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{{Infobox organization {{Short description|International conservation organization}}
{{Advert|date=December 2023}}{{Infobox organization
| name = African Wildlife Foundation
| name = African Wildlife Foundation
| bgcolor = <!-- header background color -->
| image =
| fgcolor = <!-- header text color -->
| image_border =
| image = African wildlife foundation logo.gif
| size = 164px
| image_border =
| alt = <!-- alt text; see ] -->
| size = 164px
| caption =
| alt = <!-- alt text; see ] -->
| map = <!-- optional -->
| caption =
| map = <!-- optional --> | msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px -->
| msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px --> | malt = <!-- map alt text -->
| malt = <!-- map alt text --> | mcaption = <!-- optional -->
| map2 =
| mcaption = <!-- optional -->
| abbreviation =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = | predecessor =
| successor =
| motto = To ensure the wildlife and wild lands of Africa will endure forever
| formation = 1961
| predecessor =
| extinction = <!-- date of extinction, optional -->
| successor =
| type = ]
| formation = 1961
| extinction = <!-- date of extinction, optional --> | status = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc -->
| purpose = Wildlife conservation
| type = ]
| headquarters = Nairobi, Kenya
| status = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc -->
| location =
| purpose = Environmental protection
| coords = <!-- Coordinates of location using a coordinates template -->
| headquarters = Washington, DC, USA
| location =
| coords = <!-- Coordinates of location using a coordinates template -->
| region_served = Africa | region_served = Africa
| membership = | membership =
| language = <!-- official languages --> | language = <!-- official languages -->
| general = <!-- Secretary General --> | general = <!-- Secretary General -->
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Helen W. Gichohi
| leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer | leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer
| leader_name2 = Patrick J. Bergin | leader_name2 = ]
| leader_title3 = | leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 = | leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = | leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 = | leader_name4 =
| key_people = | key_people =
| main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc --> | main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc -->
| parent_organization = <!-- if one --> | parent_organization = <!-- if one -->
| affiliations = <!-- if any --> | affiliations = <!-- if any -->
| budget = US$19,333,998 (2009) | budget = US$27,709,524 (2016)
| num_staff = 132 | num_staff = 132
| num_volunteers = | num_volunteers =
| website = {{url|http://www.awf.org/}} | website = {{URL|http://www.awf.org/}}
| remarks = | remarks =
| former name = African Wildlife Leadership Foundation | former name = African Wildlife Leadership Foundation
}} }}
The '''African Wildlife Foundation''' ('''AWF''') is an international ] organization created with the intent of preserving ], wild lands, and natural resources.{{sfn|About AWF}} Founded in 1961, the organization helped establish conservation programs at the ], Mweka in ], and the Ecole de Faune de Garoua in ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chimtom |first=Ngala |date=July 11, 2024 |title=AWF president urges African governments to take conservation as valid source of revenue |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/africa/awf-president-urges-african-governments-to-take-conservation-as-valid-source-of-revenue |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=Down to Earth}}</ref> The Foundation works with governments and businesses to develop conservation efforts as a source of revenue.<ref name=":0" />
The '''African Wildlife Foundation''' (AWF), founded in 1961 as the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, is an international conservation organization that focuses on critically important ] in Africa.{{sfn|About AWF}}

When founded in 1961, the purpose was to train Africans to maintain game reserves professionally, ensuring an adequate supply of game for hunters on safari. Later, the mandate evolved to supporting western scientists in studies of protected animals in their natural habitat. More recently, the focus has been on developing sustainable systems that benefit both animals and local human communities.

The AWF has always been constrained by funding, earning less than US$20 million in the year ending 30 June 2009.
While supporting education and other programs, the main focus of the AWF is now on assisting development of nine "heartlands", large ecologically important areas that typically span national boundaries. These are home to endangered or threatened species that include Western African Giraffes, mountain gorillas, bonobos, Grevy's zebras, white rhinos and elephants.


==Early years== ==Early years==


] ]
The African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (AWLF) was founded in 1961 by ], a wealthy judge and hunter, and member of the Washington Safari Club.{{sfn|Russell E. Train}} The African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (AWLF) was founded in 1961 by ], a wealthy judge, hunter, and member of the Washington Safari Club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/russelletrain/timeline.html|title=Russell E. Train Timeline|publisher=World Wildlife Fund|access-date=2011-10-14}}</ref> Other founding members of the Safari Club were ], a former United States Marine Corps combat officer and journalist; ] of the ]; James S. Bugg, a businessman; and ], an accountant who would later serve as finance chairman of the ]. {{sfn|Virginia Assembly...}}{{sfn|Train|2003|p=44}}{{sfn|Harrison|2009}}{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=56-57}}
Other founding members from the Safari Club were ], a former United States Marine Corps combat officer and journalist, ] of the CIA, James S. Bugg, a business man and ], later to be ]'s finance chairman.{{sfn|Virginia Assembly...}}{{sfn|Train|2003|p=44}}{{sfn|Harrison|2009}}{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=56-57}}

Train was worried that European park managers would be replaced by unqualified Africans in conservation work as African countries gained their independence. Twenty African countries became independent in 1960 and 1961.
Train wrote "In Tanganyika alone, the government recently ordered 100 percent Africanization of the game service by 1966! ... Replacement of European staff by intrained, unqualified men spells disaster for the game".
He felt that it was urgent to train Africans to become wildlife professionals.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=57}}

The first major grant of the AWLF was $47,000 to help found the ] at Mweka, ] in 1963.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=58}}
The college was organized by ], Chief Game Warden of Tanganyika, as a pioneer institution for the training of African wildlife managers.{{sfn|Eyeball to eyeball...}}
Funding for Mweka was also provided by the ], and the ], with facilities donated by the government of ].
By 2010 the college had trained over 4,500 wildlife managers from 28 African countries and 18 non-African countries.{{sfn|Last Stand...}}

In 1963 AWLF started a scholarship program to bring young Africans to American universities where they could study biology and wildlife management. The AWLF built a conservation education center in the same year, situated at the entrance to the ]. In 1967 the AWLF provided $50,000 to finance construction of a Research Institute in Tanzania. In 1970 the AWF established a school for wildlife management in ], Cameroon, giving instruction in French.
During the 1970s and 1980s the AWLF continued to finance students, and also assisted conservation projects, often giving supplies such as tents, vehicle spare parts, water pumps and photographic equipment rather than cash.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}

In 1969 the AWLF took the lead in a campaign supported by other conservation groups to protect rhinos. In 1974 the foundation began a program to study cheetahs.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
In 1983 the AWF dropped "Leadership" from its name. Train was disappointed with the change, considering that the organization had lost sight of its original mandate. Instead, it had become just another conservation organization, giving funding to westerners to conduct research on animals.
However, research such as ]'s work on gorillas and ]'s work on elephants, both supported by the AWF, was clearly useful.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=59}}

The foundation struggled to raise money.
In 1968 the annual budget was less than US$250,000.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
In 1988, the year in which the AWF launched a campaign against elephant poaching, the foundation had a staff of six and an annual budget of just $2 million.
When the AWF turned 30 in 1991, the board of trustees continued to be dominated by prominent and wealthy Americans, many of whom served on other non-profit boards.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=60}}

==Current Conservation Ethos==

The African Wildlife Foundation, together with the people of Africa, works to ensure the wildlife and wild lands of Africa endure for future generations. Through fifty years of experience, AWF learned that a lasting future for Africa's wildlife and wild lands, and a future that prioritizes the needs of Africa's people, invokes conservation work across four key areas of focus.


Train was worried that European park managers would be replaced by unqualified Africans in conservation works as African countries gained their independence. Twenty African countries became independent in 1960 and 1961. Train wrote, {{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=57}}
]


{{Blockquote|text="In Tanganyika alone, the government recently ordered Hundred percent (100%) Africanization of the game service by 1966! The replacement of European staff by untrained, unqualified men spells disaster for the game."}}
===Land and Habitat===


The first major grant of the AWLF was $47,000 to help found the ] at Mweka, ], in 1963.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=58}} The college was organized by ], Chief Game Warden of Tanganyika, as a pioneer institution for the training of African wildlife managers.{{sfn|Eyeball to eyeball...}} Funding for Mweka was also provided by the ] and the ], with facilities donated by the government of ]. By 2010, the college had trained over 4,500 wildlife managers from 28 African countries and 18 non-African countries.{{sfn|Last Stand...}}
AWF advocates that wildlife needs room to roam beyond officially protected lands. Through zoning, community land-use planning, land-easement agreements, and more, AWF works to preserve as much land and habitat as possible. The “Heartlands”—which span national parks and local villages, government lands and private properties—are key to sustaining wildlife populations and diversity into the future. When sustainably maintained, they provide long-lasting economic benefit for surrounding communities.


In 1963, AWLF started a scholarship program to bring young Africans to American universities where they could study biology and wildlife management. Later that year, AWLF built a conservation education center at the entrance to ]. In 1967, the AWLF provided $50,000 to finance the construction of a research institute in Tanzania. In 1970, the AWF established a school for ] in ], Cameroon; giving instruction in French. During the 1970s and 1980s, the AWLF continued to finance students, and also assisted conservation projects, often giving supplies such as tents, vehicle spare parts, water pumps, and photographic equipment, rather than cash.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
===Capacity Building===


In 1969, the AWLF took the lead in a campaign supported by other conservation groups to protect rhinoceroses. In 1974, the foundation began a program to study cheetahs.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}} In 1983, the AWF dropped "Leadership" from its name. Train was disappointed with the change, believing that the organization had lost sight of its original mandate. In his view, it had become just another conservation organization, giving funding to westerners to conduct research on animals. There is research such as ]'s work on gorillas and ]'s work on elephants, which were both supported by the AWF.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=59}}
]]]


In 1968, the annual budget was less than US$250,000.{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
Empowering Africans to be Africa’s stewards is at the core of AWF’s strategy. Realizing that those who live on the land are best suited to protect it, AWF invests heavily in education and training by providing university scholarships for Africans studying conservation or training community members in sustainable agricultural practices. At the national level, AWF lends its conservation expertise to governments seeking additional support in natural resources management.
In 1988, the year of the AWF's campaign launch against elephant ], the foundation had a staff of six and an annual budget of $2 million. When the AWF turned 30 in 1991, the board of trustees remained dominated by prominent and wealthy Americans, many of whom served on other non-profit boards.{{sfn|Bonner|1993|pp=60}}


==Recent initiatives==
===Conservation Enterprise===


The AWF have said their recent programs are modelled around three central objectives: empowering people, conserving wildlife, and protecting land. Empowering people involves conservation enterprises.{{sfn|Empowering People}}{{sfn|Conserving Wildlife}}
Conservation is sometimes hard to understand for those struggling to make ends meet and experiencing conflict from local wildlife. AWF works with communities to build enterprises that allow residents to benefit from wildlife— and ultimately helps them understand that wildlife can be a boon, not a bane, for their prosperity. These include eco- tourist lodges, aquaculture projects, and livestock management programs, among many other possibilities.


The AWF's primary goal is to protect land. Starting in 1998, land protection efforts focused on landscape-level conservation approaches.{{sfn|Protecting Land}}
===Conservation Science===


Foundation finances include a reported income of US$19,333,998 in the 2009 fiscal year. Of this, $8,582,555 came from ] support, $5,815,839 from corporate and foundation support, $5,224,931 from gifts from individuals, and $1,360,424 from legacy gifts.
AWF conducts research on a cadre of Africa’s endangered and iconic species. Its large corps of scientists—most of whom are native Africans—study species’ movement and habitats so they can better define interventions to mitigate human–wildlife conflict and determine how to best partner with communities to protect Africa’s wildlife.
$17,395,456 was spent on programs, $1,524,764 on fund raising, and $1,262,056 in administration. Program funding broke down as $14,174,224 on conservation programs, $2,392,989 on public education, and $828,243 on membership programs.{{sfn|BBB Wise Giving...}}


==Priority landscapes==
==Heartlands==


The AWF formerly referred to its protected landscapes as its "heartlands"; currently, the organization employs a "priority landscape" approach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awf.org/where-we-work|title=Protecting wildlife and providing a bright future for Africa's people.|date=2013-03-06|website=African Wildlife Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> These priority landscapes include:{{sfn|The African Landscape}}
The AWF names the landscapes that it supports "heartlands".
Heartlands include:{{sfn|The African Heartlands}}
{|class=wikitable {|class=wikitable
!Countries !! Heartland !! Start !! Notes !Countries !! Priority landscape !! Start !! Notes
|- |-
|Democratic Republic of Congo || Congo || 2003 ||Moist tropical forest between the ] and ] Rivers. Home of the endangered ] |Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) || Congo || 2003 ||Moist tropical forest between the ] and ] Rivers. Home of the endangered ]
|- |-
|Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe || Kazungula || 2001 ||Woodland-grassland mosaic with important wildlife migration corridors around the ] |Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe || Kazungula || 2001 ||Woodland-grassland mosaic with important wildlife migration corridors around the ]
|- |-
|Kenya & Tanzania || Kilimanjaro || 1999 ||Wetlands and savanna surrounding ] |Kenya & Tanzania || Kilimanjaro || 1999 ||Wetlands and savanna surrounding ]
|- |-
|Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe || Limpopo || 2002 ||Savannahs, woodlands, rivers and floodplains around the ] |Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe || Limpopo || 2002 ||Savannahs, woodlands, rivers and floodplains around the ]
|- |-
|Tanzania || Maasai Steppe || 1999 ||Savannah including ] and ] |Tanzania || Maasai Steppe || 1999 ||Savannah including ] and ]
|- |-
|Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin || Parc W || 2010 || Protected savanna in West Africa |Niger, Burkina Faso, and Benin || Parc W || 2010 || Protected savanna in West Africa.
|- |-
|Kenya || Samburu || 1999 ||Acacia grassland near to ] |Kenya || Samburu || 1999 ||Acacia grassland near to ]
Line 130: Line 96:
|- |-
|Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe || Zambezi || 2000 ||Zambezi River, tributaries, acacia floodplain and interconnecting wetlands |Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe || Zambezi || 2000 ||Zambezi River, tributaries, acacia floodplain and interconnecting wetlands
|-
|Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) || Bili Uele || 2013 || Savanna mosaic north of the Uele River and lowland primary forest to the south. Home of the ] and ]
|-
|Namibia || Etosha-Skeleton Coast || 2013 || Vast salt pan, woodland, and savanna ecosystems
|-
|South Africa || Great Fish River || 2013 || A 45,000-hectare reserve in the Great Fish River valley, home to increasingly vulnerable population of critically endangered black rhino
|-
| Zimbabwe || Save Valley || || Save Valley Conservancy, home to endangered rhinos
|-
| Cameroon || Faro || 2012 || In addition to hosting the largest population of hippos in Cameroon, Faro National Park is home to elephants, black rhinos, cheetahs, hyenas, and other wildlife
|-
| Kenya || Mau Forest || 2011 || The Mau Forest Complex sits within Kenya's Rift Valley and is the largest indigenous montane forest in East Africa
|-
| Tanzania || Ruaha || 2012 || The Ruaha area will intersect with an agriculture corridor that the Tanzanian government wants to develop in southern Tanzania

|} |}


===Bili-Uele===
]s]]
The Bili-Uele Protected Area Complex is found in the remote north of the ], along the border of the Central African Republic. The region consists of savanna mosaic north of the ] and lowland primary forest to the south. Both regions support the remaining undisturbed population of the ]. An estimated 35,000–65,000 eastern chimpanzees are found in this complex. Few organizations are working there.


===Congo=== ===Congo===
]s]]
The ] in the ] is one of the least developed and most remote parts of the Congo Basin. The inhabitants are among the poorest in Africa.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}} Most people live by ] agriculture and rely on ] protein. Cash crops include maize, cassava and groundnuts.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=332}} The growing population risks a revival of logging.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}}


Since 1973, a Japanese team has been researching the ] population near the village of ] in 1973.
The ] in the ] one of the least developed and most remote parts of the Congo Basin.
However, research was discontinued after political disorders started in 1991, followed by the ] in 1997, resuming only in the mid-2000s.{{sfn|Kimura|2009|pp=209-225}}
The inhabitants are among the poorest in Africa, depending on natural resources to meet their basic needs.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}}
The ] classifies ]s as an ], with conservative population estimates ranging from 29,500 to 50,000 individuals. The AWF has partnered with local and international groups to develop a sustainable land use plan for the MLW Landscape. The plan aims to ensure that the economic and cultural needs of the inhabitants are met while conserving the environment. The approach combines AWF's Landscape Conservation Process and the ] (CARPE) Program Monitoring Plan.
Most of the people live by slash-and-burn agriculture, and rely on bushmeat such as porcupine, sitatunga, and forest hog for protein.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=331}}
Cash crops include maize, cassave and groundnuts.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=332}} A variety of tools are used, including surveys, interviews with local people, and ] interpretation.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008}}
The growing population is placing more stress on the environment, and there is risk of a revival of logging that could harm the ability of the land to sustain the people and could jeopardize both biodiversity.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}}


===Etosha-Skeleton Coast===
Since 1973 a Japanese team has been researching the ] population near the village of ] in 1973.
The Etosha-Skeleton Coast landscape, in the northern part of ], is home to and its vast salt pan, woodland, and savanna ecosystems. The landscape is home to the ] and the ]. To the west of the park lies the Skeleton Coast, where herds of elephants live. The African Wildlife Foundation is scaling up ] investments through its subsidiary, , which invests in the Grootberg Lodge in the Khoadi-Hoas community conservancy.
However, research was discontinued after political disorders started in 1991 followed by civil war in 1997, resuming only in the mid-2000s.{{sfn|Kimura|2009|pp=209-225}}
The ] classifies bonobos as an ] with conservative population estimates ranging from 29,500 to 50,000 individuals.{{sfn|Pan paniscus: IUCN}}
The AWF has led efforts by local and international groups to develop a sustainable land use plan for the MLW Landscape.
The plan aims to ensure that the economic and cultural needs of the inhabitants are met while conserving the environment.
The approach combines AWF's Heartland Conservation Process and the ] (CARPE) Program Monitoring Plan.
A variety of tools are used including surveys, interviews with local people and satellite image interpretation.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008}}


===Faro===
]
At the core of the Faro landscape in northern Cameroon is ], located close to the Nigerian border. This park hosts the largest population of hippos in Cameroon. AWF is lending support to counter-poaching park rangers in Faro and building a contingent of community scouts on the park's borders to provide a buffer between outsiders and the park.
]

===Great Fish River===
The ] is located in ]'s Eastern Cape province. The 45,000-hectare reserve, which lies in the Great Fish River valley, is home to critically endangered ].


===Kazungula=== ===Kazungula===


]
The floodplains of the Zambezi River are surrounded by a mosaic of Miombo and Mopane woodlands and grasslands that include important wildlife migration corridors.{{sfn|Kazungula Heartland}}
The ], the largest in the world, are between ] in Zambia and ] in Zimbabwe. ]
The floodplains of the Zambezi River are surrounded by a mosaic of miombo and mopane woodlands and grasslands that include important wildlife migration corridors. ], the largest in the world, are between ] in Zambia and ] in Zimbabwe. The Falls and surrounding area are designated a ]. However, the environment is threatened by the development of tourism and a lack of funding. {{sfn|Mosi-Oa-Tunya}}
The Falls and surrounding area are designated a ].
However, the environment is threatened by growing and haphazard development of tourism, and lack of funding to the park authorities.{{sfn|Mosi-Oa-Tunya}}


The AWF has established the {{convert|160000|acre|ha}} Sekute Conservation Area in this region in partnership with the Sekute Chiefdom, holding two elephant corridors.{{sfn|Kazungula Heartland}} The AWF has established the {{convert|160000|acre|ha}} Sekute Conservation Area in this region in partnership with the Sekute Chiefdom, holding two elephant corridors' helped wildlife authorities settle four new white rhinos in ] in Zambia, joining the last surviving white rhino in the country, a bull. On 17 January 2011, it was reported that two of the females ]s had given birth to calves, which seemed healthy. The area is also home to endangered ]s.{{sfn|Kazungula Landscape}}
In 2011, a cluster of modern new buildings for the Lupani community school were opened in Kazungula, built by the AWF at a cost of US$250,000.
AWF helped wildlife authorities settle four new white rhinos in ] in Zambia, joining the last surviving white Rhino in the country, a bull.
On 17 January 2011 it was reported that two of the female ]s had given birth to calves, which seemed healthy.{{sfn|Exciting News...}}
The area is also home to endangered ]s.{{sfn|Kazungula Heartland}}
In 2011 a cluster of modern new buildings for the Lupani community school were opened in Kazungula, built by the AWF at a cost of US$250,000.
The new school has six classrooms, offices and five teachers' houses with three bedrooms each.{{sfn|Lombe|2011}} The new school has six classrooms, offices and five teachers' houses with three bedrooms each.{{sfn|Lombe|2011}}


===Kilimanjaro=== ===Kilimanjaro===


]]]
] released the movie ''African Cats'' in April 2011. The Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund gave AWF a portion of the proceeds from the first week's ticket sales for use in protecting the Amboseli Wildlife Corridor. Their "See 'African Cats,' Save the Savanna" program served both to promote the movie and to raise money for conservation.{{sfn|Disney's African Cats}} ] released the movie ''African Cats'' in April 2011. The Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund gave AWF a portion of the proceeds from the first week's ticket sales for use in protecting the Amboseli Wildlife Corridor. Their "See 'African Cats,' Save the Savanna" program served both to promote the movie and to raise money for conservation.{{sfn|Disney's African Cats}}

], ], ]]]



===Limpopo=== ===Limpopo===
], ], ]]]
The Limpopo Landscape includes areas of ], ] and ].
It includes savannas, woodlands, rivers and floodplains. Fauna include ], rhinos, hippos, and many species of birds, insects and aquatic life. The AWF has started the Leopard Conservation Science Project in this landscape. {{sfn|Revealing the Leopard}} The AWF is particularly involved in the ] in Mozambique, which covers {{convert|7000|km2|sqmi}}.
Until recently, this park had little or no infrastructure or staff to ensure that the environment was protected. The AWF has built a conservation research center, which it is marketed internationally. Fees from researchers will pay for staff to run the center and manage the park.{{sfn|Strengthening Banhine}}


The ] (GLTP) is a {{convert|35000|km2|sqmi}} park that is being established to connect the ] in South Africa, the ] in Mozambique, the ] in Zimbabwe, and other protected areas. It is almost the size of the ] and more than three times larger than ].
The Limpopo Heartland includes areas of ], ] and ].
The GLTP is home to many of the species most popular with tourists, including lions, white and black rhinoceros, giraffes, elephants, hippopotamus and buffalos. The AWF says the mega park will result in "creating new jobs and fortifying a tourism base not yet meeting its full potential". {{sfn|Great Limpopo Transfrontier}} The AWF is a major sponsor of the project that is setting up this park.{{sfn|Seven Elephants...}}
It includes savanna, woodland, rivers and floodplains.
Fauna include sable antelope, rhinos, hippos, and many species of birds, insects and aquatic life.{{sfn|Limpopo Heartland}}
The AWF has started the Leopard Conservation Science Project in this heartland .{{sfn|Revealing the Leopard}}
The AWF is particularly involved in the ] in Mozambique, which covers {{convert|7000|km2|sqmi}}.
Until recently this park had little or no infrastructure or staff to ensure that the environment was protected.
The AWF has built a conservation research center, which it is marketing to the international scientific community.
Fees from researchers will pay for staff to run the center and to manage the park.{{sfn|Strengthening Banhine}}

The ] (GLTP) is a {{convert|35000|km2|sqmi}} park that is being established to connect the ] in South Africa, the ] in Mozambique, the ] in Zimbabwe and other protected areas.
It is almost as big as ] and more than three times larger than the ].
The GLTP is home to many of the species most popular with tourists, including lion, white and black rhinoceros, giraffe, elephant, hippopotamus and buffalo.
The AWF says the megapark will result in "creating new jobs and fortifying a tourism base not yet meeting its full potential".{{sfn|Great Limpopo Transfrontier}}
The AWF is a major sponsor of the project that is setting up this park.{{sfn|Seven Elephants...}}


===Maasai Steppe=== ===Maasai Steppe===

]


The {{convert|35000|acre|ha}} Manyara Ranch Conservancy is near to ] in ]. The {{convert|35000|acre|ha}} Manyara Ranch Conservancy is near to ] in ].
This is a pioneering conservation and tourism project supported by the African Wildlife Foundation, the Tanzania Land Conservation Trust and the Manyara Ranch Conservancy. While not a park, the conservancy is frequented by resident and migrating wildlife including elephant, lion, buffalo, leopard and the more common plains game. Rarely seen in the parks but a common resident on the Conservancy is the Lesser Kudu.{{sfn|Making Conservation Our Business}} This is a conservation and tourism project supported by the African Wildlife Foundation, the Tanzania Land Conservation Trust and the Manyara Ranch Conservancy. Rarely seen, but a common resident on the Conservancy is the ].{{sfn|Making Conservation Our Business}}


===Mau Forest Complex===

Within Kenya's Rift Valley, sits the ] Complex. It is the largest indigenous ] in East Africa and serves as a ] for the country, providing a source of water for many of ]'s wildlife and people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awf.org/country/kenya|title=Fighting wildlife loss in Kenya.|date=2013-02-25|website=African Wildlife Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> African Wildlife Foundation, together with the ], the Community Forest Association, and other stakeholders, is reforesting areas of the Mau Forest with indigenous trees.
]s near ]]]


===Parc W=== ===Parc W===


]s near ]]]
This {{convert|1823280|ha|sqmi}} region is located around the point where ], ] and ] meet.
It consists of three national protected parks that form a ] ], the trans-national ], as well as several adjacent reserves and buffer zones. This {{convert|1823280|ha|sqmi}} region is located around the point where ], ] and ] meet. It consists of three national protected parks that form a ] ], the trans-national ], as well as several adjacent reserves and buffer zones. The complex includes savanna woodlands, gallery forests and flooded plains where the ] and ] rivers meet. It is home to the largest population of elephants in the region and the only remaining ]s.{{sfn|Parc W Landscape}}
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA research shows that this is a subspecies that diverged from the ] about 350,000 years ago.{{sfn|World's rarest giraffe}}
The complex includes savanna woodlands, gallery forests and flooded plains where the ] and ] rivers meet.
It is home to large and diverse wildlife populations including the largest population of elephants in the region and the only remaining ]s.{{sfn|Parc W Heartland}}
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA research shows that this is a distinct and genetically healthy subspecies that diverged from the ] about 350,000 years ago.{{sfn|World's rarest giraffe}}

In Parc W, AWF and other International NGOs such as the ], ] and ] play a central role in communication, education and organization of local communities and their leaders, and help collect socio-economic and technical data.{{sfn|Strategie Nationale}}
AWF is helping fund tree nurseries in Niger and Burkino Faso for replantings to provide fodder for the giraffes.{{sfn|Parc W Heartland}} Conservation threats are human population growth and desertification. AWF partners in the region include the ], ] (CENAGREF), Benin and the Ministries of the Environment in Burkina Faso and Niger.{{sfn|Parc W Heartland}}


In Parc W, AWF and other International NGOs such as the ], ] and ] play a central role in communication, education and organization of local communities and their leaders, and help collect socio-economic and technical data.{{sfn|Strategie Nationale}} AWF is helping fund tree nurseries in Niger and Burkino Faso for replanting to provide fodder for the giraffes.{{sfn|Parc W Landscape}} Conservation threats are human population growth and desertification. AWF partners in the region include the ], ] (CENAGREF), Benin and the Ministries of the Environment in Burkina Faso and Niger.{{sfn|Parc W Landscape}}


===Ruaha===


The Ruaha area will intersect with an agriculture corridor that the Tanzanian government wants to develop in southern ]. The proposed corridor will overlap many different ecosystems. AWF is scaling up social venture capital investments through its subsidiary, African Wildlife Capital (AWC), which invests in socially and environmentally responsible agricultural and other businesses—such as the Rungwe Avocado Co.—that must comply with conservation covenants to secure and maintain investment.


===Samburu=== ===Samburu===
]]]


The ] and reticulated giraffe live in the Samburu Landscape among the acacia grasslands. The challenges faced in Samburu are forest/habitat degradation due to logging and farming and cattle-carnivore conflict.
].]]

The ] operates a program where volunteers are given basic accommodations at their Center for Drylands Research in ]. The volunteers count and photograph endangered ]s, of which there are about 2,000 in the region, and record GIS locations, activities and other observations of wildlife, livestock and people.
The data is used to prepare GIS maps that show the distribution of zebras in relation to predators, humans, and habitat, which are shared with the AWF and the local communities.{{sfn|Conserving Grevy's Zebra}}


AWF has addressed these challenges, including partnering with Starbucks Coffee Trading Co. to train coffee growers and working with Samburu warriors.
A highly critical film by the British journalist ] named "''Conservation's Dirty Secrets''" was aired on June 20 on the United Kingdom's ]. It portrays the alleged role of the AWF in forcible displacement of Kenyan ] pastoralists.
Steeds interviewed evicted Samburu elders while the film showed their homes being burned down and Kenyan police trying to arrest his Samburu guides.{{sfn|Campaign Update – Kenya}}


===Virunga=== ===Virunga===


]s in ], ]]] ]s in ], ]]]
The ] landscape is an area of volcanic highlands around the point where ], ] and the ] meet, Virunga is home to the last 700 ]s in the world. The ] landscape is an area of volcanic highlands around the point where ], ] and the ] meet. Virunga is home to the last 700 ]s in the world. It includes the ] in Uganda, where AWF opened a visitor center in July 2006.
The Virunga ecosystem shelters chimpanzees, golden monkeys, forest elephants, and many species of birds, reptiles and amphibians. The region is overpopulated and unstable.{{sfn|Virunga Landscape}}
It includes the ] in Uganda, where AWF opened a visitor center in July 2006.
The Virunga ecosystem is highly diverse, and also shelters chimpanzees, golden monkeys, forest elephants, and many species of birds, reptiles and amphibians.
The region is overpopulated, intensely poor and politically unstable, placing severe threats on the environment.{{sfn|Virunga Heartland}}


The AWF helped ] study Rwandan mountain gorillas in the 1960s. The AWF helped ] study Rwandan mountain gorillas in the 1960s.
AWF President ] later said that "There would be no mountain gorillas in the Virungas today ... were it not for Dian Fossey's tireless efforts over many years".{{sfn|Celebrating AWF's 40th}} AWF President ] later said that "There would be no mountain gorillas in the Virungas today ... were it not for Dian Fossey's tireless efforts over many years".{{sfn|Celebrating AWF's 40th}}
McIlvaine initiated formation of a consortium to protect the threatened Rwandan mountain gorillas while he was president of the AWF between 1978 and 1982.{{sfn|Robinson McIlvaine}} McIlvaine initiated the formation of a consortium to protect the threatened Rwandan mountain gorillas while he was president of the AWF between 1978 and 1982.{{sfn|Robinson McIlvaine}}
More recently, the AWF coordinated fundraising and construction of a lodge overlooking the ], home of about half the worlds population of mountain gorillas.{{sfn|Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge}} More recently, the AWF coordinated fundraising and construction of a lodge overlooking the ].{{sfn|Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge}}


According the ] in his book '']'', in the late 1970s Fossey asked McIlvaine to temporarily serve as secretary-treasurer of the ] while he was AWF President. According to ] in his book '']'', in the late 1970s, Fossey asked McIlvaine to temporarily serve as secretary-treasurer of the ] while he was AWF President. She had created the fund to finance patrols against poachers seeking to kill mountain gorillas. McIlvaine partnered with the ], the Digit Fund, and his own AWF, asking for funds to be made out to the AWF.
The Digit Fund received none of the money. When McIlvaine suggested to Fossey that the Digit Fund could be folded into AWF, Fossey declined, and McIlvaine resigned as secretary-treasurer of the fund.{{sfn|Mowat|1987|pp=202-203}}
She had created the fund to finance patrols against poachers seeking to kill mountain gorillas. McIlvaine partnered with the ], the Digit Fund, and his own AWF asking for funds, to be made out to the AWF.
The Digit Fund received none of the money. When McIlvaine suggested to Fossey that the Digit Fund could be folded into AWF, Fossey declined and McIlvaine resigned as secretary-treasurer of the fund.{{sfn|Mowat|1987|pp=202-203}}


The AWF is a co-sponsor of the ] (IGCP) in Virunga, the others being ] (FFI) and the ] (WWF). Among other activities, the IGCP works with Virunga Artisans, which markets hand-made products of artisans who live near the ], Mgahinga and Bwindi National Parks.{{sfn|About Virunga Artisans}} The AWF is a co-sponsor of the ] (IGCP) in Virunga, the others being ] (FFI) and the ] (WWF). Among other activities, the IGCP works with Virunga Artisans, which markets the handmade products of artisans who live near the ], Mgahinga and ]s.{{sfn|About Virunga Artisans}}
A census of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif in March and April 2010 showed that there had been a 26.3% increase in the population over the past seven years, an encouraging sign that conservation efforts were succeeding.{{sfn|Masozera|2010}} A census of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif in March and April 2010 showed that there had been a 26.3% increase in the population over the past seven years.{{sfn|Masozera|2010}}


==Successes== ===Save Valley===


During recent decades, cattle fences and livestock have been removed, with the resurgence of wildlife and a recovery of wild habitats.


The Save Valley Conservancy, in Zimbabwe's southern lowveld area, forms part of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park. AWF supports Save Valley Conservancy's anti-poaching efforts and works with government partners.


==Organization== ==Organization==


The African Wildlife Foundation headquarters are in Nairobi, Kenya, with satellite offices in South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Washington, DC. The AWF's headquarters are located in ], with regional offices in South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Washington, DC. The organization is ] under Section ] of the Internal Revenue Code. As of 2009, there were 36 members of the board and 132 paid staff.
Funds are raised through direct mail, grant proposals, Internet appeals, planned giving, cause-related marketing, and membership appeals. The executive heads of the foundation have been:{{sfn|AWF's History}}{{sfn|Train|2003|p=44}}
The organization is tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
As of 2011 there were 36 members of the Board and 132 paid staff.
Funds are raised through direct mail, grant proposals, Internet appeals, planned giving, cause-related marketing, and membership appeals.{{sfn|BBB Wise Giving...}}
The executive heads of the foundation have been:{{sfn|AWF's History}}{{sfn|Train|2003|p=44}}
{|class=wikitable {|class=wikitable
|- |-
! style="width:10em;" | !!style="width:4em;" |Start !! style="width:4em;" |End !!style="width:10em;" | Title !! Notes ! style="width:10em;" | Heads!! style="width:4em;" |Start !! style="width:4em;" |End !!style="width:10em;" | Title !! Notes
|- |-
|] || 1961 || 1969 || Chairman and President || Lawyer and judge |] || 1961 || 1969 || Chairman and President || Lawyer and judge
Line 266: Line 226:
|] || 1969 || || President || Journalist and publisher |] || 1969 || || President || Journalist and publisher
|- |-
|John E. Rhea || 1971 || 1975 || Executive Director ||Business man and big game hunter |John E. Rhea || 1971 || 1975 || Executive Director ||Business man and ]
|- |-
|] || 1975 || 1982 || Executive Director, then President ||Former US Ambassador to Kenya |] || 1975 || 1982 || Executive Director, then President ||Former US Ambassador to Kenya
Line 274: Line 234:
|Paul Schindler || 1985 || 1994 || President || Professor of sociology |Paul Schindler || 1985 || 1994 || President || Professor of sociology
|- |-
|R. Michael Wright || 1994 || 2001 || President || Former vice-president of World Wildlife Fund |R. Michael Wright || 1994 || 2001 || President || Former vice-president of ]
|- |-
|Patrick J. Bergin || 2001 || 2007 || President || Conservationist with AWF from 1990 |] || 2001 || 2007 || President || Conservationist with AWF, from 1990
|- |-
|] || 2007 || || President || Kenyan conservationist |] || 2007 || 2013 || President|| Kenyan conservationist
|-
|] || 2007 ||2017|| CEO || Conservationist with AWF, 1990–2017
|-
|Kaddu Sebunya
|2019
| ---
|CEO
|
|} |}


The AWF is a member of ] Conservation Council.{{sfn|Conservation Council}} The AWF is a member of ] Conservation Council.{{sfn|Conservation Council}} It is also a member of ], a national federation that supports American environmental and conservation charities.{{sfn|Who We Support}}
It is also a member of ], a national federation that supports leading American environmental and conservation charities.{{sfn|Who We Support}} As of 2011, AWF, for the tenth year in a row, earned the highest rating possible from ], the largest independent evaluator of charities in the United Stats. {{sfn|Charity Navigator}}


== Citations ==
The foundation had income of US$19,333,998 in the fiscal year ended 30 June 2009. Of this, $8,582,555 came from public sector support, $5,815,839 from corporate and foundation support, $5,224,931 from gifts from individuals and $1,360,424 from legacy gifts.
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}
$17,395,456 was spent on programs, $1,524,764 on fund raising and $1,262,056 in administration.
Program funding broke down as $14,174,224 on conservation programs, $2,392,989 on public education and $828,243 on membership programs.{{sfn|BBB Wise Giving...}}


== General and cited references ==
==Vision for the Future==
{{Refbegin|2}}

*{{cite web
==Notes==
|ref={{harvid|About AWF}}
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|About AWF}}
|url=http://www.awf.org/section/about |url=http://www.awf.org/section/about
|title=About AWF |title=About AWF
|publisher=AWF |publisher=AWF
|accessdate=2011-10-14}} |access-date=2011-10-14
}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|About Virunga Artisans}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.virungaart.com/about.htm
|title=About Virunga Artisans |ref = {{harvid|About Virunga Artisans}}
|url = http://www.virungaart.com/about.htm
|publisher=Virunga Artisans
|title = About Virunga Artisans
|accessdate=2011-10-15}}
|publisher = Virunga Artisans
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|AWF's History}}
|access-date = 2011-10-15
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111128234605/http://www.virungaart.com/about.htm
|archive-date = 2011-11-28
|url-status = dead
}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|AWF's History}}
|url=http://www.awf.org/section/about/history |url=http://www.awf.org/section/about/history
|title=AWF's History |title=AWF's History
|publisher=AWF |publisher=AWF
|access-date=2010-10-18
|accessdate=2010-10-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101026013746/http://awf.org/section/about/history| archivedate= 26 October 2010 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026013746/http://awf.org/section/about/history
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|BBB Wise Giving...}}
|archive-date=26 October 2010
|url-status=live
}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|BBB Wise Giving...}}
|url=http://www.bbb.org/charity-reviews/national/environment/african-wildlife-foundation-in-washington-dc-283#charFinancial |url=http://www.bbb.org/charity-reviews/national/environment/african-wildlife-foundation-in-washington-dc-283#charFinancial
|title=BBB Wise Giving Report for African Wildlife Foundation |title=BBB Wise Giving Report for African Wildlife Foundation
|publisher=BBB |publisher=BBB
|accessdate=2011-10-19}} |access-date=2011-10-19
|archive-date=2011-11-04
*{{cite book |ref=harv
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104145355/http://www.bbb.org/charity-reviews/national/environment/african-wildlife-foundation-in-washington-dc-283#charFinancial
|url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~ccgibson/docs/Pages_from_Bonner_CH2_3.pdf
|url-status=dead
|title=At the hand of man: peril and hope for Africa's wildlife
}}
|first=Raymond |last=Bonner
*{{cite book
|publisher=Knopf |year=1993
|url = https://archive.org/details/athandofmanperil00bonn
|ISBN=0-679-40008-7}}
|title = At the hand of man: peril and hope for Africa's wildlife
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Campaign Update – Kenya}}
|first = Raymond
|last = Bonner
|publisher = Knopf
|year = 1993
|isbn = 0-679-40008-7
|access-date = 2011-10-18
|url-access = registration
}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Campaign Update – Kenya}}
|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/kenya/campaign-update-kenya-documentary-blasts-conservation-organizations-abusing-indigenous-pe |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/kenya/campaign-update-kenya-documentary-blasts-conservation-organizations-abusing-indigenous-pe
|title=Campaign Update – Kenya: Documentary Blasts Conservation Organizations for Abusing Indigenous Peoples |title=Campaign Update – Kenya: Documentary Blasts Conservation Organizations for Abusing Indigenous Peoples
|publisher=Cultural Survival |publisher=Cultural Survival
|date=06/22/2011 |date=2011-06-22
|accessdate=2011-10-15}} |access-date=2011-10-15
}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Celebrating AWF's 40th}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Celebrating AWF's 40th}}
|url=http://africanconservation.org/forum/news-archives-around-africa/704-celebrating-awf-s-40th-anniversary.html |url=http://africanconservation.org/forum/news-archives-around-africa/704-celebrating-awf-s-40th-anniversary.html
|title=Celebrating AWF's 40th Anniversary |title=Celebrating AWF's 40th Anniversary
|publisher=African Conservation Foundation |publisher=African Conservation Foundation
|accessdate=2011-10-18}} |access-date=2011-10-18
}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge}}
|url=http://www.wildplacesafrica.com/gorilla-lodge/ |url=http://www.wildplacesafrica.com/gorilla-lodge/
|title=Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge – Nkuringo, Bwindi Impenetrable Forest |title=Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge – Nkuringo, Bwindi Impenetrable Forest
|publisher=Wildplaces Africa |publisher=Wildplaces Africa
|accessdate=2011-10-15}} |access-date=2011-10-15
|url-status=dead
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Conservation Council}}
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003141508/http://www.wildplacesafrica.com/gorilla-lodge/
|archive-date=2011-10-03
}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Conservation Council}}
|url=http://www.iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=96 |url=http://www.iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=96
|title=Conservation Council |title=Conservation Council
|publisher=ICCF |publisher=ICCF
|accessdate=2011-10-14}} |access-date=2011-10-14
|url-status=dead
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Conserving Grevy's Zebra}}
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915160337/http://www.iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=96
|archive-date=2011-09-15
}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Conserving Grevy's Zebra}}
|url=http://www.earthwatch.org/exped/muoria.html |url=http://www.earthwatch.org/exped/muoria.html
|title=Conserving Grevy's Zebra in the Samburu District |title=Conserving Grevy's Zebra in the Samburu District
|publisher=EarthWatch |publisher=EarthWatch
|accessdate=2011-10-15}} |access-date=2011-10-15
|archive-date=2011-10-30
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Conserving Wildlife}}
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030212735/http://www.earthwatch.org/exped/muoria.html
|url-status=dead
}}
*{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Conserving Wildlife}}
|url=http://www.awf.org/section/wildlife |url=http://www.awf.org/section/wildlife
|title=Conserving Wildlife |title=Conserving Wildlife
|publisher=AWF |publisher=AWF
|accessdate=2011-10-19}} |access-date=2011-10-19
}}
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
*{{cite journal
|ref={{harvid|Conserving Wildlife - 14 years}}
|url=http://www.awf.org/documents/FALL01.pdf |url=http://www.awf.org/documents/FALL01.pdf
|journal=African Wildlife News |journal=African Wildlife News
|volume=37|issue=4 |date=Fall 2001 |volume=37
|issue=4
|date=Fall 2001
|title=Conserving Wildlife in Africa: AWF's 40-Year History}} |title=Conserving Wildlife in Africa: AWF's 40-Year History
}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Disney's African Cats}} *{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Disney's African Cats}}
|url=http://www.familylifeinlv.com/2011/04/disneys-african-cats-to-donate-portion-of-ticket-sales-to-awf-you-can-help.html |url=http://www.familylifeinlv.com/2011/04/disneys-african-cats-to-donate-portion-of-ticket-sales-to-awf-you-can-help.html
|title=Disney's African Cats to Donate Portion of Ticket Sales to AWF {You Can Help!} |title=Disney's African Cats to Donate Portion of Ticket Sales to AWF {You Can Help!}
|date=April 7, 2011 |date=April 7, 2011
|work=Family and Life in Las Vegas |work=Family and Life in Las Vegas
|accessdate=2011-10-19}} |access-date=2011-10-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108182926/http://www.familylifeinlv.com/2011/04/disneys-african-cats-to-donate-portion-of-ticket-sales-to-awf-you-can-help.html
|archive-date=November 8, 2011
|url-status=dead
|df=mdy-all
}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Dupain et al. 2008}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Dupain et al. 2008}}
|url=http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |url=http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf
|title=Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape |title=Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape
|first1=Jef |last1=Dupain |first2=Janet |last2=Nackoney |first3=Jean-Paul |last3=Kibambe |first4=Didier |last4=Bokelo |first1=Jef |last1=Dupain |first2=Janet |last2=Nackoney |first3=Jean-Paul |last3=Kibambe |first4=Didier |last4=Bokelo
|first5=David |last5=Williams |first5=David |last5=Williams
|publisher=L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale |publisher=L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale
|year=2008 |year=2008
|accessdate=2011-10-14}} |access-date=2011-10-14}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Empowering People}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Empowering People}}
|url=http://www.awf.org/section/people |url=http://www.awf.org/section/people
|title=Empowering People |title=Empowering People
|publisher=AWF |publisher=AWF
|accessdate=2011-10-19}} |access-date=2011-10-19}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Exciting News...}} *{{cite web
|ref={{harvid|Exciting News...}}
|url=http://www.africageographic.com/newsroom/index.php/2011/01/17/two-new-rhino-births-in-kazungula/ |url=http://www.africageographic.com/newsroom/index.php/2011/01/17/two-new-rhino-births-in-kazungula/
|date=17 Jan 2011 |date=17 Jan 2011
|title=Exciting News – Two New Rhino Births in Kazungula |title=Exciting News – Two New Rhino Births in Kazungula
|work=Africa Geographic |work=Africa Geographic
|accessdate=2011-10-15}} |access-date=2011-10-15
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123131640/http://www.africageographic.com/newsroom/index.php/2011/01/17/two-new-rhino-births-in-kazungula/
|archive-date=2011-01-23
}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Eyeball to eyeball...}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Eyeball to eyeball...}}
|url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/elections/hereford_candidates/liberal_democrat/liberal_democrat/2006/04/19/Herefordshire+Archive/5719333.Eyeball_to_eyeball_with_bull_elephant/ |url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/elections/hereford_candidates/liberal_democrat/liberal_democrat/2006/04/19/Herefordshire+Archive/5719333.Eyeball_to_eyeball_with_bull_elephant/
|title=Eyeball to eyeball with bull elephant |title=Eyeball to eyeball with bull elephant
|work=Hereford Times |work=Hereford Times
|date=19 APRIL 2006 |date=19 April 2006
|accessdate=2011-10-18}} |access-date=2011-10-18}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Great Limpopo Transfrontier}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Great Limpopo Transfrontier}}
|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-2/content/199.htm |url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-2/content/199.htm
|title=Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park |title=Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park
|publisher=UNEP |publisher=UNEP
|accessdate=2011-10-15}} |access-date=2011-10-15}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.franchise.org/Franchise-News-Detail.aspx?id=43976
*{{cite web |ref=harv
|title=Franchise Entrepreneur Named to IFA's Hall of Fame
|url=http://www.franchise.org/Franchise-News-Detail.aspx?id=43976
|title=FRANCHISE ENTREPRENEUR NAMED TO IFA’S HALL OF FAME
|first=Alisa |last=Harrison |first=Alisa |last=Harrison
|date=15 February 2009 |accessdate=2011-10-20}} |date=15 February 2009 |access-date=2011-10-20}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Kazungula Heartland}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Kazungula Landscape}}
|url=http://www.awf.org/content/heartland/detail/1287 |url=http://www.awf.org/content/heartland/detail/1287
|title=Kazungula Heartland |title=Kazungula Landscape
|publisher=AWF |publisher=AWF
|accessdate=2011-10-15}} |access-date=2011-10-15}}
*{{cite journal |url=http://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/30-4/30-4-3LingomoKimura.pdf
*{{cite journal |ref=harv
|url=http://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/30-4/30-4-3LingomoKimura.pdf
|journal=African Study Monographs |journal=African Study Monographs
|volume=30 |issue=4 |date=December 2009 |year=2009 |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=December 2009
|title=TABOO OF EATING BONOBO AMONG THE BONGANDO PEOPLE IN THE WAMBA REGION, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO |title=Taboo of Eating Bonobo Among the Bongando People in the Wamba Region, Democratic Republic of Congo
|first=Daiji |last=Kimura |first=Daiji |last=Kimura
|accessdate=2011-10-13}} |access-date=2011-10-13}}
*{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Last Stand...}} *{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Last Stand...}}
|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=4WTKrTEZmPQC&pg=PA69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WTKrTEZmPQC&pg=PA69
|pages=69–70 |pages=69–70
|title=Last Stand of the Gorilla (The) |title=Last Stand of the Gorilla (The)
|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint |year=2010 |publisher=UNEP/Earthprint |year=2010
|ISBN=82-7701-076-1}} |isbn=978-82-7701-076-2}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Limpopo Heartland}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Limpopo Landscape}}
|url=http://www.awf.org/content/heartland/detail/1286 |url=http://www.awf.org/content/heartland/detail/1286
|title=Limpopo Heartland |title=Limpopo Landscape
|publisher=AWF |publisher=AWF
|accessdate=2011-10-15}} |access-date=2011-10-15}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv *{{cite web
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Latest revision as of 14:36, 16 August 2024

International conservation organization
This article contains promotional content. Please help improve it by removing promotional language and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a neutral point of view. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
African Wildlife Foundation
Formation1961
TypeINGO
PurposeWildlife conservation
HeadquartersNairobi, Kenya
Region served Africa
Chief Executive OfficerKaddu Sebunya
BudgetUS$27,709,524 (2016)
Staff132
Websitewww.awf.org
Formerly calledAfrican Wildlife Leadership Foundation

The African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) is an international conservation organization created with the intent of preserving Africa's wildlife, wild lands, and natural resources. Founded in 1961, the organization helped establish conservation programs at the College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka in Tanzania, and the Ecole de Faune de Garoua in Cameroon. The Foundation works with governments and businesses to develop conservation efforts as a source of revenue.

Early years

Russell Train, founder of the AWF

The African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (AWLF) was founded in 1961 by Russell E. Train, a wealthy judge, hunter, and member of the Washington Safari Club. Other founding members of the Safari Club were Nick Arundel, a former United States Marine Corps combat officer and journalist; Kermit Roosevelt Jr. of the Central Intelligence Agency; James S. Bugg, a businessman; and Maurice Stans, an accountant who would later serve as finance chairman of the Richard Nixon administration.

Train was worried that European park managers would be replaced by unqualified Africans in conservation works as African countries gained their independence. Twenty African countries became independent in 1960 and 1961. Train wrote,

"In Tanganyika alone, the government recently ordered Hundred percent (100%) Africanization of the game service by 1966! The replacement of European staff by untrained, unqualified men spells disaster for the game."

The first major grant of the AWLF was $47,000 to help found the College of African Wildlife Management at Mweka, Tanzania, in 1963. The college was organized by Bruce Kinloch, Chief Game Warden of Tanganyika, as a pioneer institution for the training of African wildlife managers. Funding for Mweka was also provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Frankfurt Zoological Society, with facilities donated by the government of Tanganyika. By 2010, the college had trained over 4,500 wildlife managers from 28 African countries and 18 non-African countries.

In 1963, AWLF started a scholarship program to bring young Africans to American universities where they could study biology and wildlife management. Later that year, AWLF built a conservation education center at the entrance to Nairobi National Park. In 1967, the AWLF provided $50,000 to finance the construction of a research institute in Tanzania. In 1970, the AWF established a school for wildlife management in Garoua, Cameroon; giving instruction in French. During the 1970s and 1980s, the AWLF continued to finance students, and also assisted conservation projects, often giving supplies such as tents, vehicle spare parts, water pumps, and photographic equipment, rather than cash.

In 1969, the AWLF took the lead in a campaign supported by other conservation groups to protect rhinoceroses. In 1974, the foundation began a program to study cheetahs. In 1983, the AWF dropped "Leadership" from its name. Train was disappointed with the change, believing that the organization had lost sight of its original mandate. In his view, it had become just another conservation organization, giving funding to westerners to conduct research on animals. There is research such as Dian Fossey's work on gorillas and Cynthia Moss's work on elephants, which were both supported by the AWF.

In 1968, the annual budget was less than US$250,000. In 1988, the year of the AWF's campaign launch against elephant poaching, the foundation had a staff of six and an annual budget of $2 million. When the AWF turned 30 in 1991, the board of trustees remained dominated by prominent and wealthy Americans, many of whom served on other non-profit boards.

Recent initiatives

The AWF have said their recent programs are modelled around three central objectives: empowering people, conserving wildlife, and protecting land. Empowering people involves conservation enterprises.

The AWF's primary goal is to protect land. Starting in 1998, land protection efforts focused on landscape-level conservation approaches.

Foundation finances include a reported income of US$19,333,998 in the 2009 fiscal year. Of this, $8,582,555 came from public sector support, $5,815,839 from corporate and foundation support, $5,224,931 from gifts from individuals, and $1,360,424 from legacy gifts. $17,395,456 was spent on programs, $1,524,764 on fund raising, and $1,262,056 in administration. Program funding broke down as $14,174,224 on conservation programs, $2,392,989 on public education, and $828,243 on membership programs.

Priority landscapes

The AWF formerly referred to its protected landscapes as its "heartlands"; currently, the organization employs a "priority landscape" approach. These priority landscapes include:

Countries Priority landscape Start Notes
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Congo 2003 Moist tropical forest between the Lopori and Maringa Rivers. Home of the endangered bonobo
Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe Kazungula 2001 Woodland-grassland mosaic with important wildlife migration corridors around the Zambezi River
Kenya & Tanzania Kilimanjaro 1999 Wetlands and savanna surrounding Mount Kilimanjaro
Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe Limpopo 2002 Savannahs, woodlands, rivers and floodplains around the Limpopo River
Tanzania Maasai Steppe 1999 Savannah including Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Park
Niger, Burkina Faso, and Benin Parc W 2010 Protected savanna in West Africa.
Kenya Samburu 1999 Acacia grassland near to Mount Kenya
Congo, Rwanda and Uganda Virunga 1999 Volcanic highland mountains, home of the last 700 mountain gorillas in the world
Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe Zambezi 2000 Zambezi River, tributaries, acacia floodplain and interconnecting wetlands
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Bili Uele 2013 Savanna mosaic north of the Uele River and lowland primary forest to the south. Home of the chimpanzee and forest elephant
Namibia Etosha-Skeleton Coast 2013 Vast salt pan, woodland, and savanna ecosystems
South Africa Great Fish River 2013 A 45,000-hectare reserve in the Great Fish River valley, home to increasingly vulnerable population of critically endangered black rhino
Zimbabwe Save Valley Save Valley Conservancy, home to endangered rhinos
Cameroon Faro 2012 In addition to hosting the largest population of hippos in Cameroon, Faro National Park is home to elephants, black rhinos, cheetahs, hyenas, and other wildlife
Kenya Mau Forest 2011 The Mau Forest Complex sits within Kenya's Rift Valley and is the largest indigenous montane forest in East Africa
Tanzania Ruaha 2012 The Ruaha area will intersect with an agriculture corridor that the Tanzanian government wants to develop in southern Tanzania

Bili-Uele

The Bili-Uele Protected Area Complex is found in the remote north of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, along the border of the Central African Republic. The region consists of savanna mosaic north of the Uele River and lowland primary forest to the south. Both regions support the remaining undisturbed population of the eastern chimpanzee. An estimated 35,000–65,000 eastern chimpanzees are found in this complex. Few organizations are working there.

Congo

Group of bonobos

The Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the least developed and most remote parts of the Congo Basin. The inhabitants are among the poorest in Africa. Most people live by slash-and-burn agriculture and rely on bushmeat protein. Cash crops include maize, cassava and groundnuts. The growing population risks a revival of logging.

Since 1973, a Japanese team has been researching the bonobo population near the village of Wamba in 1973. However, research was discontinued after political disorders started in 1991, followed by the civil war in 1997, resuming only in the mid-2000s. The IUCN Red List classifies bonobos as an endangered species, with conservative population estimates ranging from 29,500 to 50,000 individuals. The AWF has partnered with local and international groups to develop a sustainable land use plan for the MLW Landscape. The plan aims to ensure that the economic and cultural needs of the inhabitants are met while conserving the environment. The approach combines AWF's Landscape Conservation Process and the Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) Program Monitoring Plan. A variety of tools are used, including surveys, interviews with local people, and satellite image interpretation.

Etosha-Skeleton Coast

The Etosha-Skeleton Coast landscape, in the northern part of Namibia, is home to Etosha National Park and its vast salt pan, woodland, and savanna ecosystems. The landscape is home to the black-faced impala and the oryx. To the west of the park lies the Skeleton Coast, where herds of elephants live. The African Wildlife Foundation is scaling up social venture capital investments through its subsidiary, African Wildlife Capital (AWC), which invests in the Grootberg Lodge in the Khoadi-Hoas community conservancy.

Faro

At the core of the Faro landscape in northern Cameroon is Faro National Park, located close to the Nigerian border. This park hosts the largest population of hippos in Cameroon. AWF is lending support to counter-poaching park rangers in Faro and building a contingent of community scouts on the park's borders to provide a buffer between outsiders and the park.

Great Fish River

The Great Fish River Nature Reserve is located in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. The 45,000-hectare reserve, which lies in the Great Fish River valley, is home to critically endangered black rhinos.

Kazungula

Aerial photo of Kazungula (centre right) on the Zambezi River
The two white rhinos at Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in May 2005

The floodplains of the Zambezi River are surrounded by a mosaic of miombo and mopane woodlands and grasslands that include important wildlife migration corridors. Victoria Falls, the largest in the world, are between Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in Zambia and Victoria Falls National Park in Zimbabwe. The Falls and surrounding area are designated a World Heritage Site. However, the environment is threatened by the development of tourism and a lack of funding.

The AWF has established the 160,000 acres (65,000 ha) Sekute Conservation Area in this region in partnership with the Sekute Chiefdom, holding two elephant corridors' helped wildlife authorities settle four new white rhinos in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park in Zambia, joining the last surviving white rhino in the country, a bull. On 17 January 2011, it was reported that two of the females white rhinos had given birth to calves, which seemed healthy. The area is also home to endangered black rhinos. In 2011, a cluster of modern new buildings for the Lupani community school were opened in Kazungula, built by the AWF at a cost of US$250,000. The new school has six classrooms, offices and five teachers' houses with three bedrooms each.

Kilimanjaro

Elephants grazing in the Amboseli swamps, north of Kilimanjaro

Disney released the movie African Cats in April 2011. The Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund gave AWF a portion of the proceeds from the first week's ticket sales for use in protecting the Amboseli Wildlife Corridor. Their "See 'African Cats,' Save the Savanna" program served both to promote the movie and to raise money for conservation.

Limpopo

Buffalo Bend on the Mwenezi River, Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe

The Limpopo Landscape includes areas of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. It includes savannas, woodlands, rivers and floodplains. Fauna include sable antelope, rhinos, hippos, and many species of birds, insects and aquatic life. The AWF has started the Leopard Conservation Science Project in this landscape. The AWF is particularly involved in the Banhine National Park in Mozambique, which covers 7,000 square kilometres (2,700 sq mi). Until recently, this park had little or no infrastructure or staff to ensure that the environment was protected. The AWF has built a conservation research center, which it is marketed internationally. Fees from researchers will pay for staff to run the center and manage the park.

The Great Limpopo Trans frontier Park (GLTP) is a 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) park that is being established to connect the Kruger National Park in South Africa, the Limpopo National Park in Mozambique, the Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe, and other protected areas. It is almost the size of the Netherlands and more than three times larger than Yellowstone National Park. The GLTP is home to many of the species most popular with tourists, including lions, white and black rhinoceros, giraffes, elephants, hippopotamus and buffalos. The AWF says the mega park will result in "creating new jobs and fortifying a tourism base not yet meeting its full potential". The AWF is a major sponsor of the project that is setting up this park.

Maasai Steppe

Tarangire National Park in Tanzania, East Africa

The 35,000 acres (14,000 ha) Manyara Ranch Conservancy is near to Lake Manyara in Tanzania. This is a conservation and tourism project supported by the African Wildlife Foundation, the Tanzania Land Conservation Trust and the Manyara Ranch Conservancy. Rarely seen, but a common resident on the Conservancy is the lesser kudu.

Mau Forest Complex

Within Kenya's Rift Valley, sits the Mau Forest Complex. It is the largest indigenous montane forest in East Africa and serves as a critical water catchment area for the country, providing a source of water for many of Kenya's wildlife and people. African Wildlife Foundation, together with the Kenya Forest Service, the Community Forest Association, and other stakeholders, is reforesting areas of the Mau Forest with indigenous trees.

Parc W

West African giraffes near Kouré, Niger

This 1,823,280 hectares (7,039.7 sq mi) region is located around the point where Niger, Burkina Faso and Benin meet. It consists of three national protected parks that form a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the trans-national W National Park, as well as several adjacent reserves and buffer zones. The complex includes savanna woodlands, gallery forests and flooded plains where the Mekrou and Niver rivers meet. It is home to the largest population of elephants in the region and the only remaining West African giraffes. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA research shows that this is a subspecies that diverged from the Rothschild's giraffe about 350,000 years ago.

In Parc W, AWF and other International NGOs such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature, World Wide Fund for Nature and Africa 70 play a central role in communication, education and organization of local communities and their leaders, and help collect socio-economic and technical data. AWF is helping fund tree nurseries in Niger and Burkino Faso for replanting to provide fodder for the giraffes. Conservation threats are human population growth and desertification. AWF partners in the region include the Association pour la Sauvegarde des Girafes du Niger, Centre National de Gestion des Réserves de Faune (CENAGREF), Benin and the Ministries of the Environment in Burkina Faso and Niger.

Ruaha

The Ruaha area will intersect with an agriculture corridor that the Tanzanian government wants to develop in southern Tanzania. The proposed corridor will overlap many different ecosystems. AWF is scaling up social venture capital investments through its subsidiary, African Wildlife Capital (AWC), which invests in socially and environmentally responsible agricultural and other businesses—such as the Rungwe Avocado Co.—that must comply with conservation covenants to secure and maintain investment.

Samburu

Grevy's zebras in Samburu National Reserve

The Grevy's zebra and reticulated giraffe live in the Samburu Landscape among the acacia grasslands. The challenges faced in Samburu are forest/habitat degradation due to logging and farming and cattle-carnivore conflict.

AWF has addressed these challenges, including partnering with Starbucks Coffee Trading Co. to train coffee growers and working with Samburu warriors.

Virunga

Mountain gorillas in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Virunga landscape is an area of volcanic highlands around the point where Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo meet. Virunga is home to the last 700 mountain gorillas in the world. It includes the Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda, where AWF opened a visitor center in July 2006. The Virunga ecosystem shelters chimpanzees, golden monkeys, forest elephants, and many species of birds, reptiles and amphibians. The region is overpopulated and unstable.

The AWF helped Dian Fossey study Rwandan mountain gorillas in the 1960s. AWF President Robinson McIlvaine later said that "There would be no mountain gorillas in the Virungas today ... were it not for Dian Fossey's tireless efforts over many years". McIlvaine initiated the formation of a consortium to protect the threatened Rwandan mountain gorillas while he was president of the AWF between 1978 and 1982. More recently, the AWF coordinated fundraising and construction of a lodge overlooking the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park.

According to Farley Mowat in his book Woman in the Mists, in the late 1970s, Fossey asked McIlvaine to temporarily serve as secretary-treasurer of the Digit Fund while he was AWF President. She had created the fund to finance patrols against poachers seeking to kill mountain gorillas. McIlvaine partnered with the International Primate Protection League, the Digit Fund, and his own AWF, asking for funds to be made out to the AWF. The Digit Fund received none of the money. When McIlvaine suggested to Fossey that the Digit Fund could be folded into AWF, Fossey declined, and McIlvaine resigned as secretary-treasurer of the fund.

The AWF is a co-sponsor of the International Gorilla Conservation Program (IGCP) in Virunga, the others being Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Among other activities, the IGCP works with Virunga Artisans, which markets the handmade products of artisans who live near the Volcanoes, Mgahinga and Bwindi National Parks. A census of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif in March and April 2010 showed that there had been a 26.3% increase in the population over the past seven years.

Save Valley

During recent decades, cattle fences and livestock have been removed, with the resurgence of wildlife and a recovery of wild habitats.

The Save Valley Conservancy, in Zimbabwe's southern lowveld area, forms part of the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park. AWF supports Save Valley Conservancy's anti-poaching efforts and works with government partners.

Organization

The AWF's headquarters are located in Nairobi, Kenya, with regional offices in South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Washington, DC. The organization is tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. As of 2009, there were 36 members of the board and 132 paid staff. Funds are raised through direct mail, grant proposals, Internet appeals, planned giving, cause-related marketing, and membership appeals. The executive heads of the foundation have been:

Heads Start End Title Notes
Russell E. Train 1961 1969 Chairman and President Lawyer and judge
Col. John B. George 1963 1968 Executive Director
Gordon Wilson 1968 1971 Executive Director Attorney
Nick Arundel 1969 President Journalist and publisher
John E. Rhea 1971 1975 Executive Director Business man and big game hunter
Robinson McIlvaine 1975 1982 Executive Director, then President Former US Ambassador to Kenya
Robert Smith 1982 1985 President US Foreign Service officer
Paul Schindler 1985 1994 President Professor of sociology
R. Michael Wright 1994 2001 President Former vice-president of World Wildlife Fund
Patrick J. Bergin 2001 2007 President Conservationist with AWF, from 1990
Helen Gichohi 2007 2013 President Kenyan conservationist
Patrick J. Bergin 2007 2017 CEO Conservationist with AWF, 1990–2017
Kaddu Sebunya 2019 --- CEO

The AWF is a member of International Conservation Caucus Foundation's Conservation Council. It is also a member of EarthShare, a national federation that supports American environmental and conservation charities.

Citations

  1. About AWF.
  2. ^ Chimtom, Ngala (July 11, 2024). "AWF president urges African governments to take conservation as valid source of revenue". Down to Earth. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  3. "Russell E. Train Timeline". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
  4. Virginia Assembly...
  5. ^ Train 2003, p. 44.
  6. Harrison 2009.
  7. Bonner 1993, pp. 56–57.
  8. Bonner 1993, pp. 57.
  9. Bonner 1993, pp. 58.
  10. Eyeball to eyeball...
  11. Last Stand...
  12. ^ Conserving Wildlife - 14 years.
  13. Bonner 1993, pp. 59.
  14. Bonner 1993, pp. 60.
  15. Empowering People.
  16. Conserving Wildlife.
  17. Protecting Land.
  18. BBB Wise Giving...
  19. "Protecting wildlife and providing a bright future for Africa's people". African Wildlife Foundation. 2013-03-06. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  20. The African Landscape.
  21. ^ Dupain et al. 2008, p. 329.
  22. Dupain et al. 2008, p. 332.
  23. Kimura 2009, pp. 209–225.
  24. Dupain et al. 2008.
  25. Mosi-Oa-Tunya.
  26. Kazungula Landscape.
  27. Lombe 2011.
  28. Disney's African Cats.
  29. Revealing the Leopard.
  30. Strengthening Banhine.
  31. Great Limpopo Transfrontier.
  32. Seven Elephants...
  33. Making Conservation Our Business.
  34. "Fighting wildlife loss in Kenya". African Wildlife Foundation. 2013-02-25. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  35. ^ Parc W Landscape.
  36. World's rarest giraffe.
  37. Strategie Nationale.
  38. Virunga Landscape.
  39. Celebrating AWF's 40th.
  40. Robinson McIlvaine.
  41. Clouds Mountain Gorilla Lodge.
  42. Mowat 1987, pp. 202–203.
  43. About Virunga Artisans.
  44. Masozera 2010.
  45. AWF's History.
  46. Conservation Council.
  47. Who We Support.

General and cited references

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