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| {{More references|whole article|date=December 2006}} | |||
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{{More citations needed|whole article|date=December 2006}} | ||
| {{Expand Finnish|topic=cult|date=February 2017}} | |||
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[[File:Vasara.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Hammer-shaped pendants were carried as protection from the thunder god. | ||
| '''A=Finnish Ukonvasara''' | '''A=Finnish Ukonvasara''' | ||
| B=Scandinavian Thor's hammer | B=Scandinavian Thor's hammer | ||
| C=Icelandic Thor's hammer]] | C=Icelandic Thor's hammer]] | ||
| ] | ]]] | ||
| '''Ukonvasara''', or '''Ukonkirves''', is the symbol and magical weapon of the ] thunder god ], similar to ]'s ]. Ukonvasara means hammer of Ukko; similarly, Ukonkirves means axe of Ukko. It was said that Ukko created lightning with Ukonvasara. | '''Ukonvasara''', or '''Ukonkirves''', is the symbol and magical weapon of the ] thunder god ], similar to ]'s ]. Ukonvasara means 'hammer of Ukko'; similarly, Ukonkirves means 'axe of Ukko'. It was said that Ukko created lightning with Ukonvasara. | ||
| Ukko's hammer was probably originally a boat-shaped stone axe. When stone tools were abandoned with the advent of metalworking, the origins of stone weapons became a mystery. Stone axes, so-called ] (''ukonvaaja'' in Finnish), were found in the ground, especially after drenching rains washed away dirt. They were believed to be weapons of Ukko, stone heads of the striking lightning. ]s collected and held stone-axes because they were believed to hold the power to both heal and damage.{{ |
Ukko's hammer was probably originally a boat-shaped stone axe. When stone tools were abandoned with the advent of metalworking, the origins of stone weapons became a mystery. Stone axes, so-called ] (''ukonvaaja'' in Finnish), were found in the ground, especially after drenching rains washed away dirt. They were believed to be weapons of Ukko, stone heads of the striking lightning. ]s collected and held stone-axes because they were believed to hold the power to both heal and damage.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} | ||
| Followers of ] sometimes carry hammer or axe pendants around their necks, much like Christians sometimes wear ].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} | |||
| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| According to ], the ] ''*vaśara'', originally referred to the axe or mace of the ] warriors, but later, under ] influence, gained the meaning "hammer" from ]. The ] ''*vaśara'', is an early ] from the ] ''*vaj’ra-'' but not from ], because its ] ] is not consistent with the ] which |
According to ], the ] ''*vaśara'', originally referred to the axe or mace of the ] warriors, but later, under ] influence, gained the meaning "hammer" from ]. The ] ''*vaśara'', is an early ] from the ] ''*vaj’ra-'' but not from ], because its ] ] is not consistent with the ] which occurred in Proto-Iranian. The related Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|]-}} and its ] ] {{transliteration|ae|vazra-}} are possibly derived from the ] root ''*weg'-'' which means "to be(come) powerful", state Parpola and Carpelan.{{sfn|Parpola|Carpelan|2005|p=118}}{{sfn|Parpola|2015|pp=63-66, 114}} | ||
| ==Indo-European influence== | ==Indo-European influence== | ||
| {{ill|Unto Salo|fi|Unto Salo|lt=Unto Salo}} believes that ], another Finnic sky god, is the origin of Ukko, but that as Ukko Ilmari experienced very significant, although far from total, influence from the ] especially in the form of ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Salo|first=Unto| |
{{ill|Unto Salo|fi|Unto Salo|lt=Unto Salo}} believes that ], another Finnic sky god, is the origin of Ukko, but that as Ukko Ilmari experienced very significant, although far from total, influence from the ] especially in the form of ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Salo|first=Unto|chapter=Agricola's Ukko in the light of archeology. A chronological and interpretative study of ancient Finnish religion |editor=Tore Ahlbäck |title=Old Norse and Finnish religions and cultic place-names |year=1990|location=Turku |publisher=Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History |isbn=951-649-695-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Salo|first=Unto|title=Ukko: The God of Thunder of the Ancient Finns And His Indo-european Family.|publisher=Inst for the Study of Man|year=2006|isbn=978-0941694940}}</ref> Others believe that Ukko's original name was Baltic ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Siikala|first=Anna-Leena|title=Itämerensuomalaisten mytologia|publisher=SKS|year=2013|location=Helsinki}}</ref> | ||
| Perkūnas is pictured as middle-aged, armed with an ] and arrows, riding a two-wheeled chariot harnessed with ]s, like ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/chapter_iv.htm |title=Gintaras Beresnevičius, Lithuanian Mythology |publisher=Crvp.org |access-date=2012-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902025018/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/chapter_iv.htm |archive-date=2012-09-02 }}</ref> The name Thor descends from the ] theonym {{lang|gem-x-proto|Þun(a)raz}} ('Thunder').<ref>{{harvnb|Orel|2003|p=429}}, {{harvnb|Delamarre|2003|p=290}}</ref> According to scholar Peter Jackson, those theonyms may have originally emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet (or ]) of the Proto-Indo-European thunder-god *'']''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Peter|date=2002|title=Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage|journal=Numen|volume=49|issue=1|pages=61–102|doi=10.1163/15685270252772777|issn=0029-5973|jstor=3270472}}</ref> from which ] also descended from <ref>{{cite book|last1=Dowden|first1=Mr Ken|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-QfhYxtKScC&pg=PA221|title=European Paganism: The Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages - Mr Ken Dowden - Google Böcker|last2=Dowden|first2=Ken|date=4 January 2002|isbn=9780203011775|access-date=2012-09-03}}</ref> | Perkūnas is pictured as middle-aged, armed with an ] and arrows, riding a two-wheeled chariot harnessed with ]s, like ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/chapter_iv.htm |title=Gintaras Beresnevičius, Lithuanian Mythology |publisher=Crvp.org |access-date=2012-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902025018/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series04/IVA-17/chapter_iv.htm |archive-date=2012-09-02 }}</ref> The name Thor descends from the ] theonym {{lang|gem-x-proto|Þun(a)raz}} ('Thunder').<ref>{{harvnb|Orel|2003|p=429}}, {{harvnb|Delamarre|2003|p=290}}</ref> According to scholar Peter Jackson, those theonyms may have originally emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet (or ]) of the Proto-Indo-European thunder-god *'']''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Peter|date=2002|title=Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage|journal=Numen|volume=49|issue=1|pages=61–102|doi=10.1163/15685270252772777|issn=0029-5973|jstor=3270472}}</ref> from which ] also descended from <ref>{{cite book|last1=Dowden|first1=Mr Ken|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-QfhYxtKScC&pg=PA221|title=European Paganism: The Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages - Mr Ken Dowden - Google Böcker|last2=Dowden|first2=Ken|date=4 January 2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203011775|access-date=2012-09-03}}</ref> | ||
| Indra is described as using the vajra to kill sinners and ignorant persons.<ref>Rigveda 2.12</ref> Indra's mythology parallels ], ], ], and ], suggesting a common origin in ].<ref name="Berry1996p20">{{cite book|author=Thomas Berry|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr|title=Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-231-10781-5|pages=–21|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=T. N. Madan |title=The Hinduism Omnibus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUsqAAAAYAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566411-9 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sukumari Bhattacharji |title=The Indian Theogony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA280 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=280–281}}</ref> | Indra is described as using the vajra to kill sinners and ignorant persons.<ref>Rigveda 2.12</ref> Indra's mythology parallels ], ], ], and ], suggesting a common origin in ].<ref name="Berry1996p20">{{cite book|author=Thomas Berry|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofindia00berr|title=Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-231-10781-5|pages=–21|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=T. N. Madan |title=The Hinduism Omnibus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUsqAAAAYAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566411-9 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=] |title=The Indian Theogony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDc9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA280 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=280–281}}</ref> | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 30: | Line 32: | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| ==Sources== | |||
| *{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|publisher=Errance|year=2003|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}} | |||
| *{{Cite book|last=Orel|first=Vladimir E.|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel|title=A Handbook of Germanic Etymology|year=2003|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12875-0|author-link=Vladimir Orel|url-access=registration}} | |||
| * {{Cite book|last1=Parpola| first1=Asko | last2= Carpelan| first2=Christian | editor1=Edwin Francis Bryant|editor2=Laurie L. Patton|title=The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHYnGde4BS4C | year=2005|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1463-6}} | |||
| * {{Cite book|first=Asko |last=Parpola| title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-022691-6}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
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Ukonvasara, or Ukonkirves, is the symbol and magical weapon of the Finnish thunder god Ukko, similar to Thor's Mjölnir. Ukonvasara means 'hammer of Ukko'; similarly, Ukonkirves means 'axe of Ukko'. It was said that Ukko created lightning with Ukonvasara.
Ukko's hammer was probably originally a boat-shaped stone axe. When stone tools were abandoned with the advent of metalworking, the origins of stone weapons became a mystery. Stone axes, so-called thunderstones (ukonvaaja in Finnish), were found in the ground, especially after drenching rains washed away dirt. They were believed to be weapons of Ukko, stone heads of the striking lightning. Shamans collected and held stone-axes because they were believed to hold the power to both heal and damage.
Followers of modern Finnish paganism sometimes carry hammer or axe pendants around their necks, much like Christians sometimes wear crosses.
Etymology
According to Asko Parpola, the Proto-West-Uralic *vaśara, originally referred to the axe or mace of the Sejma-Turbino warriors, but later, under Nordic influence, gained the meaning "hammer" from Thor's hammer. The Proto-West-Uralic *vaśara, is an early loanword from the Proto-Indo-Aryan *vaj’ra- but not from Proto-Iranian, because its palatalized sibilant is not consistent with the depalatalization which occurred in Proto-Iranian. The related Sanskrit vajra- and its Avestan cognate vazra- are possibly derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weg'- which means "to be(come) powerful", state Parpola and Carpelan.
Indo-European influence
Unto Salo [fi] believes that Ilmari, another Finnic sky god, is the origin of Ukko, but that as Ukko Ilmari experienced very significant, although far from total, influence from the Indo-European sky god especially in the form of Thor. Others believe that Ukko's original name was Baltic Perkūnas.
Perkūnas is pictured as middle-aged, armed with an axe and arrows, riding a two-wheeled chariot harnessed with goats, like Thor. The name Thor descends from the Proto-Germanic theonym *Þun(a)raz ('Thunder'). According to scholar Peter Jackson, those theonyms may have originally emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet (or epiclesis) of the Proto-Indo-European thunder-god *Perkunos. from which Perkunas also descended from
Indra is described as using the vajra to kill sinners and ignorant persons. Indra's mythology parallels Perun, Perkūnas, Taranis, and Thor, suggesting a common origin in Proto-Indo-European mythology.
See also
References
- Parpola & Carpelan 2005, p. 118.
- Parpola 2015, pp. 63–66, 114.
- Salo, Unto (1990). "Agricola's Ukko in the light of archeology. A chronological and interpretative study of ancient Finnish religion". In Tore Ahlbäck (ed.). Old Norse and Finnish religions and cultic place-names. Turku: Donner Institute for Research in Religious and Cultural History. ISBN 951-649-695-4.
- Salo, Unto (2006). Ukko: The God of Thunder of the Ancient Finns And His Indo-european Family. Inst for the Study of Man. ISBN 978-0941694940.
- Siikala, Anna-Leena (2013). Itämerensuomalaisten mytologia. Helsinki: SKS.
- "Gintaras Beresnevičius, Lithuanian Mythology". Crvp.org. Archived from the original on 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
- Orel 2003, p. 429, Delamarre 2003, p. 290
- Jackson, Peter (2002). "Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage". Numen. 49 (1): 61–102. doi:10.1163/15685270252772777. ISSN 0029-5973. JSTOR 3270472.
- Dowden, Mr Ken; Dowden, Ken (4 January 2002). European Paganism: The Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages - Mr Ken Dowden - Google Böcker. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203011775. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
- Rigveda 2.12
- Thomas Berry (1996). Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism. Columbia University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-231-10781-5.
- T. N. Madan (2003). The Hinduism Omnibus. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-566411-9.
- Sukumari Bhattacharji (2015). The Indian Theogony. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–281.
Sources
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0.
- Parpola, Asko; Carpelan, Christian (2005). Edwin Francis Bryant; Laurie L. Patton (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1463-6.
- Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022691-6.
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