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| ] for the Duryea Road Vehicle, 1895]] | ] for the Duryea Road Vehicle, 1895]] | ||
| The '''Duryea Motor Wagon''' was among the first ] ]s and among the first powered by ]. Fifteen examples were built by the ] |
The '''Duryea Motor Wagon''' was among the first ] ]s and among the first powered by ]. Fifteen examples were built by the ] of ], between 1893 and 1896. Their enterprise followed the first commercially available automobile which was patented by ] on January 29, 1886, and put into production in 1888. | ||
| To construct the first Duryea Motor Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a 4 |
To construct the first Duryea Motor Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a {{convert|4|hp|kW PS|adj=on}}, single cylinder gasoline engine.<ref name="ausbcomp.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ausbcomp.com/~bbott/cars/carhist.htm |title=The First Car – A History of the Automobile |publisher=Ausbcomp.com |access-date=2011-07-17| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716152705/http://www.ausbcomp.com/~bbott/cars/carhist.htm| archive-date= 16 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> The car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor, and low tension ignition. It was road-tested again on 10 November, when the newspaper '']'' made the announcement.<ref name="ausbcomp.com"/> The car was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until 1920 when it was rescued by Inglis M. Uppercu and presented to the ].<ref name="ausbcomp.com"/> The Duryea Motor Wagon remained in production until 1917. | ||
| The Duryea brothers entered their horseless carriage in many shows and races. The Duryea Motor Wagon carriage |
The Duryea brothers entered their ] in many shows and races. The Duryea Motor Wagon carriage won first place in the first-ever American automobile race, the ], in 1896. The Duryeas also won first and second place in the Cosmopolitan Race on ], 1896 in New York City. On November 14, 1896, they joined the Procession/] England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.machine-history.com/THE%20PERFECTED%20DURYEA%20CARRIAGE%201896 |title=The Perfected Duryea Carriage 1896 |publisher=Machine-history.com |access-date=2011-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126110057/http://www.machine-history.com/THE%20PERFECTED%20DURYEA%20CARRIAGE%201896 |archive-date=2011-11-26 }}</ref> | ||
| '''Davidson-Duryea Gun Carriage''' | |||
| Several Italians recorded designs for wind driven vehicles. The first was Guido da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill type drive to gears and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle which was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed a clockwork driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential mechanism between the rear wheels. | |||
| The Duryea was used as the basis of the ] car of 1898, which has the distinction of being the first American ] The car, which was photographed by the Chicago Tribune, was adapted from the commercial passenger model<ref>{{Cite book|title=Profile AFV # 40 US Armored Cars|last=Icks|first=Robert|publisher=Profile Publications Ltd|year=1972|location=Coburg Hse Sheet Street, Windsor, Berkshire SL4 1EB|pages=169–170}}</ref> by installing a forward-firing ] operated by the front passenger. It featured an armored shield between the front wheel and steering tiller. The conversion was devised by inventor Major (later Colonel) R.P. Davidson, of the Illinois National Guard, then commandant of the Northwestern Military and Naval Academy, Highland Park, Illinois. | |||
| A Catholic priest named Father Ferdinand Verbiest has been said to have built a steam powered vehicle for the Chinese Emperor Chien Lung in about 1678. There is no information about the vehicle, only the event. Since Thomas Newcomen didn't build his first steam engine until 1712 we can guess that this was possibly a model vehicle powered by a mechanism like Hero's steam engine, a spinning wheel with jets on the periphery. Newcomen's engine had a cylinder and a piston and was the first of this kind, and it used steam as a condensing agent to form a vacuum and with an overhead walking beam, pull on a rod to lift water. It was an enormous thing and was strictly stationary. The steam was not under pressure, just an open boiler piped to the cylinder. It used the same vacuum principle that Thomas Savery had patented to lift water directly with the vacuum, which would have limited his pump to less than 32 feet of lift. Newcomen's lift would have only been limited by the length of the rod and the strength of the valve at the bottom. Somehow Newcomen was not able to separate his invention from that of Savery and had to pay for Savery's rights. In 1765 James Watt developed the first pressurized steam engine which proved to be much more efficient and compact that the Newcomen engine. | |||
| The first vehicle to move under its own power for which there is a record was designed by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin in 1769. A replica of this vehicle is on display at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, in Paris. I believe that the Smithsonian Museum in Washington D. C. also has a large (half size ?) scale model. A second unit was built in 1770 which weighed 8000 pounds and had a top speed on 2 miles per hour and on the cobble stone streets of Paris this was probably as fast as anyone wanted to go it. The picture shows the first model on its first drive around Paris were it hit and knocked down a stone wall. It also had a tendency to tip over frontward unless it was counterweighted with a canon in the rear. the purpose of the vehicle was to haul canons around town. | |||
| The early steam powered vehicles were so heavy that they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as strong as iron. A road thus made out of iron rails became the norm for the next hundred and twenty five years. The vehicles got bigger and heavier and more powerful and as such they were eventually capable of pulling a train of many cars filled with freight and passengers. | |||
| As the picture at the right shows, many attempts were being made in England by the 1830's to develop a practical vehicle that didn't need rails. A series of accidents and propaganda from the established railroads caused a flurry of restrictive legislation to be passed and the development of the automobile bypassed England. Several commercial vehicles were built but they were more like trains without tracks. | |||
| The development of the internal combustion engine had to wait until a fuel was available to combust internally. Gunpowder was tried but didn't work out. Gunpowder carburetors are still hard to find. The first gas really did use gas. They used coal gas generated by heating coal in a pressure vessel or boiler. A Frenchman named Etienne Lenoir patented the first practical gas engine in Paris in 1860 and drove a car based on the design from Paris to Joinville in 1862. His one-half horse power engine had a bore of 5 inches and a 24 inch stroke. It was big and heavy and turned 100 rpm. Lenoir died broke in 1900. | |||
| Lenoir had a separate mechanism to compress the gas before combustion. In 1862, Alphonse Bear de Rochas figured out how to compress the gas in the same cylinder in which it was to burn, which is the way we still do it. This process of bringing the gas into the cylinder, compressing it, combusting the compressed mixture, then exhausting it is know as the Otto cycle, or four cycle engine. Lenoir claimed to have run the car on benzene and his drawings show an electric spark ignition. If so, then his vehicle was the first to run on petroleum based fuel, or petrol, or what we call gas, short for gasoline. | |||
| Siegfried Marcus, of Mecklenburg, built a can in 1868 and showed one at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873. His later car was called the Strassenwagen had about 3/4 horse power at 500 rpm. It ran on crude wooden wheels with iron rims and stopped by pressing wooden blocks against the iron rims, but it had a clutch, a differential and a magneto ignition. One of the four cars which Marcus built is in the Vienna Technical Museum and can still be driven under its own power. | |||
| In 1876, Nokolaus Otto patented the Otto cycle engine, de Rochas had neglected to do so, and this later became the basis for Daimler and Benz breaking the Otto patent by claiming prior art from de Rochas. | |||
| The picture to the left, taken in 1885, is of Gottllieb Daimler's workshop in Bad Cannstatt where he built the wooden motorcycle shown. Daimler's son Paul rode this motorcycle from Cannstatt to Unterturkheim and back on November 10, 1885. Daimler used a hot tube ignition system to get his engine speed up to 1000 rpm | |||
| The previous August, Karl Benz had already driven his light, tubular framed tricycle around the Neckar valley, only 60 miles from where Daimler lived and worked. They never met. Frau Berta Benz took Karl's car one night and made the first long car trip to see her mother, traveling 62 miles from Mannheim to Pforzheim in 1888. | |||
| Also in August 1888, William Steinway, owner of Steinway & Sons piano factory, talked to Daimler about US manufacturing right and by September had a deal. By 1891 the Daimler Motor Company, owned by Steinway, was producing petrol engines for tramway cars, carriages, quadricycles, fire engines and boats in a plant in Hartford, CT. | |||
| Steam cars had been built in America since before the Civil War but the early one were like miniature locomotives. In 1871, Dr. J. W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J. I. Case Company built a working steam car. It was practical enough to inspire the State of Wisconsin to offer a $10,000 prize to the winner of a 200 mile race in 1878.>(see more on J. W. Carhart story from Fredric Dennis Williams) | |||
| The 200 mile race had seven entries, or which two showed up for the race. One car was sponsored by the city of Green Bay and the other by the city of Oshkosh. The Green Bay car was the fastest but broke down and the Oshkosh car finished with an average speed of 6 mph. | |||
| From this time until the end of the century, nearly every community in America had a mad scientist working on a steam car. Many old news papers tell stories about the trials and failures of these would be inventors. | |||
| By 1890 Ransom E. Olds had built his second steam powered car, pictured at left. One was sold to a buyer in India, but the ship it was on was lost at sea. | |||
| '''The First Duryea''' | '''The First Duryea''' | ||
| {| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| ! Year !! Engine !! |
! Year !! Engine !! Power !! Wheel size | ||
| |- | |- | ||
| | 1893 || 1-cylinder<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_1272.html |title=America on the Move | Duryea automobile |publisher=Americanhistory.si.edu |date |
| 1893 || 1-cylinder<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/collection/object_1272.html |title=America on the Move | Duryea automobile |publisher=Americanhistory.si.edu |access-date=2011-11-20}}</ref> || {{convert|4|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} || {{convert|54|in|cm|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.genesis2scale.com/__museum/_ind/_1800duryea/_1893duryea/1893duryeamain.htm |title=Museum Vehicle |publisher=Genesis2scale.com |date=2010-10-06 |access-date=2011-11-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074225/http://www.genesis2scale.com/__museum/_ind/_1800duryea/_1893duryea/1893duryeamain.htm |archive-date=2012-04-25 }}</ref> | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| ⚫ | ==See also== | ||
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| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| <references/> | |||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{Gutenberg|no=30055|name=The 1893 Duryea Automobile In the Museum of History and Technology}} | |||
| ⚫ | ==See also== | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ⚫ | * ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 03:11, 21 August 2024
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The Duryea Motor Wagon was among the first standardized automobiles and among the first powered by gasoline. Fifteen examples were built by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company of Chicopee, Massachusetts, between 1893 and 1896. Their enterprise followed the first commercially available automobile which was patented by Karl Benz on January 29, 1886, and put into production in 1888.
To construct the first Duryea Motor Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a 4-horsepower (3.0 kW; 4.1 PS), single cylinder gasoline engine. The car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor, and low tension ignition. It was road-tested again on 10 November, when the newspaper The Springfield Republican made the announcement. The car was put into storage in 1894 and stayed there until 1920 when it was rescued by Inglis M. Uppercu and presented to the United States National Museum. The Duryea Motor Wagon remained in production until 1917.
The Duryea brothers entered their horseless carriage in many shows and races. The Duryea Motor Wagon carriage won first place in the first-ever American automobile race, the Times-Herald race, in 1896. The Duryeas also won first and second place in the Cosmopolitan Race on Decoration Day, 1896 in New York City. On November 14, 1896, they joined the Procession/Race from London to Brighton England.
Davidson-Duryea Gun Carriage
The Duryea was used as the basis of the Davidson-Duryea car of 1898, which has the distinction of being the first American armored car. The car, which was photographed by the Chicago Tribune, was adapted from the commercial passenger model by installing a forward-firing M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun operated by the front passenger. It featured an armored shield between the front wheel and steering tiller. The conversion was devised by inventor Major (later Colonel) R.P. Davidson, of the Illinois National Guard, then commandant of the Northwestern Military and Naval Academy, Highland Park, Illinois.
The First Duryea
| Year | Engine | Power | Wheel size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1893 | 1-cylinder | 4 hp (3.0 kW; 4.1 PS) | 54 in (140 cm) |
See also
- Duryea Motor Wagon Company
- High wheeler
- Horse and buggy
- List of automotive superlatives
- Quadricycle
- Wagon
References
- ^ "The First Car – A History of the Automobile". Ausbcomp.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
- "The Perfected Duryea Carriage 1896". Machine-history.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- Icks, Robert (1972). Profile AFV # 40 US Armored Cars. Coburg Hse Sheet Street, Windsor, Berkshire SL4 1EB: Profile Publications Ltd. pp. 169–170.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - "America on the Move | Duryea automobile". Americanhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
- "Museum Vehicle". Genesis2scale.com. 2010-10-06. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
External links
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