Mosi-Oa-Tunya}}


===Kazungula===
The area to the south of the Zambezi River in Zimbabwe and Botswana is home to about 150,000 elephants, a quarter of Africa's entire population.
Elephants are crowded in the south but there is viable habitat in communal areas of Zambia to the north.
Despite the loss of much wildlife on community lands through lack of management and poaching, the habitat is generally intact but needs further protection.
In areas close to large wildlife populations there are prospects for restoration and integration into national and regional tourism sectors.{{sfn|Kazungula USAID}}


]
The AWF has established the {{convert|160000|acre|ha}} Sekute Conservation Area in this region in partnership with the Sekute Chiefdom, holding two elephant corridors.{{sfn|Kazungula Heartland}}
AWF helped wildlife authorities settle four new white rhinos in ] in Zambia, joining the last surviving white Rhino in the country, a bull. ]
The floodplains of the Zambezi River are surrounded by a mosaic of miombo and mopane woodlands and grasslands that include important wildlife migration corridors. ], the largest in the world, are between ] in Zambia and ] in Zimbabwe. The Falls and surrounding area are designated a ]. However, the environment is threatened by the development of tourism and a lack of funding. {{sfn|Mosi-Oa-Tunya}}
On 17 January 2011 it was reported that two of the female ]s had given birth to calves, which seemed healthy.{{sfn|Exciting News...}}
The area is also home to endangered ]s.{{sfn|Kazungula Heartland}}
In 2011 a cluster of modern new buildings for the Lupani community school were opened in Kazungula, built by the AWF at a cost of US$250,000.
The new school has six classrooms, offices and five teachers' houses with three bedrooms each.{{sfn|Lombe|2011}}

AWF is seeking to maintain the ecological integrity of the landscape, concentrating on three wildlife corridors: the Chobe-Zambezi-Kafue corridor, Mdumu-Mamili corridor and Mosi-oa-Tunya-Dambwa corridor. These are critical to wildlife movement in the region but are under severe threat from land conversion and accelerated development along the Zambezi River. Various strategies are being implemented to secure these corridors which include land-use planning, developing conservation enterprises with empowered communities, establishing community conservancies, and other innovative land protection strategies. AWF is also trying to mitigate threats to large carnivores and rhinos.{{sfn|Kazungula USAID}}


The AWF has established the {{convert|160000|acre|ha}} Sekute Conservation Area in this region in partnership with the Sekute Chiefdom, holding two elephant corridors' helped wildlife authorities settle four new white rhinos in ] in Zambia, joining the last surviving white rhino in the country, a bull. On 17 January 2011, it was reported that two of the females ]s had given birth to calves, which seemed healthy. The area is also home to endangered ]s.{{sfn|Kazungula Landscape}}
===Kilamanjaro===
In 2011, a cluster of modern new buildings for the Lupani community school were opened in Kazungula, built by the AWF at a cost of US$250,000.

The new school has six classrooms, offices and five teachers' houses with three bedrooms each.{{sfn|Lombe|2011}}
]]]
The Kilimanjaro Heartland is a {{convert|230000|ha|sqmi}} landscape straddling the Kenya—Tanzania border. It includes the semi-arid savanna of the greater Amboseli ecosystem which lies just north and west of Africa’s highest peak and most recognized symbol, ]. The Heartland’s diverse terrain includes the traditional pastureland of the ], ], Tanzania’s ] and ] National Parks, and ] and the low-lying savannas of ].{{sfn|Global Conservation Program...}}


===Kilimanjaro===
The Heartlands team is focused on transboundary challenges such as the conservation of elephants, wildlife migration routes and dispersal areas, and maintanence of landscape scale hydrological systems. This collaborative effort is helping the people and governments of Kenya and Tanzania to work together on shared conservation challenges. Transboundary collaboration has led to joint patrols to monitor wildlife, and reduced wildlife poaching across the border. AWF and local and national governments are developing a management plan for the Heartland that includes a mixture of reserves, community land, and private holdings. The goal is to create a large enough area for the survival of lions, elephants, and other endangered wildlife.{{sfn|Global Conservation Program...}}


]]]
] released the movie ''African Cats'' in April 2011. The Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund gave AWF a portion of the proceeds from the first week's ticket sales for use in protecting the Amboseli Wildlife Corridor. Their "See 'African Cats,' Save the Savanna" program served both to promote the movie and to raise money for conservation.{{sfn|Disney's African Cats}} ] released the movie ''African Cats'' in April 2011. The Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund gave AWF a portion of the proceeds from the first week's ticket sales for use in protecting the Amboseli Wildlife Corridor. Their "See 'African Cats,' Save the Savanna" program served both to promote the movie and to raise money for conservation.{{sfn|Disney's African Cats}}


===Limpopo=== ===Limpopo===
], ], ]]] ], ], ]]]
The Limpopo Heartland includes areas of ], ] and ]. The Limpopo Landscape includes areas of ], ] and ].
It includes savannas, woodlands, rivers and floodplains. Fauna include ], rhinos, hippos, and many species of birds, insects and aquatic life. The AWF has started the Leopard Conservation Science Project in this landscape. {{sfn|Revealing the Leopard}} The AWF is particularly involved in the ] in Mozambique, which covers {{convert|7000|km2|sqmi}}.
It includes savanna, woodland, rivers and floodplains.
Until recently, this park had little or no infrastructure or staff to ensure that the environment was protected. The AWF has built a conservation research center, which it is marketed internationally. Fees from researchers will pay for staff to run the center and manage the park.{{sfn|Strengthening Banhine}}
Fauna include sable antelope, rhinos, hippos, and many species of birds, insects and aquatic life.{{sfn|Limpopo Heartland}}
The AWF has started the Leopard Conservation Science Project in this heartland .{{sfn|Revealing the Leopard}}
The AWF is particularly involved in the ] in Mozambique, which covers {{convert|7000|km2|sqmi}}.
Until recently this park had little or no infrastructure or staff to ensure that the environment was protected.
The AWF has built a conservation research center, which it is marketing to the international scientific community.
Fees from researchers will pay for staff to run the center and to manage the park.{{sfn|Strengthening Banhine}}


The ] (GLTP) is a {{convert|35000|km2|sqmi}} park that is being established to connect the ] in South Africa, the ] in Mozambique, the ] in Zimbabwe and other protected areas. The ] (GLTP) is a {{convert|35000|km2|sqmi}} park that is being established to connect the ] in South Africa, the ] in Mozambique, the ] in Zimbabwe, and other protected areas. It is almost the size of the ] and more than three times larger than ].
The GLTP is home to many of the species most popular with tourists, including lions, white and black rhinoceros, giraffes, elephants, hippopotamus and buffalos. The AWF says the mega park will result in "creating new jobs and fortifying a tourism base not yet meeting its full potential". {{sfn|Great Limpopo Transfrontier}} The AWF is a major sponsor of the project that is setting up this park.{{sfn|Seven Elephants...}}
It is almost as big as ] and more than three times larger than the ].
The GLTP is home to many of the species most popular with tourists, including lion, white and black rhinoceros, giraffe, elephant, hippopotamus and buffalo.
The AWF says the megapark will result in "creating new jobs and fortifying a tourism base not yet meeting its full potential".{{sfn|Great Limpopo Transfrontier}}
The AWF is a major sponsor of the project that is setting up this park.{{sfn|Seven Elephants...}}


===Maasai Steppe=== ===Maasai Steppe===


] ]
The Maasai Steppe Heartland encompasses {{convert|3500000|ha|acre}} of east African woodland savannah in northern ]. The area includes ] and ] National Parks, that lie within extensive rangelands, much of which are the traditional grazing lands of the ] pastoralists, interspersed with smaller blocks of private and government-owned lands. The primary challenge in this biologically rich, yet increasingly fragmented landscape is protecting the tracts of land, or "corridors" that connect and sustain key conservation areas.{{sfn|Global Conservation Program...}}


The {{convert|35000|acre|ha}} Manyara Ranch Conservancy is near to ] in ].
Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Park are {{convert|40|km|mi}} apart. The corridor that connects them is critical for wildlife migration and dispersal, particularly elephants. About ten years ago, this migration route began to disappear due to habitat fragmentation and degradation.
This is a conservation and tourism project supported by the African Wildlife Foundation, the Tanzania Land Conservation Trust and the Manyara Ranch Conservancy. Rarely seen, but a common resident on the Conservancy is the ].{{sfn|Making Conservation Our Business}}
In response, AWF is working to improve the conservation management of the Manyara Ranch, an important land unit of the larger Tarangire-Manyara Ecosystem. Recently, a detailed corridor analysis was completed to identify elephant movements to and from Manyara Ranch, and to establish corridors between national parks and other areas of the landscape. Training and operational support for community game scouts has also been given on threat data collection, and detailed land-use surveys have been conducted with communities that border Manyara Ranch.{{sfn|Global Conservation Program...}}


===Mau Forest Complex===
The {{convert|35000|acre|ha}} Manyara Ranch Conservancy is near to ] in ].
Within Kenya's Rift Valley, sits the ] Complex. It is the largest indigenous ] in East Africa and serves as a ] for the country, providing a source of water for many of ]'s wildlife and people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awf.org/country/kenya|title=Fighting wildlife loss in Kenya.|date=2013-02-25|website=African Wildlife Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> African Wildlife Foundation, together with the ], the Community Forest Association, and other stakeholders, is reforesting areas of the Mau Forest with indigenous trees.
This is a pioneering conservation and tourism project supported by the African Wildlife Foundation, the Tanzania Land Conservation Trust and the Manyara Ranch Conservancy. While not a park, the conservancy is frequented by resident and migrating wildlife including elephant, lion, buffalo, leopard and the more common plains game. Rarely seen in the parks but a common resident on the Conservancy is the Lesser Kudu.{{sfn|Making Conservation Our Business}}


===Parc W=== ===Parc W===


]s near ]]] ]s near ]]]
This {{convert|1823280|ha|sqmi}} region is located around the point where ], ] and ] meet. This {{convert|1823280|ha|sqmi}} region is located around the point where ], ] and ] meet. It consists of three national protected parks that form a ] ], the trans-national ], as well as several adjacent reserves and buffer zones. The complex includes savanna woodlands, gallery forests and flooded plains where the ] and ] rivers meet. It is home to the largest population of elephants in the region and the only remaining ]s.{{sfn|Parc W Landscape}}
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA research shows that this is a subspecies that diverged from the ] about 350,000 years ago.{{sfn|World's rarest giraffe}}
It consists of three national protected parks that form a ] ], the trans-national ], as well as several adjacent reserves and buffer zones.
The complex includes savanna woodlands, gallery forests and flooded plains where the ] and ] rivers meet.
It is home to large and diverse wildlife populations including the largest population of elephants in the region and the only remaining ]s.{{sfn|Parc W Heartland}}
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA research shows that this is a distinct and genetically healthy subspecies that diverged from the ] about 350,000 years ago.{{sfn|World's rarest giraffe}}


In Parc W, AWF and other International NGOs such as the ], ] and ] play a central role in communication, education and organization of local communities and their leaders, and help collect socio-economic and technical data.{{sfn|Strategie Nationale}} In Parc W, AWF and other International NGOs such as the ], ] and ] play a central role in communication, education and organization of local communities and their leaders, and help collect socio-economic and technical data.{{sfn|Strategie Nationale}} AWF is helping fund tree nurseries in Niger and Burkino Faso for replanting to provide fodder for the giraffes.{{sfn|Parc W Landscape}} Conservation threats are human population growth and desertification. AWF partners in the region include the ], ] (CENAGREF), Benin and the Ministries of the Environment in Burkina Faso and Niger.{{sfn|Parc W Landscape}}

AWF is helping fund tree nurseries in Niger and Burkino Faso for replantings to provide fodder for the giraffes.
===Ruaha===
Conservation threats are human population growth and desertification.

AWF partners in the region include the ], ] (CENAGREF), Benin and the Ministries of the Environment in Burkina Faso and Niger.{{sfn|Parc W Heartland}}
The Ruaha area will intersect with an agriculture corridor that the Tanzanian government wants to develop in southern ]. The proposed corridor will overlap many different ecosystems. AWF is scaling up social venture capital investments through its subsidiary, African Wildlife Capital (AWC), which invests in socially and environmentally responsible agricultural and other businesses—such as the Rungwe Avocado Co.—that must comply with conservation covenants to secure and maintain investment.


===Samburu=== ===Samburu===
].]] ]]]
The Samburu Heartland is a semi-arid plateau of extraordinary natural value in Kenya. It is located north of the equator and east of the ]. It includes parts of ] and the ]s and three National Reserves (], ] and ]). Land use in the area is a mix of private farms, traditional pastoralism, community lands, and public game reserves, yet it is one of few places in the country where wildlife populations are increasing. The heartland supports wild dogs, elephant, rhino, cheetah, buffalo and lion, and is particularly important as a critical conservation site for the increasingly endangered northern savanna specialist species including the reticulated giraffe, Somali ostrich, oryx, gerenuk and the highly endangered Grevy’s zebra.{{sfn|Global Conservation Program...}}


The ] and reticulated giraffe live in the Samburu Landscape among the acacia grasslands. The challenges faced in Samburu are forest/habitat degradation due to logging and farming and cattle-carnivore conflict.
The AWF is working to address the root causes of incompatible land use, such as land tenure, perceptions of wildlife, competition for water, and economic incentives or disincentives for saving habitat. Ecological assessments have been completed in targeted areas of the Heartland, including an aerial wildlife survey, GIS mapping of conservation areas and inventory of critical water points on group ranches surrounding Samburu National Reserve.{{sfn|Global Conservation Program...}}
The ] operates a program where volunteers are given basic accommodations at their Center for Drylands Research in ]. The volunteers count and photograph endangered ]s, of which there are about 2,000 in the region, and record GIS locations, activities and other observations of wildlife, livestock and people.
The data is used to prepare GIS maps that show the distribution of zebras in relation to predators, humans, and habitat, which are shared with the AWF and the local communities.{{sfn|Conserving Grevy's Zebra}}


AWF has addressed these challenges, including partnering with Starbucks Coffee Trading Co. to train coffee growers and working with Samburu warriors.
A highly critical film by the British journalist ] named "''Conservation's Dirty Secrets''" was aired on June 20 on the United Kingdom's ]. It portrays the alleged role of the AWF in forcible displacement of Kenyan ] pastoralists.
Steeds interviewed evicted Samburu elders while the film showed their homes being burned down and Kenyan police trying to arrest his Samburu guides.{{sfn|Campaign Update – Kenya}}


===Virunga=== ===Virunga===


]s in ], ]]] ]s in ], ]]]
The ] landscape is an area of volcanic highlands around the point where ], ] and the ] meet, Virunga is home to the last 700 ]s in the world. The ] landscape is an area of volcanic highlands around the point where ], ] and the ] meet. Virunga is home to the last 700 ]s in the world. It includes the ] in Uganda, where AWF opened a visitor center in July 2006.
The Virunga ecosystem shelters chimpanzees, golden monkeys, forest elephants, and many species of birds, reptiles and amphibians. The region is overpopulated and unstable.{{sfn|Virunga Landscape}}
It includes the ] in Uganda, where AWF opened a visitor center in July 2006.
The Virunga ecosystem is highly diverse, and also shelters chimpanzees, golden monkeys, forest elephants, and many species of birds, reptiles and amphibians.
The region is overpopulated, intensely poor and politically unstable, placing severe threats on the environment.{{sfn|Virunga Heartland}}


The AWF helped ] study Rwandan mountain gorillas in the 1960s. The AWF helped ] study Rwandan mountain gorillas in the 1960s.
AWF President ] later said that "There would be no mountain gorillas in the Virungas today ... were it not for Dian Fossey's tireless efforts over many years".{{sfn|Celebrating AWF's 40th}} AWF President ] later said that "There would be no mountain gorillas in the Virungas today ... were it not for Dian Fossey's tireless efforts over many years".{{sfn|Celebrating AWF's 40th}}
McIlvaine initiated formation of a consortium to protect the threatened Rwandan mountain gorillas while he was president of the AWF between 1978 and 1982.{{sfn|Robinson McIlvaine}} McIlvaine initiated the formation of a consortium to protect the threatened Rwandan mountain gorillas while he was president of the AWF between 1978 and 1982.{{sfn|Robinson McIlvaine}}
More recently, the AWF coordinated fundraising and construction of a lodge overlooking the ], home of about half the worlds population of mountain gorillas.{{sfn|Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge}} More recently, the AWF coordinated fundraising and construction of a lodge overlooking the ].{{sfn|Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge}}

According to ] in his book '']'', in the late 1970s, Fossey asked McIlvaine to temporarily serve as secretary-treasurer of the ] while he was AWF President. She had created the fund to finance patrols against poachers seeking to kill mountain gorillas. McIlvaine partnered with the ], the Digit Fund, and his own AWF, asking for funds to be made out to the AWF.
The Digit Fund received none of the money. When McIlvaine suggested to Fossey that the Digit Fund could be folded into AWF, Fossey declined, and McIlvaine resigned as secretary-treasurer of the fund.{{sfn|Mowat|1987|pp=202-203}}


The AWF is a co-sponsor of the ] (IGCP) in Virunga, the others being ] (FFI) and the ] (WWF). Among other activities, the IGCP works with Virunga Artisans, which markets the handmade products of artisans who live near the ], Mgahinga and ]s.{{sfn|About Virunga Artisans}}
According the ] in his book '']'', in the late 1970s Fossey asked McIlvaine to temporarily serve as secretary-treasurer of the ] while he was AWF President.
A census of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif in March and April 2010 showed that there had been a 26.3% increase in the population over the past seven years.{{sfn|Masozera|2010}}
She had created the fund to finance patrols against poachers seeking to kill mountain gorillas. McIlvaine partnered with the ], the Digit Fund, and his own AWF asking for funds, to be made out to the AWF.
The Digit Fund received none of the money. When McIlvaine suggested to Fossey that the Digit Fund could be folded into AWF, Fossey declined and McIlvaine resigned as secretary-treasurer of the fund.{{sfn|Mowat|1987|pp=202-203}}


===Save Valley===
The AWF is a co-sponsor of the ] (IGCP) in Virunga, the others being ] (FFI) and the ] (WWF). Among other activities, the IGCP works with Virunga Artisans, which markets hand-made products of artisans who live near the ], Mgahinga and Bwindi National Parks.{{sfn|About Virunga Artisans}}
A census of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif in March and April 2010 showed that there had been a 26.3% increase in the population over the past seven years, an encouraging sign that conservation efforts were succeeding.{{sfn|Masozera|2010}}


During recent decades, cattle fences and livestock have been removed, with the resurgence of wildlife and a recovery of wild habitats.
===Zambesi===


The Save Valley Conservancy, in Zimbabwe's southern lowveld area, forms part of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park. AWF supports Save Valley Conservancy's anti-poaching efforts and works with government partners.
The Zambezi Heartland, supported by ] under the first phase of Global Conservation Program from 1999 to 2003, is a cross-border management and cooperation initiative in Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. It is also an example of mixed land use (communal areas, private farms, and public protected areas) with large animals, such as elephant and buffalo, sharing the same land as the herders and farmers. The area is critical for wildlife as it provides access to the Zambezi River.{{sfn|Global Conservation Program...}}


==Organization== ==Organization==


The African Wildlife Foundation headquarters are in Washington, DC, and the AWF has offices in Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. The AWF's headquarters are located in ], with regional offices in South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Washington, DC. The organization is ] under Section ] of the Internal Revenue Code. As of 2009, there were 36 members of the board and 132 paid staff.
Funds are raised through direct mail, grant proposals, Internet appeals, planned giving, cause-related marketing, and membership appeals. The executive heads of the foundation have been:{{sfn|AWF's History}}{{sfn|Train|2003|p=44}}
The organization is tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
As of 2009 there were 36 members of the Board and 132 paid staff.
Funds are raised through direct mail, grant proposals, Internet appeals, planned giving, cause-related marketing, and membership appeals.{{sfn|BBB Wise Giving...}}
The executive heads of the foundation have been:{{sfn|AWF's History}}{{sfn|Train|2003|p=44}}
{|class=wikitable {|class=wikitable
|- |-
! style="width:10em;" | !!style="width:4em;" |Start !! style="width:4em;" |End !!style="width:10em;" | Title !! Notes ! style="width:10em;" | Heads!! style="width:4em;" |Start !! style="width:4em;" |End !!style="width:10em;" | Title !! Notes
|- |-
|] || 1961 || 1969 || Chairman and President || Lawyer and judge |] || 1961 || 1969 || Chairman and President || Lawyer and judge
Line 271: Line 226:
|] || 1969 || || President || Journalist and publisher |] || 1969 || || President || Journalist and publisher
|- |-
|John E. Rhea || 1971 || 1975 || Executive Director ||Business man and big game hunter |John E. Rhea || 1971 || 1975 || Executive Director ||Business man and ]
|- |-
|] || 1975 || 1982 || Executive Director, then President ||Former US Ambassador to Kenya |] || 1975 || 1982 || Executive Director, then President ||Former US Ambassador to Kenya
Line 279: Line 234:
|Paul Schindler || 1985 || 1994 || President || Professor of sociology |Paul Schindler || 1985 || 1994 || President || Professor of sociology
|- |-
|R. Michael Wright || 1994 || 2001 || President || Former vice-president of World Wildlife Fund |R. Michael Wright || 1994 || 2001 || President || Former vice-president of ]
|- |-
|Patrick J. Bergin || 2001 || 2007 || President || Conservationist with AWF from 1990 |] || 2001 || 2007 || President || Conservationist with AWF, from 1990
|- |-
|] || 2007 || || President,|| Kenyan conservationist |] || 2007 || 2013 || President|| Kenyan conservationist
|-
|] || 2007 ||2017|| CEO || Conservationist with AWF, 1990–2017
|-
|Kaddu Sebunya
|2019
| ---
|CEO
|
|} |}


The AWF is a partner of the ].{{sfn|Conservation Council}} The AWF is a member of ] Conservation Council.{{sfn|Conservation Council}} It is also a member of ], a national federation that supports American environmental and conservation charities.{{sfn|Who We Support}}
It is also a member of ], a national federation that supports leading American environmental and conservation charities.{{sfn|Who We Support}}


==References== == Citations ==
{{reflist |colwidth=20em}} {{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==Sources==
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}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|About Virunga Artisans}}
*{{cite web
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|title = About Virunga Artisans
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|publisher = Virunga Artisans
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|AWF's History}}
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|archive-date = 2011-11-28
|url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite web
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|url=http://www.awf.org/section/about/history |url=http://www.awf.org/section/about/history
|title=AWF's History |title=AWF's History
|publisher=AWF |publisher=AWF
|accessdate=2010-10-18}} |access-date=2010-10-18
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026013746/http://awf.org/section/about/history
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|BBB Wise Giving...}}
|archive-date=26 October 2010
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}}
*{{cite web
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}}
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|title=Campaign Update – Kenya: Documentary Blasts Conservation Organizations for Abusing Indigenous Peoples |title=Campaign Update – Kenya: Documentary Blasts Conservation Organizations for Abusing Indigenous Peoples
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}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Celebrating AWF's 40th}}
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|publisher=African Conservation Foundation |publisher=African Conservation Foundation
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}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge}}
*{{cite web
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}}
*{{cite web
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}}
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}}
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}}
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|journal=African Wildlife News |journal=African Wildlife News
|volume=37|issue=4 |date=Fall 2001 |volume=37
|issue=4
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}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Disney's African Cats}} *{{cite web
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|accessdate=2011-10-19}} |access-date=2011-10-19}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Exciting News...}} *{{cite web
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|archive-date=2011-01-23
}}
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|accessdate=2011-10-18}} |access-date=2011-10-18}}
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{{refend}} {{Refend}}

{{Include-USGov |agency=United States Agency for International Development}}
{{Authority control}}
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Latest revision as of 14:36, 16 August 2024

International conservation organization
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African Wildlife Foundation
Formation1961
TypeINGO
PurposeWildlife conservation
HeadquartersNairobi, Kenya
Region served Africa
Chief Executive OfficerKaddu Sebunya
BudgetUS$27,709,524 (2016)
Staff132
Websitewww.awf.org
Formerly calledAfrican Wildlife Leadership Foundation

The African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) is an international conservation organization created with the intent of preserving Africa's wildlife, wild lands, and natural resources. Founded in 1961, the organization helped establish conservation programs at the College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka in Tanzania, and the Ecole de Faune de Garoua in Cameroon. The Foundation works with governments and businesses to develop conservation efforts as a source of revenue.

Early years

Russell Train, founder of the AWF

The African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (AWLF) was founded in 1961 by Russell E. Train, a wealthy judge, hunter, and member of the Washington Safari Club. Other founding members of the Safari Club were Nick Arundel, a former United States Marine Corps combat officer and journalist; Kermit Roosevelt Jr. of the Central Intelligence Agency; James S. Bugg, a businessman; and Maurice Stans, an accountant who would later serve as finance chairman of the Richard Nixon administration.

Train was worried that European park managers would be replaced by unqualified Africans in conservation works as African countries gained their independence. Twenty African countries became independent in 1960 and 1961. Train wrote,

"In Tanganyika alone, the government recently ordered Hundred percent (100%) Africanization of the game service by 1966! The replacement of European staff by untrained, unqualified men spells disaster for the game."

The first major grant of the AWLF was $47,000 to help found the College of African Wildlife Management at Mweka, Tanzania, in 1963. The college was organized by Bruce Kinloch, Chief Game Warden of Tanganyika, as a pioneer institution for the training of African wildlife managers. Funding for Mweka was also provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Frankfurt Zoological Society, with facilities donated by the government of Tanganyika. By 2010, the college had trained over 4,500 wildlife managers from 28 African countries and 18 non-African countries.

In 1963, AWLF started a scholarship program to bring young Africans to American universities where they could study biology and wildlife management. Later that year, AWLF built a conservation education center at the entrance to Nairobi National Park. In 1967, the AWLF provided $50,000 to finance the construction of a research institute in Tanzania. In 1970, the AWF established a school for wildlife management in Garoua, Cameroon; giving instruction in French. During the 1970s and 1980s, the AWLF continued to finance students, and also assisted conservation projects, often giving supplies such as tents, vehicle spare parts, water pumps, and photographic equipment, rather than cash.

In 1969, the AWLF took the lead in a campaign supported by other conservation groups to protect rhinoceroses. In 1974, the foundation began a program to study cheetahs. In 1983, the AWF dropped "Leadership" from its name. Train was disappointed with the change, believing that the organization had lost sight of its original mandate. In his view, it had become just another conservation organization, giving funding to westerners to conduct research on animals. There is research such as Dian Fossey's work on gorillas and Cynthia Moss's work on elephants, which were both supported by the AWF.

In 1968, the annual budget was less than US$250,000. In 1988, the year of the AWF's campaign launch against elephant poaching, the foundation had a staff of six and an annual budget of $2 million. When the AWF turned 30 in 1991, the board of trustees remained dominated by prominent and wealthy Americans, many of whom served on other non-profit boards.

Recent initiatives

The AWF have said their recent programs are modelled around three central objectives: empowering people, conserving wildlife, and protecting land. Empowering people involves conservation enterprises.

The AWF's primary goal is to protect land. Starting in 1998, land protection efforts focused on landscape-level conservation approaches.

Foundation finances include a reported income of US$19,333,998 in the 2009 fiscal year. Of this, $8,582,555 came from public sector support, $5,815,839 from corporate and foundation support, $5,224,931 from gifts from individuals, and $1,360,424 from legacy gifts. $17,395,456 was spent on programs, $1,524,764 on fund raising, and $1,262,056 in administration. Program funding broke down as $14,174,224 on conservation programs, $2,392,989 on public education, and $828,243 on membership programs.

Priority landscapes

The AWF formerly referred to its protected landscapes as its "heartlands"; currently, the organization employs a "priority landscape" approach. These priority landscapes include:

Countries Priority landscape Start Notes
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Congo 2003 Moist tropical forest between the Lopori and Maringa Rivers. Home of the endangered bonobo
Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe Kazungula 2001 Woodland-grassland mosaic with important wildlife migration corridors around the Zambezi River
Kenya & Tanzania Kilimanjaro 1999 Wetlands and savanna surrounding Mount Kilimanjaro
Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe Limpopo 2002 Savannahs, woodlands, rivers and floodplains around the Limpopo River
Tanzania Maasai Steppe 1999 Savannah including Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Park
Niger, Burkina Faso, and Benin Parc W 2010 Protected savanna in West Africa.
Kenya Samburu 1999 Acacia grassland near to Mount Kenya
Congo, Rwanda and Uganda Virunga 1999 Volcanic highland mountains, home of the last 700 mountain gorillas in the world
Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe Zambezi 2000 Zambezi River, tributaries, acacia floodplain and interconnecting wetlands
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Bili Uele 2013 Savanna mosaic north of the Uele River and lowland primary forest to the south. Home of the chimpanzee and forest elephant
Namibia Etosha-Skeleton Coast 2013 Vast salt pan, woodland, and savanna ecosystems
South Africa Great Fish River 2013 A 45,000-hectare reserve in the Great Fish River valley, home to increasingly vulnerable population of critically endangered black rhino
Zimbabwe Save Valley Save Valley Conservancy, home to endangered rhinos
Cameroon Faro 2012 In addition to hosting the largest population of hippos in Cameroon, Faro National Park is home to elephants, black rhinos, cheetahs, hyenas, and other wildlife
Kenya Mau Forest 2011 The Mau Forest Complex sits within Kenya's Rift Valley and is the largest indigenous montane forest in East Africa
Tanzania Ruaha 2012 The Ruaha area will intersect with an agriculture corridor that the Tanzanian government wants to develop in southern Tanzania

Bili-Uele

The Bili-Uele Protected Area Complex is found in the remote north of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, along the border of the Central African Republic. The region consists of savanna mosaic north of the Uele River and lowland primary forest to the south. Both regions support the remaining undisturbed population of the eastern chimpanzee. An estimated 35,000–65,000 eastern chimpanzees are found in this complex. Few organizations are working there.

Congo

Group of bonobos

The Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the least developed and most remote parts of the Congo Basin. The inhabitants are among the poorest in Africa. Most people live by slash-and-burn agriculture and rely on bushmeat protein. Cash crops include maize, cassava and groundnuts. The growing population risks a revival of logging.

Since 1973, a Japanese team has been researching the bonobo population near the village of Wamba in 1973. However, research was discontinued after political disorders started in 1991, followed by the civil war in 1997, resuming only in the mid-2000s. The IUCN Red List classifies bonobos as an endangered species, with conservative population estimates ranging from 29,500 to 50,000 individuals. The AWF has partnered with local and international groups to develop a sustainable land use plan for the MLW Landscape. The plan aims to ensure that the economic and cultural needs of the inhabitants are met while conserving the environment. The approach combines AWF's Landscape Conservation Process and the Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) Program Monitoring Plan. A variety of tools are used, including surveys, interviews with local people, and satellite image interpretation.

Etosha-Skeleton Coast

The Etosha-Skeleton Coast landscape, in the northern part of Namibia, is home to Etosha National Park and its vast salt pan, woodland, and savanna ecosystems. The landscape is home to the black-faced impala and the oryx. To the west of the park lies the Skeleton Coast, where herds of elephants live. The African Wildlife Foundation is scaling up social venture capital investments through its subsidiary, African Wildlife Capital (AWC), which invests in the Grootberg Lodge in the Khoadi-Hoas community conservancy.

Faro

At the core of the Faro landscape in northern Cameroon is Faro National Park, located close to the Nigerian border. This park hosts the largest population of hippos in Cameroon. AWF is lending support to counter-poaching park rangers in Faro and building a contingent of community scouts on the park's borders to provide a buffer between outsiders and the park.

Great Fish River

The Great Fish River Nature Reserve is located in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. The 45,000-hectare reserve, which lies in the Great Fish River valley, is home to critically endangered black rhinos.

Kazungula

Aerial photo of Kazungula (centre right) on the Zambezi River
The two white rhinos at Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in May 2005

The floodplains of the Zambezi River are surrounded by a mosaic of miombo and mopane woodlands and grasslands that include important wildlife migration corridors. Victoria Falls, the largest in the world, are between Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in Zambia and Victoria Falls National Park in Zimbabwe. The Falls and surrounding area are designated a World Heritage Site. However, the environment is threatened by the development of tourism and a lack of funding.

The AWF has established the 160,000 acres (65,000 ha) Sekute Conservation Area in this region in partnership with the Sekute Chiefdom, holding two elephant corridors' helped wildlife authorities settle four new white rhinos in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in Zambia, joining the last surviving white rhino in the country, a bull. On 17 January 2011, it was reported that two of the females white rhinos had given birth to calves, which seemed healthy. The area is also home to endangered black rhinos. In 2011, a cluster of modern new buildings for the Lupani community school were opened in Kazungula, built by the AWF at a cost of US$250,000. The new school has six classrooms, offices and five teachers' houses with three bedrooms each.

Kilimanjaro

Elephants grazing in the Amboseli swamps, north of Kilimanjaro

Disney released the movie African Cats in April 2011. The Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund gave AWF a portion of the proceeds from the first week's ticket sales for use in protecting the Amboseli Wildlife Corridor. Their "See 'African Cats,' Save the Savanna" program served both to promote the movie and to raise money for conservation.

Limpopo

Buffalo Bend on the Mwenezi River, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe

The Limpopo Landscape includes areas of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. It includes savannas, woodlands, rivers and floodplains. Fauna include sable antelope, rhinos, hippos, and many species of birds, insects and aquatic life. The AWF has started the Leopard Conservation Science Project in this landscape. The AWF is particularly involved in the Banhine National Park in Mozambique, which covers 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi). Until recently, this park had little or no infrastructure or staff to ensure that the environment was protected. The AWF has built a conservation research center, which it is marketed internationally. Fees from researchers will pay for staff to run the center and manage the park.

The Great Limpopo Trans frontier Park (GLTP) is a 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) park that is being established to connect the Kruger National Park in South Africa, the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique, the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and other protected areas. It is almost the size of the Netherlands and more than three times larger than Yellowstone National Park. The GLTP is home to many of the species most popular with tourists, including lions, white and black rhinoceros, giraffes, elephants, hippopotamus and buffalos. The AWF says the mega park will result in "creating new jobs and fortifying a tourism base not yet meeting its full potential". The AWF is a major sponsor of the project that is setting up this park.

Maasai Steppe

Tarangire National Park in Tanzania, East Africa

The 35,000 acres (14,000 ha) Manyara Ranch Conservancy is near to Lake Manyara in Tanzania. This is a conservation and tourism project supported by the African Wildlife Foundation, the Tanzania Land Conservation Trust and the Manyara Ranch Conservancy. Rarely seen, but a common resident on the Conservancy is the lesser kudu.

Mau Forest Complex

Within Kenya's Rift Valley, sits the Mau Forest Complex. It is the largest indigenous montane forest in East Africa and serves as a critical water catchment area for the country, providing a source of water for many of Kenya's wildlife and people. African Wildlife Foundation, together with the Kenya Forest Service, the Community Forest Association, and other stakeholders, is reforesting areas of the Mau Forest with indigenous trees.

Parc W

West African giraffes near Kouré, Niger

This 1,823,280 hectares (7,039.7 sq mi) region is located around the point where Niger, Burkina Faso and Benin meet. It consists of three national protected parks that form a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the trans-national W National Park, as well as several adjacent reserves and buffer zones. The complex includes savanna woodlands, gallery forests and flooded plains where the Mekrou and Niver rivers meet. It is home to the largest population of elephants in the region and the only remaining West African giraffes. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA research shows that this is a subspecies that diverged from the Rothschild's giraffe about 350,000 years ago.

In Parc W, AWF and other International NGOs such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature, World Wide Fund for Nature and Africa 70 play a central role in communication, education and organization of local communities and their leaders, and help collect socio-economic and technical data. AWF is helping fund tree nurseries in Niger and Burkino Faso for replanting to provide fodder for the giraffes. Conservation threats are human population growth and desertification. AWF partners in the region include the Association pour la Sauvegarde des Girafes du Niger, Centre National de Gestion des Réserves de Faune (CENAGREF), Benin and the Ministries of the Environment in Burkina Faso and Niger.

Ruaha

The Ruaha area will intersect with an agriculture corridor that the Tanzanian government wants to develop in southern Tanzania. The proposed corridor will overlap many different ecosystems. AWF is scaling up social venture capital investments through its subsidiary, African Wildlife Capital (AWC), which invests in socially and environmentally responsible agricultural and other businesses—such as the Rungwe Avocado Co.—that must comply with conservation covenants to secure and maintain investment.

Samburu

Grevy's zebras in Samburu National Reserve

The Grevy's zebra and reticulated giraffe live in the Samburu Landscape among the acacia grasslands. The challenges faced in Samburu are forest/habitat degradation due to logging and farming and cattle-carnivore conflict.

AWF has addressed these challenges, including partnering with Starbucks Coffee Trading Co. to train coffee growers and working with Samburu warriors.

Virunga

Mountain gorillas in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Virunga landscape is an area of volcanic highlands around the point where Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo meet. Virunga is home to the last 700 mountain gorillas in the world. It includes the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda, where AWF opened a visitor center in July 2006. The Virunga ecosystem shelters chimpanzees, golden monkeys, forest elephants, and many species of birds, reptiles and amphibians. The region is overpopulated and unstable.

The AWF helped Dian Fossey study Rwandan mountain gorillas in the 1960s. AWF President Robinson McIlvaine later said that "There would be no mountain gorillas in the Virungas today ... were it not for Dian Fossey's tireless efforts over many years". McIlvaine initiated the formation of a consortium to protect the threatened Rwandan mountain gorillas while he was president of the AWF between 1978 and 1982. More recently, the AWF coordinated fundraising and construction of a lodge overlooking the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park.

According to Farley Mowat in his book Woman in the Mists, in the late 1970s, Fossey asked McIlvaine to temporarily serve as secretary-treasurer of the Digit Fund while he was AWF President. She had created the fund to finance patrols against poachers seeking to kill mountain gorillas. McIlvaine partnered with the International Primate Protection League, the Digit Fund, and his own AWF, asking for funds to be made out to the AWF. The Digit Fund received none of the money. When McIlvaine suggested to Fossey that the Digit Fund could be folded into AWF, Fossey declined, and McIlvaine resigned as secretary-treasurer of the fund.

The AWF is a co-sponsor of the International Gorilla Conservation Program (IGCP) in Virunga, the others being Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Among other activities, the IGCP works with Virunga Artisans, which markets the handmade products of artisans who live near the Volcanoes, Mgahinga and Bwindi National Parks. A census of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif in March and April 2010 showed that there had been a 26.3% increase in the population over the past seven years.

Save Valley

During recent decades, cattle fences and livestock have been removed, with the resurgence of wildlife and a recovery of wild habitats.

The Save Valley Conservancy, in Zimbabwe's southern lowveld area, forms part of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park. AWF supports Save Valley Conservancy's anti-poaching efforts and works with government partners.

Organization

The AWF's headquarters are located in Nairobi, Kenya, with regional offices in South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Washington, DC. The organization is tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. As of 2009, there were 36 members of the board and 132 paid staff. Funds are raised through direct mail, grant proposals, Internet appeals, planned giving, cause-related marketing, and membership appeals. The executive heads of the foundation have been:

Heads Start End Title Notes
Russell E. Train 1961 1969 Chairman and President Lawyer and judge
Col. John B. George 1963 1968 Executive Director
Gordon Wilson 1968 1971 Executive Director Attorney
Nick Arundel 1969 President Journalist and publisher
John E. Rhea 1971 1975 Executive Director Business man and big game hunter
Robinson McIlvaine 1975 1982 Executive Director, then President Former US Ambassador to Kenya
Robert Smith 1982 1985 President US Foreign Service officer
Paul Schindler 1985 1994 President Professor of sociology
R. Michael Wright 1994 2001 President Former vice-president of World Wildlife Fund
Patrick J. Bergin 2001 2007 President Conservationist with AWF, from 1990
Helen Gichohi 2007 2013 President Kenyan conservationist
Patrick J. Bergin 2007 2017 CEO Conservationist with AWF, 1990–2017
Kaddu Sebunya 2019 --- CEO

The AWF is a member of International Conservation Caucus Foundation's Conservation Council. It is also a member of EarthShare, a national federation that supports American environmental and conservation charities.

Citations

  1. About AWF.
  2. ^ Chimtom, Ngala (July 11, 2024). "AWF president urges African governments to take conservation as valid source of revenue". Down to Earth. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  3. "Russell E. Train Timeline". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
  4. Virginia Assembly...
  5. ^ Train 2003, p. 44.
  6. Harrison 2009.
  7. Bonner 1993, pp. 56–57.
  8. Bonner 1993, pp. 57.
  9. Bonner 1993, pp. 58.
  10. Eyeball to eyeball...
  11. Last Stand...
  12. ^ Conserving Wildlife - 14 years.
  13. Bonner 1993, pp. 59.
  14. Bonner 1993, pp. 60.
  15. Empowering People.
  16. Conserving Wildlife.
  17. Protecting Land.
  18. BBB Wise Giving...
  19. "Protecting wildlife and providing a bright future for Africa's people". African Wildlife Foundation. 2013-03-06. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  20. The African Landscape.
  21. ^ Dupain et al. 2008, p. 329.
  22. Dupain et al. 2008, p. 332.
  23. Kimura 2009, pp. 209–225.
  24. Dupain et al. 2008.
  25. Mosi-Oa-Tunya.
  26. Kazungula Landscape.
  27. Lombe 2011.
  28. Disney's African Cats.
  29. Revealing the Leopard.
  30. Strengthening Banhine.
  31. Great Limpopo Transfrontier.
  32. Seven Elephants...
  33. Making Conservation Our Business.
  34. "Fighting wildlife loss in Kenya". African Wildlife Foundation. 2013-02-25. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  35. ^ Parc W Landscape.
  36. World's rarest giraffe.
  37. Strategie Nationale.
  38. Virunga Landscape.
  39. Celebrating AWF's 40th.
  40. Robinson McIlvaine.
  41. Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge.
  42. Mowat 1987, pp. 202–203.
  43. About Virunga Artisans.
  44. Masozera 2010.
  45. AWF's History.
  46. Conservation Council.
  47. Who We Support.

General and cited references

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