Colorado tick fever: Difference between revisions

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			{{Infobox medical condition (new)
	In ] '''Colorado Tick Fever''' is an illness caused by a ] carried by small ]s, such as ground squirrels, porcupines, and chipmunks, and by ]s.
			\| name = Colorado tick fever
			\| synonyms = Mountain tick fever, American tick fever, American mountain tick fever
			\| image = Ctf-distribution-map.jpg
			\| image_size = 250px
			\| caption = Geographic distribution of ''Dermacentor andersoni'' ticks and Colorado tick fever virus disease cases, United States, 2010–2019.
			\| pronounce =
			\| field = ]
			\| symptoms =
			\| complications =
			\| onset =
			\| duration =
			\| types =
			\| causes =
			\| risks =
			\| diagnosis =
			\| differential =
			\| prevention =
			\| treatment =
			\| medication =
			\| prognosis =
			\| frequency =
			\| deaths =
			}}
			'''Colorado tick fever (CTF)''' is a viral infection (]) transmitted from the bite of an infected ] ('']''). It should not be confused with the bacterial tick-borne infection, ]. Colorado tick fever is probably the same disease that ]s referred to as "mountain fever".<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Aldous JA, Nicholes PS \| year = 1997 \| title = What Is Mountain Fever? \| journal = Overland Journal \| volume = 15 \| issue = Spring \| pages = 18–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author = Aldous JA. \| year = 1997 \| title = Mountain Fever in the 1847 Mormon Pioneer Companies \| journal = Nauvoo Journal \| volume = 9 \| issue = Fall \| pages = 52–59 \| url = http://mormonhistoricsites.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/NJ9.2_Aldous.pdf}}</ref>

			Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV) infects haemopoietic cells, particularly ]s, which explains how the virus is transmitted by ticks and also accounts for the incidence of transmission by blood transfusion.{{cn\|date=January 2023}}
	Anyone can get Colorado Tick Fever who lives or travels in areas of the western ] and ] at elevations above 5000 feet and who comes in contact with infected ticks, especially ], also known as the wood tick.

			==Signs and symptoms==
	==Transmission==
			The first signs and symptoms of Colorado Tick Fever are shown between the 1 and 14th day after the bite from the tick. Once bit by the tick and the onset of symptoms is presented, one will more often than not experience a biphasic fever. A biphasic fever, is a fever that will attack, only to let you feel better, just to infect you once again. Although the virus may only last a couple of weeks, the Virus can be found in the red blood cells for up to 6 months after being cured .<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-10-31 \|title=Symptoms & Treatment {{!}} Colorado Tick Fever {{!}} CDC \|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coloradotickfever/symptoms-treatment.html \|access-date=2023-09-15 \|website=www.cdc.gov \|language=en-us}}</ref>

			Initial symptoms include fever, chills, headaches, pain behind the eyes, light sensitivity, muscle pain, generalized malaise, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, nausea and vomiting, and a flat or pimply rash.<ref name="urlColorado Tick Fever"/> During the second phase of the virus, a high fever can return with an increase in symptoms. CTF can be very severe in cases involving children and can even require hospitalization. Complications with this disease have included aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever, but these are rare.{{cn\|date=January 2023}}
	It is spread by getting a tick bite. There is no evidence of natural person-to-person transmission. However, rare cases of transmission from ]s have been reported. The virus which causes Colorado Tick Fever may stay in the blood for as long as 4 months after onset of the illness.

			CTF is seasonal, mostly occurring in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States and usually in altitudes from 4,000 to 10,000 feet (1,600 to 3,000 meters).<ref name="urlColorado Tick Fever"/> Patients with CTF are mostly campers and young males, who most likely have been bitten because of their <!-- occupational --> activities.
	==Symptoms==

			==Cause==
	The disease causes fever of about ]., chills, nausea, and severe headache. These symptoms usually last a few days, go away, and then return for a few days. Sometimes the symptoms include a red, raised rash.
			===Virology===
			{{virusbox
			\| parent = Coltivirus
			\| species = Colorado tick fever coltivirus
			}}
			The virus particle, like other coltiviruses, is about 80 nm in diameter and is generally not enveloped. The double-stranded RNA viral genome is about 20,000 bp long and is divided into 12 segments, which are termed Seg-1 to Seg-12. Viral replication in infected cells is associated with characteristic cytoplasmic granular matrices. Evidence suggests the viral presence in mature erythrocytes is a result of replication of the virus in hematopoietic erythrocyte precursor cells and simultaneous maturation of the infected immature cells rather than of direct entry and replication of CTFV in mature erythrocytes.<ref>{{cite journal \|vauthors=Philipp CS, Callaway C, Chu MC \|title=Replication of Colorado tick fever virus within human hematopoietic progenitor cells \|journal=J. Virol. \|volume=67 \|issue=4 \|pages=2389–95 \|date=1 April 1993\|pmid=8445735 \|pmc=240408 \|display-authors=etal\|doi=10.1128/JVI.67.4.2389-2395.1993 }}</ref>

			===Tick===
	The symptoms generally begin 4 to 5 days after being bitten by an infected tick.
			]
			The ] is usually found attached to a host, but when it is without a host, it hides in cracks and crevices, as well as soil. If for some reason the tick is not able to find a host before the winter, it will stay under ground cover until spring, when it can resume its search. The behavior of the Rocky Mountain wood tick varies with its life stages: adults are active as early as March, peaking in April and May, while nymphs and larvae are active around April and June respectively. By late summer or early fall, all these stages typically disappear. Small mammals are common hosts for larvae and nymphs, while adults generally feed on larger mammals such as horses, cattle, and deer.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Distribution, Seasonality, and Hosts of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick in the United States \|url=https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/43/1/17/956637?login=false \|access-date=2023-10-19 \|website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>

	==~~Removing ticks~~==		===Transmission===
			Colorado tick fever (CTF) is transmitted through the bite of an infected ]. The ticks become carriers of the CTF virus by feeding on infected reservoir animals like small rodents. Transmission from a tick to person is the most common cause of infection. Person-to-person transmission is not typical but can occur rarely through blood transfusions. Post-infection, the CTF virus can linger in red blood cells for several months, hence, blood and bone marrow donations are discouraged for six months following infection.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-02-26 \|title=Transmission {{!}} Colorado Tick Fever {{!}} CDC \|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coloradotickfever/transmission.html \|access-date=2023-10-19 \|website=www.cdc.gov \|language=en-us}}</ref>

			==Diagnosis==
	Ticks should be removed promptly and carefully by using tweezers and applying gentle steady traction. Do not crush the tick's body when removing it and apply the tweezers as close to the skin as possible to avoid leaving tick mouth parts in the skin. Do not remove ticks with your bare hands. protect your hands with gloves, cloth or tissue and be sure to wash your hands after removing a tick.
			A combination of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory tests can confirm the likelihood of having CTF. Some tests include complement fixation to Colorado tick virus, immunofluorescence for Colorado tick fever, and some other common laboratory findings suggestive of CTF, including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mildly elevated liver enzyme levels.

			Detection of viral antibodies on red blood cells is possible.<ref name="pmid">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Mohd Jaafar F, Attoui H, Gallian P \|title=Recombinant VP7-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Colorado tick fever virus \|journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. \|volume=41 \|issue=5 \|pages=2102–5 \|date=May 2003 \|pmid= 12734255\|pmc=154693 \|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.5.2102-2105.2003\|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

	==Prevention==		==Prevention==
			]
			To avoid tick bites and infection, experts advise:
			* Avoid tick-infested areas, especially during the warmer months.
			* Wear light-colored clothing so ticks can be easily seen. Wear a long sleeved shirt, hat, long pants, and tuck pant legs into socks.
			* Walk in the center of trails to avoid overhanging grass and brush.
			* Clothing and body parts should be checked every few hours for ticks when spending time outdoors in tick-infested areas. Ticks are most often found on the thigh, arms, underarms, and legs. Ticks can be very small (no bigger than a pinhead). Look carefully for new "freckles".
			* The use of ]s containing ] on skin or ] on clothing can be effective. Follow the directions on the container and wash off repellents when going indoors.
			* Remove attached ticks immediately.

			Contracting the CTF virus is thought to provide long-lasting immunity against reinfection. However, it is always wise to be on the safe side and try to prevent tick bites.<ref name="urlColorado Tick Fever"/>

			==Treatment==
			]
			No specific treatment for CTF is yet available. The first action is to make sure the tick is fully removed from the skin, then acetaminophen and analgesics can be used to help relieve the fever and pain. Aspirin is not recommended for children, as it has been linked to Reye’s syndrome in some viral illnesses. Salicylates should not be used because of ], and the rare occurrence of bleeding disorders. People who suspect they have been bitten by a tick or are starting to show signs of CTF should contact their physicians immediately.<ref name="urlMedical Encyclopedia: Colorado tick fever" />

			===Tick removal===
			Ticks should be removed promptly and carefully with tweezers and by applying gentle, steady traction. The tick's body should not be crushed when it is removed and the tweezers should be placed as close to the skin as possible to avoid leaving tick mouthparts in the skin. Mouthparts left in the skin can allow secondary infections. Ticks should not be removed with bare hands. Hands should be protected by gloves or tissues and thoroughly washed with soap and water after the removal process.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=CDC \|date=2022-05-13 \|title=Tick removal {{!}} CDC \|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/removing_a_tick.html \|access-date=2023-10-04 \|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \|language=en-us}}</ref>

			A match or flame should not be used to remove a tick. This method, once thought safe, can cause the tick to regurgitate expelling any disease it may be carrying into the bite wound.<ref name="urlThe Claim: Remove a Tick From Your Skin by Burning It—New York Times">{{cite news \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/science/05real.html?_r=1&oref=slogin \|title=The Claim: Remove a Tick From Your Skin by Burning It \|work= The New York Times\|access-date=2009-01-20 \| first=Anahad \| last=O'Connor \| date=2005-07-05}}</ref>

			==Epidemiology==
			The disease develops from March to September, with the highest infections occurring in June.<ref name="urlMedical Encyclopedia: Colorado tick fever">{{cite web \|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000675.htm \|title=Colorado tick fever\|access-date=2017-07-10\|publisher=MedlinePlus}}</ref> The disease is found almost exclusively in the western United States and Canada, mostly in high mountain areas such as Colorado and Idaho. The CTFV was first isolated from human blood in 1944.<ref name="urlColorado Tick Fever">{{cite web \|url=http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/acd/diseases/ctf/facts.shtml \|title=Colorado Tick Fever \|access-date=2009-01-20 \|archive-date=2009-02-13 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213133029/http://oregon.gov/DHS/ph/acd/diseases/ctf/facts.shtml \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			== External links ==
			{{Medical resources
			\| DiseasesDB = 31134
			\| ICD11 = {{ICD11\|1D41}}
			\| ICD10 = {{ICD10\|A\|93\|2\|a\|90}}
			\| ICD9 = {{ICD9\|066.1}}
			\| ICDO =
			\| OMIM =
			\| MedlinePlus = 000675
			\| eMedicineSubj = emerg
			\| eMedicineTopic = 586
			\| MeshID = D003121
			\| Orphanet = 83595
			}}

			{{Taxonbar\|from=Q92092381}}
			{{Tick-borne diseases}}
			{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}

			{{DEFAULTSORT:Colorado Tick Fever}}
	Avoid tick infested areas, especially during the warmer months.
			]
	Wear light colored clothing so ticks can be easily seen. Wear a long sleeved shirt, hat, long pants, and tuck your pant legs into your socks.
			]
	Walk in the center of trails to avoid overhanging grass and brush.
			]
	Check your body every few hours for ticks when you spend a lot of time outdoors in tick infested areas. Ticks are most often found on the thigh, arms, underarms and legs. Ticks can be very small (no bigger than a pinhead). Look carefully for new "freckles".
			]
	Use ]s containing ] on your skin or ] on clothing. Be sure to follow the directions on the container and wash off repellents when going indoors.
	Remove attached ticks immediately.

Latest revision as of 02:16, 30 August 2024

Medical condition

Colorado tick fever
Other names	Mountain tick fever, American tick fever, American mountain tick fever

Geographic distribution of Dermacentor andersoni ticks and Colorado tick fever virus disease cases, United States, 2010–2019.
Specialty	Infectious disease

Colorado tick fever (CTF) is a viral infection (Coltivirus) transmitted from the bite of an infected Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni). It should not be confused with the bacterial tick-borne infection, Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Colorado tick fever is probably the same disease that American pioneers referred to as "mountain fever".

Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV) infects haemopoietic cells, particularly erythrocytes, which explains how the virus is transmitted by ticks and also accounts for the incidence of transmission by blood transfusion.

Signs and symptoms

The first signs and symptoms of Colorado Tick Fever are shown between the 1 and 14th day after the bite from the tick. Once bit by the tick and the onset of symptoms is presented, one will more often than not experience a biphasic fever. A biphasic fever, is a fever that will attack, only to let you feel better, just to infect you once again. Although the virus may only last a couple of weeks, the Virus can be found in the red blood cells for up to 6 months after being cured .

Initial symptoms include fever, chills, headaches, pain behind the eyes, light sensitivity, muscle pain, generalized malaise, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, nausea and vomiting, and a flat or pimply rash. During the second phase of the virus, a high fever can return with an increase in symptoms. CTF can be very severe in cases involving children and can even require hospitalization. Complications with this disease have included aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever, but these are rare.

CTF is seasonal, mostly occurring in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States and usually in altitudes from 4,000 to 10,000 feet (1,600 to 3,000 meters). Patients with CTF are mostly campers and young males, who most likely have been bitten because of their activities.

Cause

Virology

Colorado tick fever coltivirus
Virus classification
(unranked):	Virus
Realm:	Riboviria
Kingdom:	Orthornavirae
Phylum:	Duplornaviricota
Class:	Resentoviricetes
Order:	Reovirales
Family:	Sedoreoviridae
Genus:	Coltivirus
Species:	Colorado tick fever coltivirus

The virus particle, like other coltiviruses, is about 80 nm in diameter and is generally not enveloped. The double-stranded RNA viral genome is about 20,000 bp long and is divided into 12 segments, which are termed Seg-1 to Seg-12. Viral replication in infected cells is associated with characteristic cytoplasmic granular matrices. Evidence suggests the viral presence in mature erythrocytes is a result of replication of the virus in hematopoietic erythrocyte precursor cells and simultaneous maturation of the infected immature cells rather than of direct entry and replication of CTFV in mature erythrocytes.

Tick

The Rocky Mountain wood tick is usually found attached to a host, but when it is without a host, it hides in cracks and crevices, as well as soil. If for some reason the tick is not able to find a host before the winter, it will stay under ground cover until spring, when it can resume its search. The behavior of the Rocky Mountain wood tick varies with its life stages: adults are active as early as March, peaking in April and May, while nymphs and larvae are active around April and June respectively. By late summer or early fall, all these stages typically disappear. Small mammals are common hosts for larvae and nymphs, while adults generally feed on larger mammals such as horses, cattle, and deer.

Transmission

Colorado tick fever (CTF) is transmitted through the bite of an infected Rocky Mountain wood tick. The ticks become carriers of the CTF virus by feeding on infected reservoir animals like small rodents. Transmission from a tick to person is the most common cause of infection. Person-to-person transmission is not typical but can occur rarely through blood transfusions. Post-infection, the CTF virus can linger in red blood cells for several months, hence, blood and bone marrow donations are discouraged for six months following infection.

Diagnosis

A combination of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory tests can confirm the likelihood of having CTF. Some tests include complement fixation to Colorado tick virus, immunofluorescence for Colorado tick fever, and some other common laboratory findings suggestive of CTF, including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mildly elevated liver enzyme levels.

Detection of viral antibodies on red blood cells is possible.

Prevention

To avoid tick bites and infection, experts advise:

Avoid tick-infested areas, especially during the warmer months.
Wear light-colored clothing so ticks can be easily seen. Wear a long sleeved shirt, hat, long pants, and tuck pant legs into socks.
Walk in the center of trails to avoid overhanging grass and brush.
Clothing and body parts should be checked every few hours for ticks when spending time outdoors in tick-infested areas. Ticks are most often found on the thigh, arms, underarms, and legs. Ticks can be very small (no bigger than a pinhead). Look carefully for new "freckles".
The use of insect repellents containing DEET on skin or permethrin on clothing can be effective. Follow the directions on the container and wash off repellents when going indoors.
Remove attached ticks immediately.

Contracting the CTF virus is thought to provide long-lasting immunity against reinfection. However, it is always wise to be on the safe side and try to prevent tick bites.

Treatment

No specific treatment for CTF is yet available. The first action is to make sure the tick is fully removed from the skin, then acetaminophen and analgesics can be used to help relieve the fever and pain. Aspirin is not recommended for children, as it has been linked to Reye’s syndrome in some viral illnesses. Salicylates should not be used because of thrombocytopenia, and the rare occurrence of bleeding disorders. People who suspect they have been bitten by a tick or are starting to show signs of CTF should contact their physicians immediately.

Tick removal

Ticks should be removed promptly and carefully with tweezers and by applying gentle, steady traction. The tick's body should not be crushed when it is removed and the tweezers should be placed as close to the skin as possible to avoid leaving tick mouthparts in the skin. Mouthparts left in the skin can allow secondary infections. Ticks should not be removed with bare hands. Hands should be protected by gloves or tissues and thoroughly washed with soap and water after the removal process.

A match or flame should not be used to remove a tick. This method, once thought safe, can cause the tick to regurgitate expelling any disease it may be carrying into the bite wound.

Epidemiology

The disease develops from March to September, with the highest infections occurring in June. The disease is found almost exclusively in the western United States and Canada, mostly in high mountain areas such as Colorado and Idaho. The CTFV was first isolated from human blood in 1944.

References

Aldous JA, Nicholes PS (1997). "What Is Mountain Fever?". Overland Journal. 15 (Spring): 18–23.
Aldous JA. (1997). "Mountain Fever in the 1847 Mormon Pioneer Companies" (PDF). Nauvoo Journal. 9 (Fall): 52–59.
"Symptoms & Treatment | Colorado Tick Fever | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2023-09-15.
^ "Colorado Tick Fever". Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
Philipp CS, Callaway C, Chu MC, et al. (1 April 1993). "Replication of Colorado tick fever virus within human hematopoietic progenitor cells". J. Virol. 67 (4): 2389–95. doi:10.1128/JVI.67.4.2389-2395.1993. PMC 240408. PMID 8445735.
"Distribution, Seasonality, and Hosts of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick in the United States". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
"Transmission | Colorado Tick Fever | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
Mohd Jaafar F, Attoui H, Gallian P, et al. (May 2003). "Recombinant VP7-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Colorado tick fever virus". J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (5): 2102–5. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.5.2102-2105.2003. PMC 154693. PMID 12734255.
^ "Colorado tick fever". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2017-07-10.
CDC (2022-05-13). "Tick removal | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
O'Connor, Anahad (2005-07-05). "The Claim: Remove a Tick From Your Skin by Burning It". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-20.

External links

Classification	D ICD-11: 1D41 ICD-10: A93.2 ICD-9-CM: 066.1 MeSH: D003121 DiseasesDB: 31134
External resources	MedlinePlus: 000675 eMedicine: emerg/586 Orphanet: 83595

Taxon identifiers
Colorado tick fever coltivirus	Wikidata: Q92092381 CoL: X863

Tick-borne diseases and infestations

Diseases

Bacterial infections

Rickettsiales	Anaplasmosis Boutonneuse fever Ehrlichiosis (Human granulocytic, Human monocytotropic, Human E. ewingii infection) Scrub typhus Spotted fever rickettsiosis Pacific Coast tick fever American tick bite fever rickettsialpox Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
Spirochaete	Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome Lyme disease Relapsing fever borreliosis
Thiotrichales	Tularemia

Viral infections

Protozoan infections

Babesiosis

Other diseases

Infestations

Tick infestation

Species and bites

Amblyomma	Amblyomma americanum Amblyomma cajennense Amblyomma triguttatum
Dermacentor	Dermacentor andersoni Dermacentor variabilis
Ixodes	Ixodes cornuatus Ixodes holocyclus Ixodes pacificus Ixodes ricinus Ixodes scapularis
Ornithodoros	Ornithodoros gurneyi Ornithodoros hermsi Ornithodoros moubata
Other	Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Zoonotic viral diseases (A80–B34, 042–079)

Arthropod
-borne

Mosquito
-borne

Bunyavirales	Arbovirus encephalitides: Batai virus BATV Bwamba Fever BWAV California encephalitis CEV Jamestown Canyon encephalitis La Crosse encephalitis LACV Tahyna virus TAHV Tete virus Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Bunyamwera fever BUNV Ngari virus NRIV Rift Valley fever RVFV
Flaviviridae	Arbovirus encephalitides: Japanese encephalitis JEV Australian encephalitis MVEV KUNV Saint Louis encephalitis SLEV Usutu virus USUV West Nile fever WNV Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Dengue fever DENV-1-4 Yellow fever YFV Zika fever ZIKV
Togaviridae	Arbovirus encephalitides: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis EEEV Western equine encephalomyelitis WEEV Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis VEEV Chikungunya CHIKV O'nyong'nyong fever ONNV Pogosta disease Sindbis virus Ross River fever RRV Semliki Forest virus
Reoviridae	Banna virus encephalitis

Tick
-borne

Bunyavirales	Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHFV) Heartland virus Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (Huaiyangshan banyangvirus) Tete virus Arbovirus encephalitides: Bhanja virus
Flaviviridae	Arbovirus encephalitides: Tick-borne encephalitis TBEV Powassan encephalitis POWV Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Omsk hemorrhagic fever OHFV Kyasanur Forest disease KFDV AHFV Langat virus LGTV
Orthomyxoviridae	Bourbon virus
Reoviridae	Colorado tick fever CTFV Kemerovo tickborne viral fever

Sandfly
-borne

Bunyavirales	Adria virus (ADRV) Oropouche fever Oropouche virus Pappataci fever Toscana virus Sandfly fever Naples virus
Rhabdoviridae	Chandipura virus

Mammal
-borne

Rodent
-borne

Arenaviridae	Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Lassa fever LASV Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever GTOV Argentine hemorrhagic fever JUNV Brazilian hemorrhagic fever SABV Bolivian hemorrhagic fever MACV LUJV CHPV
Bunyavirales	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome DOBV HTNV PUUV SEOV AMRV THAIV Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ANDV SNV
Herpesviridae	Murid gammaherpesvirus 4

Bat
-borne

Filoviridae	Ebola virus disease BDBV SUDV TAFV ZEBOV Marburg virus disease MARV RAVV
Rhabdoviridae	Rabies ABLV MOKV DUVV LBV CHPV
Paramyxoviridae	Henipavirus encephalitis HeV NiV
Coronaviridae	MERS-CoV SARS-related coronavirus SARS-CoV SARS-CoV-2

Primate
-borne

Herpesviridae	B virus
Retroviridae	Simian foamy virus HTLV-1 HTLV-2
Poxviridae	Tanapox Yaba monkey tumor virus

Multiple
vectors

Rhabdoviridae	Rabies RABV Mokola virus
Poxviridae	Monkeypox

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