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{{short description|Software engineer, climatologist, writer, blogger (born 1964)}}
{{otherpeople|William Connolly}}
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{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Other people5|William Connolly (disambiguation)}}
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{{Infobox person
| name = William Connolley
| image = Our hero in the window (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 180px
| alt = Headshot of William Connolley
| caption = Connolley in May 2022
| birth_name = William Michael Conolley
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|04|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = British
| known_for = Blog activity about ]
| alma_mater = ]
| employer =
| occupation = {{hlist|Software engineer|writer|blogger|]}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| party = ]
| spouse =
| children = 2
| awards =
| signature =
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}


'''William Michael Connolley''' (born 12 April 1964) is a British software engineer, writer, and blogger on ]. Until December 2007 he was Senior Scientific Officer in the Physical Sciences Division in the Antarctic Climate and the Earth System project at the ], where he worked as a ]. After that he became a software engineer for ].
]]]
'''William Michael Connolley ''' (born April 12, 1964) is a ] in ], England and a writer and blogger on climate science. Until December 2007 he was Senior Scientific Officer in the Physical Sciences Division in the ] project at the ], where he worked as a ].


Connolley received national press attention over several years for his involvement in editing Misplaced Pages articles relating to ]. Connolley was a member of the ] website until 2007 and now operates a website and blog that discuss climate issues. He has also been active in local politics as a member of the ].
== Biography ==
Connolley holds a ] in mathematics and ] from the ] for his work on ].<ref>W.M. Connolley, ''Preconditioning of iterative methods for linearised or linear systems'' (diss. Oxford, 1989).</ref>


==Background==
His main research work focused on ] measurement and modelling, and ]s (GCM) such as ]. Since direct observations of Antarctic sea ice are sparse, satellite ] (SSMI) based observations are used instead. Inconsistency in sea ice predictions from the various GCM ]s in use makes verification of GCM output difficult.
Connolley holds an undergraduate degree in mathematics and a ] from ] at the ] for his work on ].<ref>{{Cite thesis |first=W. M. |last=Connolley |title=Preconditioning of iterative methods for linearized or linear systems | degree= D. Phil. |publisher=Oxford University Numerical Analysis Group |location=] |year=1989 |page=208 |oclc=49766487 }}<!-- BLDSC reference no.: D92328; Supervisor: Dr. J. Rollett. Available at Computing Laboratory Library, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QD --></ref> He works as a software engineer for ], designing embedded firmware.<ref>Connolley, William. Stoat Blog</ref>


Connolley also worked on the validation of SSMI data against more direct ] observations in the ] area. He concluded that Bootstrap data produced a better fit than data produced by ], prompting the conclusion that GCM predictions are more realistic than previously thought.<ref></ref> Until December 2007, Connolley was Senior Scientific Officer in the Physical Sciences Division in the Antarctic Climate and the Earth System project at the British Antarctic Survey. His research focused on ] measurement and modelling, including the ] ] (GCM). Connolley also worked on the validation of ] data against more direct ] observations in the ] area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/wmc/biog.html |title=Dr William Connolley / Senior Scientific Officer / Climate Modeller / Physical Sciences Division |publisher=British Antarctic Survey |access-date=24 October 2010}}</ref><ref name=Concentrations>{{cite web |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/wmc/papers/ULS-grl-2005.pdf |title=Sea ice concentrations in the Weddell Sea: A comparison of SSM/I, ULS, and GCM data |last=Connolley |first=W. M. |access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> He concluded that Bootstrap data produced a better fit than data produced by ] and that GCM predictions are more realistic than previously thought.<ref name=Concentrations/>


Connolley served as a ] councillor in the village of ] (near Cambridge, England) until May 2007.<ref></ref> He was also a ] candidate for ] District Council and ] County Council.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001044946/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jonqin/Cambsgreen/PEOPLE/People.htm |date=1 October 2007 }}</ref>
==Political activity==
Connolley served as a ] councillor in the village of ] (near Cambridge, England) until May 2007.<ref></ref> He was also a ] candidate for ] District Council or ] County Council every year from 2001 to 2005.<ref></ref>


==Writing and editing== ==Writing and editing==
Connolley has authored and co-authored articles and literature reviews in the field of ], including several concluding that a majority of scientific papers in the 1970s actually predicted warming, not ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=94 |title=The global cooling myth |publisher=RealClimate |date=24 January 2005 |accessdate=30 December 2009 |author=William Connolley}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Was an imminent Ice Age predicted in the '70's? No|author=William M. Connolley|url=http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/iceage/|accessdate=2007-12-16|year=2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Peterson|first=Thomas C.|coauthors=William M. Connolley, and John Fleck|title=The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=89|issue=9|pages=1325–1337|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F2008BAMS2370.1|doi=10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1|year=2008}}</ref> Connolley was a member of the RealClimate website until 2007,<ref> RealClimate</ref><ref> Announcement of departure from RealClimate December 1, 2007RealClimate website</ref> and he operates a website and blog that discuss climate issues. <ref> Personal website</ref><ref>''" Connolley's personal blog</ref><ref> </ref> Connolley has authored and co-authored articles and literature reviews in the field of ], with an emphasis on the climate of the ] and the study of ].<ref>See for example, {{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1065116 |title=CLIMATE CHANGE: Devil in the Detail |year=2001 |last1=Vaughan |first1=D. G. |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5536 |pages=1777–9 |pmid=11546858 |last2=Marshall |first2=G. J. |last3=Connolley |first3=W. M. |last4=King |first4=J. C. |last5=Mulvaney |first5=R.|s2cid=129175116 }}</ref> Connolley was a member of the ] website until 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/william-m-connolley/ |title=William M. Connolley Filed under: * Contributor Bio's&nbsp;— william @ 6 December 2004 |last=Connolley |first=W. M. |publisher=RealClimate |date=6 December 2004 |access-date=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816105435/http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/william-m-connolley/ |archive-date=16 August 2007}}</ref><ref>Connolley, William (1 December 2007). – announcement of departure from RealClimate. RealClimate. Retrieved 26 October 2010.</ref> and he operates a website and blog that discuss climate issues.<ref> Connolley's personal blog</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/iceage/ |title=Connolley's webpage analysing papers relevant to a modern Ice Age |publisher=Wmconnolley.org.uk |access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref> His blogs and one of his papers conclude that a majority of scientific papers in the 1970s predicted warming, not ].<ref name=NoCooling>{{cite journal |title=The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1325–1337 |doi=10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1 |year=2008 |bibcode=2008BAMS...89.1325P |last1=Peterson |first1=T.C. |last2=Connolley |first2=W. M. |last3=Fleck |first3=J.|s2cid=123635044 |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/11584/1/2008bams2370%252E1.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=94 |title=The global cooling myth |publisher=RealClimate |date=24 January 2005 |access-date=30 December 2009 |author=William Connolley}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Was an imminent Ice Age predicted in the '70's? No |author=William M. Connolley |url=http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/iceage/ |access-date=16 December 2007 |year=2005}}</ref> '']'' noted in 2007 that on Connolley's "personal website, and as a contributor to RealClimate.org (a website written and edited by working climate scientists), he's authored a number of articles that try to clarify the place of global cooling in the history of science" and commented, "Connolley and ] say that if the public had looked directly at the peer-reviewed scientific papers, and not at the popular media coverage, they would not have found any basis for a global-cooling scare."<ref>Azios, Tony. ''The Christian Science Monitor'', 11 October 2007, accessed 24 May 2011</ref>


===Misplaced Pages editing===
He has also been active on ]. An article in the British scientific journal '']'' in 2005, comparing the ] and '']'', discussed Connolley as an example of an expert who regularly writes for the on-line encyclopedia.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jim|last=Giles|journal=Nature|title=Internet Encyclopaedias Go Head to Head|date=December 15, 2005|volume=438|pages=900–01|doi=10.1038/438900a|pmid=16355180|issue=7070}}</ref> An October 2006 article in ''Nature'' contrasted Misplaced Pages with the ] online encyclopedia project (which recruits experts from academia), quoting Connolley as saying that "some scientists have become frustrated with Misplaced Pages" but that "conflict can sometimes result in better articles".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Misplaced Pages Rival Calls in the Experts|first=Jim|last=Giles|date=October 5, 2006|journal=Nature|volume=443|page=493|issue=7111|doi= 10.1038/443493a|PMID=17024058}}</ref>
Connolley began editing Misplaced Pages in 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/stoat/2009/12/i_am_all_powerful_part_2.php |title=I am all powerful (part 2) |publisher=Scienceblogs.com |date=19 December 2009 |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-date=23 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223090629/http://scienceblogs.com/stoat/2009/12/i_am_all_powerful_part_2.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and served as a ] from 2006 until 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/stoat/2010/01/a_childs_garden_of_wikipedia_p.php |title=A child's garden of wikipedia, part I |publisher=Scienceblogs.com |date=4 January 2010 |access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> He has been cited and quoted in the media regarding these activities, especially with respect to his editing in the area of climate change. He was cited by '']'' magazine, in their December 2005 review of the ], as an example of an expert who edits Misplaced Pages.<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Giles |journal=Nature |title=Internet Encyclopaedias Go Head to Head |date=15 December 2005 |volume=438 |pages=900–01 |doi=10.1038/438900a |pmid=16355180 |issue=7070 |bibcode=2005Natur.438..900G|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Nature'' quoted Connolley, in 2006, as saying that "some scientists have become frustrated with Misplaced Pages" but that "conflict can sometimes result in better articles".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Misplaced Pages Rival Calls in the Experts |first=J. |last=Giles |date=5 October 2006 |journal=Nature |volume=443 |page=493 |issue=7111 |doi=10.1038/443493a |pmid=17024058 |bibcode=2006Natur.443..493G |doi-access=free }}</ref>


====No weight given to subject matter experts====
Connolley's Misplaced Pages editing was also discussed in a July 2006 article in '']'' that said Connolley briefly became "a victim of an edit war over the entry on global warming", in which a skeptic repeatedly "watered down" the article's explanation of the ].<ref name=Schiff/> His editing was also the subject of hearings by Misplaced Pages's arbitration committee after a complaint was filed claiming that Connolley was pushing his own ] in an article by removing material representing opposing viewpoints. A "one-revert-a-day" editing restriction was imposed on Connolley, and he told ''The New Yorker'' that Misplaced Pages "gives no privilege to those who know what they’re talking about". The restriction was later revoked,<ref name=Schiff>{{cite news|first=Stacy|last=Schiff|title=Know It All: Can Misplaced Pages Conquer Expertise?|url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact|work=]|date=July 31, 2006| accessdate=December 10, 2009}}</ref> and Connolley served as a ] from January 2006<ref name=Schiff/> until the ] revoked this status in September 2009.<ref name="Bethell 2009">{{cite news|url=http://spectator.org/archives/2009/12/30/wikipedia-meets-its-own-climat|title=Misplaced Pages Meets Its Own Climategate|last=Bethell |first=Tom|date=30 December 2009|work=]|accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Misplaced Pages:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Abd-William_M._Connolley&oldid=315690726|title=Misplaced Pages:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Abd-William M. Connolley|accessdate=20 December 2009}}</ref>
In July 2006, a '']'' article described him as briefly becoming "a victim of an edit war over the entry on global warming", in which a sceptic repeatedly "watered down" the article's explanation of the ].<ref name="Schiff_2006-07-31_nyorker">{{cite magazine |first=S. |last=Schiff |title=Know It All: Can Misplaced Pages Conquer Expertise? |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/31/060731fa_fact |magazine=] |date=31 July 2006 |access-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Connolley told the magazine that Misplaced Pages "gives no privilege to those who know what they're talking about".<ref name="Schiff_2006-07-31_nyorker" /> Various books have cited Connolley as an example of how expert editors on Misplaced Pages are given "no more credence" than anonymous editors of the site.<ref>Rosen, Larry D., Mark Carrier and Nancy A. Cheever. , p. 120, Macmillan (2010) {{ISBN|0-230-61478-7}}</ref><ref>Tammet, Daniel. , p. 206, Simon and Schuster (2009) {{ISBN|1-4165-7618-5}}</ref><ref>Keen, Andrew. '']'', p. 43, New York: Doubleday (2007) {{ISBN|0-385-52080-8}}</ref> In 2007, '']'' of London ran an interview of author ] that discussed Connolley and his Misplaced Pages editing. It identified Connolley as "an expert on global warming", stating: "After trying to correct inaccuracies Connolley was accused of trying to remove 'any point of view which does not match his own'. Eventually he was limited to making just one edit a day." The article stated that Misplaced Pages's Arbitration Committee "gave no weight to expertise, and treated him with the same credibility as his anonymous opponent."<ref>Flintoff, John-Paul. "According to Misplaced Pages I'm the Mona Lisa", ''The Sunday Times'', 3 June 2007, News Review p. 3</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Flintoff|first=John-Paul|title=Thinking is so over|newspaper=]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/thinking-is-so-over-5wv3fb333mx|access-date=2021-04-07|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=End of expertise|url=https://www.flintoff.org/end-of-expertise|access-date=2021-04-07|website=John-Paul Flintoff|date=3 June 2007|language=en}}</ref>


====Alleged abuse of administrative privileges====
== Publications ==
Two internal disputes at Misplaced Pages in which Connolley was involved received additional attention. A 2005 Misplaced Pages climate change dispute involving breaches of ], rather than content bias, was cited by a paper in the ''Journal of Science Communication'' as an example that "resonated deeply as it highlighted what can befall respected experts who wade into controversial wiki-waters". The paper stated that Connolley did "not suffer...fools gladly".<ref name="crowdsourcing">Mathieu O'Neil: "". ''Journal of Science Communication'', Vol. 9, Issue 1, March 2010, ]</ref> The same paper noted a 2009 Misplaced Pages arbitration in which it was concluded that Connolley had used administrator privileges to his own advantage in content disputes,<ref>{{cite web |title=Misplaced Pages:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Cold fusion 2 |date=13 September 2009 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Cold_fusion_2 |accessdate=January 7, 2023}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2023}} and these privileges were removed.<ref name="crowdsourcing" /> Other academic papers have discussed Connolley's editing activities on Misplaced Pages and the dispute resolution process as it has been applied to him.<ref>See, e.g., {{cite book |first1=A. |last1=Forte |first2=A. |last2=Bruckman |title=Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008) |chapter=Scaling Consensus: Increasing Decentralization in Misplaced Pages Governance |year=2008 |pages=157 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.84.8022 |doi=10.1109/HICSS.2008.383 |isbn=978-0-7695-3075-8 |s2cid=7961848 }} and the papers cited therein</ref>
* W. M. Connolley and S. A. Harangozo, A comparison of five numerical weather prediction analysis climatologies in southern high latitudes, ''J. Climate'', v14, 1 January 2001, pp 30–44.
* Turner, J, W Connolley, D Cresswell and S A Harangozo (2001). The simulation of Antarctic sea ice in the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3). ''Ann. Glaciol.'', 33, 585-591.
* Vaughan, D.G., G.J. Marshall, W.M. Connolley, J.C. King and R. Mulvaney. 2001. Climate change - devil in the detail. ''Science'', 293, 1777-1779. Abstract: 7 September 2001
* Tom A. Lachlan-Cope, William M. Connolley, and John Turner, The Role of the Non-Axisymmetric Antarctic Orography in Forcing the Observed Pattern of Variability of the Antarctic Climate, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 2001, v28 no 21, pp 4111–4114.
* Connolley, W. M., 2002, Long-term variation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, Connolley, W. M., doi:10.1029/2000JC000380, JGR 108(C4)
* J. Turner, S. A. Harangozo, J. C. King, W. Connolley, T. Lachlan-Cope, and G. J. Marshall. 2003. An exceptional winter sea ice retreat/advance in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica. ''Atmos. Ocean'' 41 (2) 2003, 171-185.
* D. G. Vaughan, G. J. Marshall, W. M. Connolley, C. L. Parkinson, R. Mulvaney, D. A. Hodgson, J. C. King, C. J. Pudsey, and J. Turner. Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. ''Climatic Change'', 60 (3): 243-274 October 2003
* Translation of ''Fourier 1827: MEMOIRE sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des espaces planetaires''
* Connolley, W.M., J.M. Gregory, E. Hunke and A.J. Mclaren (2004), On The Consistent Scaling Of Terms In The Sea - Ice Dynamics Equation, ''J . Phys . Oceangr.'' 34 (7): 1776-1780 July 2004
* Marshall, G.J., P.A. Stott, J. Turner, W.M. Connolley, J.C. King and T.A. Lachlancope (2004), Causes Of Exceptional Atmospheric Circulation Changes In The Southern Hemisphere, ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' 31(14): Art . No. L14205 July 30, 2004
* J. C. King, J. Turner, G. J. Marshall, W. M. Connolley, and T. A. Lachlan-Cope. Antarctic Peninsula climate variability and its causes as revealed by instrumental records. ''Antarctic Research Series'' v79, pp17–30.
* Connolley, W. M. . GRL 32 (7): art. no. L07501 2 April 2005; see also for a popular exposition


== Notes == ==Personal life==
Connolley has two children.<ref>. wmconnolley.org, accessed 14 May 2011</ref>

==Selected publications==
{{refbegin |2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Connolley |first1=W. M. |last2=Harangozo |first2=S. A. |year=2001 |title=A comparison of five numerical weather prediction analysis climatologies in southern high latitudes |url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~vijay/EOF_Paper/ECMWF/Connolley-Harangozo-2001.pdf |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=14 |issue=1|pages=30–44 |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0030:ACOFNW>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2001JCli...14...30C |citeseerx=10.1.1.544.5074 |s2cid=129714448 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=J. |last2=Connolley |first2=W. M. |last3=Cresswell |first3=D. |last4=Harangozo |first4=S. A. |year=2001 |title=The simulation of Antarctic sea ice in the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3) |journal=Annals of Glaciology |volume=33 |pages=585–591 |doi=10.3189/172756401781818095 |bibcode=2001AnGla..33..585T |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Vaughan |first1=D. G. |last2=Marshall |first2=G. J. |last3=Connolley |first3=W. M. |last4=King |first4=J. C. |last5=Mulvaney |first5=R. |year=2001 |title=Climate Change&nbsp;– Devil in the Detail |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5536 |pages=1777–1779 |doi=10.1126/science.1065116 |pmid=11546858 |s2cid=129175116 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lachlan-Cope |first1=T. A. |last2=Connolley |first2=W. M. |last3=Turner |first3=J. |year=2001 |title=The Role of the Non-Axisymmetric Antarctic Orography in Forcing the Observed Pattern of Variability of the Antarctic Climate |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=28 |issue=21 |pages=4111–4114 |doi=10.1029/2001GL013465 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2001GeoRL..28.4111L }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1029/2000JC000380 |bibcode=2002JGRC..107.8076C |title=Long-term variation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave |year=2002 |last1=Connolley |first1=W. M. |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=108 |issue=C4 |pages=8076 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.4116 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=J. |last2=Harangozo |first2=S. A. |last3=King |first3=J. C. |last4=Connolley |first4=W. |last5=Lachlan‐Cope |first5=T. |last6=Marshall |first6=G. J. |year=2003 |title=An exceptional winter sea ice retreat/advance in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica |journal=Atmosphere-Ocean |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=171–185 |doi=10.3137/ao.410205 |bibcode=2003AtO....41..171T |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1023/A:1026021217991 |year=2003 |last1=Vaughan |first1=D. G. |last2=Marshall |first2=G. J. |last3=Connolley |first3=W. M. |last4=Parkinson |first4=C. |last5=Mulvaney |first5=R. |last6=Hodgson |first6=D. A. |last7=King |first7=J. C. |last8=Pudsey |first8=C. J. |last9=Turner |first9=J. |title=Recent Rapid Regional Climate Warming on the Antarctic Peninsula |journal=Climatic Change |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=243–274 |s2cid=154732764 }}
* Translation of ''Fourier 1827: Mémoire sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des espaces planetaires''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/fourier_1827/ |title=William M. Connolley's page about Fourier 1827: MEMOIRE sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des espaces planetaires |website=wmconnolley.org.uk |publisher=William M. Connolley |access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref>
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1776:OTCSOT>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2004JPO....34.1776C |year=2004 |volume=34 |pages=1776–1780 |title=On the Consistent Scaling of Terms in the Sea-Ice Dynamics Equation |last1=Connolley |first1=W. M. |last2=Gregory |first2=J. M. |last3=Hunke |first3=E. |last4=McLaren |first4=A. J. |journal=Journal of Physical Oceanography |issue=7 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1029/2004GL019952 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2004GeoRL..3114205M |title=Causes of exceptional atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere |year=2004 |last1=Marshall |first1=G. J. |last2=Stott |first2=P. A. |last3=Turner |first3=J. |last4=Connolley |first4=W. M. |last5=King |first5=J. C. |last6=Lachlan-Cope |first6=T. A. |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=31 |issue=14 |page=L14205 }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1029/AR079p0017 |chapter=Antarctic Peninsula climate variability and its causes as revealed by analysis of instrumental records |title=Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives |series=Antarctic Research Series |editor-last=Domack |editor-first=E.|editor-link=Eugene Domack |year=2003 |last1=King |first1=J. C. |last2=Turner |first2=J. |last3=Marshall |first3=G. J. |last4=Connolley |first4=W. M. |last5=Lachlan-Cope |first5=T. A. |isbn=978-0-87590-973-8 |volume=79 |pages=17–29 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1029/2004GL021898 |doi-access=free |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/wmc/papers/ULS-grl-2005.pdf |bibcode=2005GeoRL..32.7501C |title=Sea ice concentrations in the Weddell Sea: A comparison of SSM/I, ULS, and GCM data |year=2005 |last1=Connolley |first1=W. M. |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=32 |issue=7 |page=L07501 }}
** See also for a popular exposition.
* {{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=T. C. |last2=Connolley |first2=W. M. |last3=Fleck |first3=J. |year=2008 |title=The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=89 |issue=9 |pages=1325–1337 |doi=10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1 |bibcode=2008BAMS...89.1325P |s2cid=123635044 |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/11584/1/2008bams2370%252E1.pdf }}
{{refend}}

==See also==
* ]

==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


== External links == ==External links==
{{Commons cat}}
*
* {{Official website}}
* {{Misplaced Pages person user link|William M. Connolley|William Connolley}}

* {{cite web |url= http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/wmc/ |title= William Connolley
|publisher= British Antarctic Survey }}
* {{cite web |url= http://scienceblogs.com/stoat/ |title= William Connolley |work= Stoat |date= 2006 |quote= through 2017 |publisher= Science Blogs }}
* {{cite web |url= http://mustelid.blogspot.com/ |title= William Connolley |work= Stoat |date= 2004 |publisher= Blog Spot }}

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Latest revision as of 15:29, 20 August 2024

Software engineer, climatologist, writer, blogger (born 1964)

For other people with similar names, see William Connolly (disambiguation).

William Connolley
Headshot of William ConnolleyConnolley in May 2022
BornWilliam Michael Conolley
(1964-04-12) 12 April 1964 (age 60)
NationalityBritish
Alma materUniversity of Oxford
Occupations
Years active2003–present
Known forBlog activity about climate change
Political partyGreen Party of England and Wales
Children2
Websitewww.wmconnolley.org.uk Edit this at Wikidata

William Michael Connolley (born 12 April 1964) is a British software engineer, writer, and blogger on climatology. Until December 2007 he was Senior Scientific Officer in the Physical Sciences Division in the Antarctic Climate and the Earth System project at the British Antarctic Survey, where he worked as a climate modeller. After that he became a software engineer for Cambridge Silicon Radio.

Connolley received national press attention over several years for his involvement in editing Misplaced Pages articles relating to climate change. Connolley was a member of the RealClimate website until 2007 and now operates a website and blog that discuss climate issues. He has also been active in local politics as a member of the Green Party.

Background

Connolley holds an undergraduate degree in mathematics and a DPhil from St Edmund Hall at the University of Oxford for his work on numerical analysis. He works as a software engineer for Cambridge Silicon Radio, designing embedded firmware.

Until December 2007, Connolley was Senior Scientific Officer in the Physical Sciences Division in the Antarctic Climate and the Earth System project at the British Antarctic Survey. His research focused on sea ice measurement and modelling, including the HadCM3 global climate model (GCM). Connolley also worked on the validation of satellite data against more direct upward looking sonar observations in the Weddell Sea area. He concluded that Bootstrap data produced a better fit than data produced by NASA and that GCM predictions are more realistic than previously thought.

Connolley served as a parish councillor in the village of Coton (near Cambridge, England) until May 2007. He was also a Green Party candidate for South Cambridgeshire District Council and Cambridgeshire County Council.

Writing and editing

Connolley has authored and co-authored articles and literature reviews in the field of climatological research, with an emphasis on the climate of the Antarctic and the study of sea ice. Connolley was a member of the RealClimate website until 2007, and he operates a website and blog that discuss climate issues. His blogs and one of his papers conclude that a majority of scientific papers in the 1970s predicted warming, not global cooling. The Christian Science Monitor noted in 2007 that on Connolley's "personal website, and as a contributor to RealClimate.org (a website written and edited by working climate scientists), he's authored a number of articles that try to clarify the place of global cooling in the history of science" and commented, "Connolley and Schneider say that if the public had looked directly at the peer-reviewed scientific papers, and not at the popular media coverage, they would not have found any basis for a global-cooling scare."

Misplaced Pages editing

Connolley began editing Misplaced Pages in 2003 and served as a Misplaced Pages administrator from 2006 until 2009. He has been cited and quoted in the media regarding these activities, especially with respect to his editing in the area of climate change. He was cited by Nature magazine, in their December 2005 review of the reliability of Misplaced Pages, as an example of an expert who edits Misplaced Pages. Nature quoted Connolley, in 2006, as saying that "some scientists have become frustrated with Misplaced Pages" but that "conflict can sometimes result in better articles".

No weight given to subject matter experts

In July 2006, a New Yorker article described him as briefly becoming "a victim of an edit war over the entry on global warming", in which a sceptic repeatedly "watered down" the article's explanation of the greenhouse effect. Connolley told the magazine that Misplaced Pages "gives no privilege to those who know what they're talking about". Various books have cited Connolley as an example of how expert editors on Misplaced Pages are given "no more credence" than anonymous editors of the site. In 2007, The Sunday Times of London ran an interview of author Andrew Keen that discussed Connolley and his Misplaced Pages editing. It identified Connolley as "an expert on global warming", stating: "After trying to correct inaccuracies Connolley was accused of trying to remove 'any point of view which does not match his own'. Eventually he was limited to making just one edit a day." The article stated that Misplaced Pages's Arbitration Committee "gave no weight to expertise, and treated him with the same credibility as his anonymous opponent."

Alleged abuse of administrative privileges

Two internal disputes at Misplaced Pages in which Connolley was involved received additional attention. A 2005 Misplaced Pages climate change dispute involving breaches of etiquette, rather than content bias, was cited by a paper in the Journal of Science Communication as an example that "resonated deeply as it highlighted what can befall respected experts who wade into controversial wiki-waters". The paper stated that Connolley did "not suffer...fools gladly". The same paper noted a 2009 Misplaced Pages arbitration in which it was concluded that Connolley had used administrator privileges to his own advantage in content disputes, and these privileges were removed. Other academic papers have discussed Connolley's editing activities on Misplaced Pages and the dispute resolution process as it has been applied to him.

Personal life

Connolley has two children.

Selected publications

See also

References

  1. Connolley, W. M. (1989). Preconditioning of iterative methods for linearized or linear systems (D. Phil. thesis). Oxford: Oxford University Numerical Analysis Group. p. 208. OCLC 49766487.
  2. Connolley, William. About Page Stoat Blog
  3. "Dr William Connolley / Senior Scientific Officer / Climate Modeller / Physical Sciences Division". British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  4. ^ Connolley, W. M. "Sea ice concentrations in the Weddell Sea: A comparison of SSM/I, ULS, and GCM data" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  5. Internet Archive copy of Coton Parish Website
  6. The Green Party South Cambs Archived 1 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  7. See for example, Vaughan, D. G.; Marshall, G. J.; Connolley, W. M.; King, J. C.; Mulvaney, R. (2001). "CLIMATE CHANGE: Devil in the Detail". Science. 293 (5536): 1777–9. doi:10.1126/science.1065116. PMID 11546858. S2CID 129175116.
  8. Connolley, W. M. (6 December 2004). "William M. Connolley Filed under: * Contributor Bio's — william @ 6 December 2004". RealClimate. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  9. Connolley, William (1 December 2007). "Goodbye to all that" – announcement of departure from RealClimate. RealClimate. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  10. Stoat Taking science by the throat... Connolley's personal blog
  11. "Connolley's webpage analysing papers relevant to a modern Ice Age". Wmconnolley.org.uk. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  12. Peterson, T.C.; Connolley, W. M.; Fleck, J. (2008). "The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 89 (9): 1325–1337. Bibcode:2008BAMS...89.1325P. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2370.1. S2CID 123635044.
  13. William Connolley (24 January 2005). "The global cooling myth". RealClimate. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
  14. William M. Connolley (2005). "Was an imminent Ice Age predicted in the '70's? No". Retrieved 16 December 2007.
  15. Azios, Tony. "Global-warming skeptics: Is it only the news media who need to chill?" The Christian Science Monitor, 11 October 2007, accessed 24 May 2011
  16. "I am all powerful (part 2)". Scienceblogs.com. 19 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  17. "A child's garden of wikipedia, part I". Scienceblogs.com. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  18. Giles, J. (15 December 2005). "Internet Encyclopaedias Go Head to Head". Nature. 438 (7070): 900–01. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..900G. doi:10.1038/438900a. PMID 16355180.
  19. Giles, J. (5 October 2006). "Misplaced Pages Rival Calls in the Experts". Nature. 443 (7111): 493. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..493G. doi:10.1038/443493a. PMID 17024058.
  20. ^ Schiff, S. (31 July 2006). "Know It All: Can Misplaced Pages Conquer Expertise?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  21. Rosen, Larry D., Mark Carrier and Nancy A. Cheever. Rewired: Understanding the iGeneration and the Way They Learn, p. 120, Macmillan (2010) ISBN 0-230-61478-7
  22. Tammet, Daniel. Embracing the Wide Sky: A Tour Across the Horizons of the Mind, p. 206, Simon and Schuster (2009) ISBN 1-4165-7618-5
  23. Keen, Andrew. The Cult of the Amateur: How Today’s Internet is Killing Our Culture, p. 43, New York: Doubleday (2007) ISBN 0-385-52080-8
  24. Flintoff, John-Paul. "According to Misplaced Pages I'm the Mona Lisa", The Sunday Times, 3 June 2007, News Review p. 3
  25. Flintoff, John-Paul. "Thinking is so over". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  26. "End of expertise". John-Paul Flintoff. 3 June 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  27. ^ Mathieu O'Neil: "Shirky and Sanger, or the costs of crowdsourcing". Journal of Science Communication, Vol. 9, Issue 1, March 2010, International School for Advanced Studies
  28. "Misplaced Pages:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Cold fusion 2". 13 September 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  29. See, e.g., Forte, A.; Bruckman, A. (2008). "Scaling Consensus: Increasing Decentralization in Misplaced Pages Governance". Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008). p. 157. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.84.8022. doi:10.1109/HICSS.2008.383. ISBN 978-0-7695-3075-8. S2CID 7961848. and the papers cited therein
  30. "William Michael Connolley" website. wmconnolley.org, accessed 14 May 2011
  31. "William M. Connolley's page about Fourier 1827: MEMOIRE sur les temperatures du globe terrestre et des espaces planetaires". wmconnolley.org.uk. William M. Connolley. Retrieved 22 July 2010.

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