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{{Short description|Ethnic group mentioned in historic Indian texts}}
{{unreferenced|date=July 2006}}
]. This is a probable member of the West Asian Pahlava or Saka elite in the Gangetic plains during the Mauryan period.{{efn|According to Gupta (1980){{sfn|Gupta|1980|p=318}} this is a non-Indian face of a foreigner with a conical hat: "If there are a few faces which are non-Indian, such as one head from Sarnath with conical cap, they are due to the presence of the foreigners, their costumes, tastes and liking for portrait art and not their art styles."{{pb}}Regarding the ], Gupta (1980) says:{{sfn|Gupta|1980|p=122}} "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their base-camps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C.{{nbsp}}..." }}]]
'''The Pahlavas''' are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the ], various ]s, ], ], Brhatsamhita etc. They are referenced in the ] and the ] literature as Pahlavas as well as ]s. They were ancient ] tribe known as ''Pahlav'', who migrated from ] to west, south-west and southern India and founded the Pahlava dynasties. They are said to be same as the Parasikas.


The '''Pahlavas''' are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts. According to Patrick Carnegy,<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite book |page=4 |last1=Carnegy |first1=Patrick |title=Notes on the races tribes and castes inhabiting the province of Avadh ''''|date=1868 |publisher=Government of Oudh |location=Lucknow |quote=Native ethnologists{{nbsp}}... say that of the six remaining original races of which they take cognizance{{nbsp}} that the Pahluv are probably those people who spoke Pahluvi or Pehlvi, a language of Persia{{nbsp}}... |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5152/page/n8/mode/1up}}{{fv|date=May 2024|reason=No mention of "Sakah-Parthavah / Saka-Parthians", "4th century", "commerce", or "Vartika of Katyayana" in this text.}} |2={{cite book |last1=Carnegy |first1=Patrick |title=Notes on the Races, Tribes and Castes Inhabiting the Province of Avadh '''' |date=1868 |publisher=Oudh Government Press |location=Lucknow |language=en |author-mask=0 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqssAQAAMAAJ}}|3=See:}}
According to P. Carnegy, the Pahluva are probably those people who spoke Paluvi or Pehlvi, a language of ]. Buhler thinks that Phalvas and their Iranian prototype Pahlava are corruptions of ''Parthavas'' meaning ]. The first reference to Pahlavas is found in the ]. Vartika of ] mentions ''Sakah-Parthavah'' showing that in fourth century BCE, the Parthavas or Pahlavas were known to the Hindus probably by way of commerce. However, it is well possible that the Pahlavs were one of the branches of Parthian stock or ] origin, known as the ] who settled in ], South-East of modern ].
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=M. R. |title=Geographical data in the early Purāṇas: A critical study |date=1972 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |location=Calcutta |oclc=736935 |lccn=72903450 |id=A revision of the author's thesis, University of Rajasthan, 1967}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Introduction |series=]|volume= XXV |title=The Laws of Manu, with extracts from seven commentaries |page=cxv |translator-last= Bühler |translator-first=Georg |translator-link=Georg Bühler |edition=1886}}
* Rapson, ''Coins of Ancient India'', p. 37, n. 2.</ref> a Raj-era ethnographer, the 4th-century BCE ''Vartika'' of ] mentions the ''Sakah-Parthavah'', demonstrating an awareness of these Saka-Parthians, probably by way of commerce.<ref>V. S. Agarwala (1954). ''India as Known to Panini''. p.{{nbsp}}444</ref> Knowledge of the Pahlavas is distilled from the literary references in texts like the '']'', various ], the '']'', the {{lang|sa|]}}, and the {{transl|sa|]}}.


] and the kingdoms and cities of ] (circa 500 BCE), around the time of the ]. {{sfn|Sen|1999|pp=116–117}}<ref name="Philip's Atlas of World History"> (1999)</ref><ref name="Atlas of World History">{{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Patrick Karl |title=Atlas of World History |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195219210 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times Atlas of World History">{{cite book |last1=Barraclough |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Times Atlas of World History |date=1989 |publisher=Times Books |isbn=9780723009061 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IYYAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>]]
==Pahlavas in Puranic texts==
Pahlavas are referenced in various Puranic texts like Vayu Purana, Brahmanda Purana, Markendeya Purana, Matsya Purana, Vamana Purana etc.


]]]
===Geographical location of Pahlavas===
]'s list of ] countries of the ''Bhuvanakosha'' locates the Pahlavas along with the ], ], Angalaukikas, ], ]s, ], Bahlikas and other countries of the Udichya division of ancient India. e.g:


==In Puranic texts==
:''ete desha udichyastu
Pahlavas are referenced in various Puranic texts such as {{lang|sa|]}}, the {{lang|sa|]}}, the ''Markandeya Purana'', the {{lang|sa|]}}, and the {{lang|sa|]}}.
:Kambojashchaiva Dardashchaiva Barbarashcha Angaukikah ||
:Chinashchaiva Tusharashcha '''Pahlava'''dhayata narah ||
:........................................................................................
:''(From Kirfel's Text of Bhuvanakosha )''


]'s list of ] countries of the ''Bhuvanakosha'' locates the Pahlavas along with the ] (or ]s), ], Angalaukikas, Barbaras, ], ], Bahlikas and other countries of the "Udichya" (Sanskrit: "northern") division of ancient India:{{cn|date=May 2024}}
Vayu Purana, Brahamanda Purana and several other Puranas mention the Pahlavas with the tribes of Uttarapatha or north-west. The sixth century text Markendeya Purana (57.35) lists the Pahlavas, Kambojas, Daradas, Bahlikas, Barbaras, Tusharas, Daradas, Paradas, Chinas, Lampakas etc as the countries of Udichya division i.e Uttarapatha, but 58th chapter of the Markendeya Purana also refers to yet other settlements of the Pahlavas and the Kambojas and locates them both specifically in the south-west of India as neighbors to the ], ] and Anarta (north ]) countries. Further the sixth century CE Brhatsamhita of Varaha Mihira also locates the Pahlavas and ] ]s in south-west India i.e around ]/] (See also: Geographical Data in the Early Puranas, 1972, p 134-135, Dr M. R. Singh).
{{Poem quote|text=''ete desha udichyastu''
Kambojashchaiva Dardashchaiva Barbarashcha Angaukikah
Chinashchaiva Tusharashcha '''Pahlava'''dhayata narah
|source=From Kirfel's text of ''Bhuvanakosha''}}


The ''Vayu Purana'', {{lang|sa|]}} and several other Puranas mention the Pahlavas with the tribes of Uttarapatha or north-west. The 6th-century CE text {{lang|sa|]}}{{efn-lg|'']'' 57.35.}} lists the Pahlavas, Kambojas, Daradas, Bahlikas, Barbaras, Tusharas, Paradas, Chinas, Lampakas, as the countries of Udichya division (Uttarapatha). However, the 58th chapter of the ''Markandeya Purana'' also refers to yet other settlements of the Pahlavas and the Kambojas and locates them both specifically in the south-west of India as neighbors to the ], ] and Anarta (north ]) countries. The 6th-century {{transl|sa|Bṛhat Saṃhitā}} of ] also locates the Pahlavas and ] kingdoms in south-west India, around ]-Saurashtra.{{sfn|Singh|1972|pp=134–135}}
Puranas like Vayu also state that the ] including the Pahlavas, Paradas, Gandharas, Sakas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Kambojas, Khasas, Lampakas, Madhyadesis, Vindhyas, Aprantas, Dakshinatyas, Dravidas, Pulindas, Simhalas etc would be proceeded against and annihilated by Kalki in ]. And they are stated to have been annihilated by king Pramiti at the end of Kali age as per ] evidence.


Puranas like ''Vayu'' also state that the ] (Udichyas) including the Pahlavas, Paradas, Gandharas, Sakas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Kambojas, Khasas, Lampakas, Madhyadesis, Vindhyas, Aprantas, Dakshinatyas, Dravidas, Pulindas, Simhalas, would be proceeded against and annihilated by Kalki in '']''. And they are stated to have been annihilated by king Pramiti at the end of Kali age as per ] evidence.
According to Vayu Purana and Matsya Purana, river Chakshu (] or ]) flowed through the countries of Pahlavas, ], Lampakas, ]s and the ] etc (Vayu Purana I.58.78-83).


According to ''Vayu Purana'' and ''Matsya Purana'', the river Chakshu (] or ]) flowed through the countries of Pahlavas, ], Lampakas, ]s and the ].{{efn-lg|'']'' I.58.78-83}}
===Pānca Ganahas or Five Hordes===
Puranas associate the Pahlavas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas and ] and brands them together as ''Panca-ganah'' (fiver-hordes). These five hordes were military allies of the Haihaya and Taljunga Kshatriyas of ] line and were chiefly responsible for dethroning king Bahu of Kosala. Later, king Sagara, son of king Bahu, was able to defeat the Haihayas and Taljungas together with these five-hordes. According to Puranic accounts, king Sagara had divested the Paradas and other members of the well-known Pānca-gana (i.e. the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and Pahlavas) of their Kshatriyahood and turned them into the Mlechchas. Before their defeat at the hands of king Sagara, these five-hordes were called Kshatriya-pungava (i.e. ''foremost among the Kshatriyas'').


===Pahlavas vs Pallavas=== ===''Pānca Ganahas'' or five hordes===
Puranas associate the Pahlavas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas and ] and brands them together as ''Panca-ganah'' (five hordes). These five hordes were military allies of the Haihaya or Taljunga Kshatriyas of ] line and were chiefly responsible for dethroning king Bahu of Kosala.
Many Puranic texts refer to the Pallavas and Pahlavas indistinguishably, thus attesting that the Pallavas of southern India are also derived from the ]ian Pahlavas. While Vayu Purana mention ''Pahlava'' and ''Pahnava'', the Brahmanda Purana and Markendeya Purana etc refer to them both as ''Pahlava'' as well as ''Pallava'' and the Vamana Purana and Matsya Purana etc note them as ''Pallava''.


Later, king Sagara, son of king Bahu, was able to defeat the Haihayas or Taljungas together with these five-hordes. According to Puranic accounts, king Sagara had divested the Paradas and other members (the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and Pahlavas) of the well-known Pānca-gana of their Kshatriyahood and turned them into the Mlechchas. Before their defeat at the hands of king Sagara, these five-hordes were called Kshatriya-pungava ('foremost among the Kshatriyas').
''Bhishama Parava'' of ] too references the Pahlavas as Pallavas:


==In the ''Ramayana'' and ''Mahabharata''==
:''Khashikashcha TukharAshcha '''Pallava''' girigahvarah'' ||66||
The Balakanda of the {{transl|sa|]}} groups the Pahlavas with the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Mlechhas and the ] and refers to them as military allies of ] ] against Vedic sage king ].{{efn-lg|''Ramayana'', 55/2-3}}
: (MBH Bhishama Parava 6.11.66)


The {{lang|sa|]}} of the ''Ramayana'' associates the Pahlavas with the ]s, ], ], ] (Varadas), ] and the ]s, and locates them all in the trans-] territories, that is, in the Sakadvipa.{{efn-lg|{{lang|sa|{{slink|Ramayana|Kiṣkindhā Kāṇda}}}}, 43-12.}}
==Pahlavas in Valmiki Ramayana==
The Balakanda of the ] groups the Pahlavas with the Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Mlechhas and the ] and refers to them as military allies of ] ] against Vedic king ] (55/2-3).


{{multiple image
The Kiskindha Kanda of ] associates the Pahlavas with the ]s, ], ]s, ]s (Varadas), ] and the ]s etc and locates them all in the trans-] territories i.e. in the Sakadvipa (Ramayana Kisk. Kanda, 43-12).
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header=Figurines of foreigners in Mathura
| total_width=350
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Ethnic Head - Circa 2nd Century BCE - Showcase 18-11 - Prehistory and Terracotta Gallery - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6365.JPG
| caption1 = "Ethnic head", ], c. 2nd century BCE. ].<ref name="AV141">{{cite book |last1=Vishnu |first1=Asha |title=Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170994107 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PA141 |language=en}}</ref>
| image2 = Persian Nobleman Clad in Coat Dupatta Trouser and Turban - Circa 2nd Century BCE - Showcase 18-11 - Prehistory and Terracotta Gallery - Government Museum - Mathura.jpg
| caption2 = "Persian Nobleman clad in coat dupatta trouser and turban", Mathura, c. 2nd Century BCE. ].<ref name="AV141"/>
| footer=
}}


===The ''Uttarapatha''===
==Pahlavas in Mahabharata==
'']'' attests that Pandava-putra ] had defeated the Pahlavas in the course of his western expedition. The kings of Pahlava were also present at the ] sacrifice of king ].
===Pahlavas in Uttarapatha===
] attests that Pandava-putra ] had defeated the Pahlavas in the course of his western expedition. The kings of Pahlava were also present at the ] sacrifice of king ].


The ] also associates the Pahlavas with the ], ], ]s, ], ], Sabaras, Barbaras, etc. and addresses them all as the ] ]s of ]. The ''Mahabharata'' also associates the Pahlavas with the ], ], ]s, ], ], Sabaras, Barbaras, and addresses them all as the barbaric tribes of ].


===Pahlavas in south-west India=== ===The ''Udyoga-Parva''===
But the Udyoga-Parva of ] groups the Pahlavas with the ]s, ]s and the ]-] and locates them all in/around Anupa region in western India. But the Udyoga-Parva of ''Mahabharata'' groups the Pahlavas with the ], ] and the ]-] and locates them all in or around Anupa region in western India.
:Shakanam Pahlavanan cha Daradanam cha ye nripah.|
:Kambojarishika ye cha pashchimanupakashcha ye 15.||
:: (MBH 5.4.15)
:Translation:
These kings of the Shakas, Pahlavas and Daradas (''Paradas'') and the Kamboja Rshikas, these are in the western riverine (Anupa) area. (''It may be remembered that the Daradas in this passage appears to be a copyist's mistake since it is the Paradas and not the Daradas who are a member of the well known Puranic ''Panca-gana'' or five-hordes).


''Mahabharata''{{efn-lg|''Mahabharata'' 5.4.15}} reads: These kings of the Shakas, Pahlavas and Daradas (i.e. the Paradas<!-- The Daradas in this passage appears to be a copyist's mistake since it is the Paradas and not the Daradas who are a member of the well known Puranic ''Panca-gana'' or five-hordes.-->) and the Kamboja Rshikas, these are in the western riverine (Anupa) area.
This epic refence implies that sections of the Pahlavas, Shakas, Paradas, Kambojas were also located in western India near Saurashtra/Maharashtra.


This epic reference implies that sections of the Pahlavas, Sakas, Paradas, Kambojas were also located in western India near ]-].
==Pahlavas in Manusmriti==
] (X.43-44) states that the '''Pahlavas''' and several other tribes like the ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ], ]s, ]s etc were originally noble Kshatriyas, but later, due to their non-observance of sacred ] codes and neglect of the priestly class, they had gradually sunken to the status of Mlechchas.


===The Kurukshetra War===
==Pahlavas in Mudrarakshas Drama==
The ] drama Mudrarakshas by Visakhadutta and the ]a works Parisishtaparvan refer to ]'s alliance with ] king Parvatka. This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a powerful composite army made up of the frontier martial tribes of the ], ], ], Parasikas (Pahlavas), Bahlikas etc (predominantly an Iranian army) which he utilised to defeat the ] successors of ] and the Nanda rulers of Magadha, and thus establishing his ] in northern India (See: Mudrarakshas, II).


The Pahlavas along with the Sakas, Kiratas, Yavanas, amongst others, joined Saradwat's son Kripacharya, the high-souled and mighty bowman, and took up their positions at the northern point of the army.{{efn-lg|''Mahabharata'' ], Ch. 20.}}{{efn|Since the armies of the Sakas, Yavanas, Tukharas, Khasas, Daradas had fought under the supreme command of Sudakshin Kamboja,<ref>F. E. Pargiter (1908). "The Nations of India at the Battle Between the Pandavas and Kauravas", ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. pp. 313, 331 (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).</ref> it is highly likely that the Pahlavas too fought under Sudakshina Kamboj.}}
==Pahlavas in Brihat-Katha-Manjari==
The Brihat-Katha-Manjari of the Kshmendra (10/1/285-86) relates that around 400 AD, the Gupta king Vikramaditya (]) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the barbarians" like the Shakas, Mlecchas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas (Pahlavas), Hunas, etc. by annihilating these "sinners" completely.


==In other texts==
==Pahlavas in Kavyamimamsa==
===''Manusmriti''===
The 10th century Kavyamimamsa (Ch. 17) of Pt Raj Shekhar still lists the Sakas, Tusharas, Vokanas, Hunas, Kambojas, Bahlikas, Pahlavas, Tangana, Turukshas, etc. together and states them as the tribes located in the Uttarapatha division.
The '']''{{efn-lg|'']'', X.43-44}} states that the Pahlavas and several other tribes like the ]s, ]s, ], ], ], ]s. were originally noble Kshatriyas, but later, due to their non-observance of valorous Kshatriya codes and neglect of chivalry, they had gradually sunken to the status of Mlechchas.


===The ''Mudrarakshasa'' drama===
==Migration of Pahlavas==
The ] drama ] by ] and the ]a works ] refer to ]'s alliance with ] king Parvatka. This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a powerful composite army made up of the frontier martial tribes of the ], ], ], Pahlavas, Bahlikas, which he utilized to expanded his ] in northern India.{{efn-lg|], II}}
As noted above, the Pahlavas settlements have been noted both in the north/north-west as well as in the western and south-west India in post ] times. This shows that the Pahlavas had moved to western region around ] times. This movement of the Pahlavas appears to have been associated with the well known ] movements of several ] tribes like the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Tusharas, Rishikas, Paradas etc which had occurred around second century prior to ] era. Allied with the Sakas, Kambojas etc, the Pahlavas are believed to have entered India through ]. The Pahlavas had set up a dynasty under Venones in Balochistan and ]. The Pahlava rule in ], ] and ] was supplanted by that of ]s.


===''Brihat-Katha-Manjari''===
According to Dr Jouveau Dubreuil, the Pahlavs migrated from ] to India and founded the ] dynasty of Kanchi. They first occupied Anarta and Konkan and later entered southern India via Kuntala or Vanavasa.
The {{lang|sa|Brihat-Katha-Manjari}} of ]{{efn-lg|''Brihat-Katha-Manjari'' 10/1/285-86{{cn|date=May 2024}} }} relates that around 400, the Gupta king Vikramaditya (]) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the barbarians" like the Shakas, Mlecchas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas, by annihilating these "unrighteous people" completely.


===''Kavyamimamsa''===
:''"The Pallavas were immigrants from north, or properly speaking from Konkan and Anarta into Deccan. They came into south India through Kuntala or Vanvasa..." (Jouveau Dubreuil).''
The 10th century Kavyamimamsa{{efn|In Chapter 17}} of Pt Raj Shekhar still lists the Sakas, Tusharas, Vokanas, Hunas, Kambojas, Bahlikas, Pahlavas, Tangana, Turukshas, together and states them as the tribes located in the ] division.{{cn|date=May 2024}}


==See also==
Venkayya notes:
* ]
:''"The Pallavas of Kāñcīpuram must have come originally from Persia, though the interval of time which must have elapsed since they left Persia must be several centuries. As the ]s are generally known to (p.220) Indian poets under the name Pārasīka, the term Pahlava or Pallava must denote the Arsacidan ]ns, as stated by Professor Weber." (Venkayya 1907, p.219-220)''


==Notes==
Dr V. A. Smith says:
{{notelist}}


===Ancient texts cited===
:''"It is possible that the Pallavas were not one distinct tribe or class but a mixed population composed partly of foreigners and partly of the Indian population but different in race from Tamils and taking their name from the title of an intruding foreign dynasty (Pahlava) which obtained control over them and welded them into an aggressive political power" (Early History of India, 1924, Dr V. A. Smith)''.
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{notelist-lg}}


==See also== ===References===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Swarajya Prakash |author-link=Swaraj Prakash Gupta|title=The Roots of Indian Art: A Detailed Study of the Formative Period of Indian Art and Architecture, Third and Second Centuries B.C., Mauryan and Late Mauryan |year=1980 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-0-391-02172-3 |pages=88, 122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=9788122411980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA116}}


*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


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Latest revision as of 22:38, 1 September 2024

Ethnic group mentioned in historic Indian texts
Figure of a foreigner, found in Sarnath. This is a probable member of the West Asian Pahlava or Saka elite in the Gangetic plains during the Mauryan period.

The Pahlavas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts. According to Patrick Carnegy, a Raj-era ethnographer, the 4th-century BCE Vartika of Katyayana mentions the Sakah-Parthavah, demonstrating an awareness of these Saka-Parthians, probably by way of commerce. Knowledge of the Pahlavas is distilled from the literary references in texts like the Manu Smriti, various Puranas, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Bṛhat Saṃhitā.

Eastern border of the Achaemenid Empire and the kingdoms and cities of ancient India (circa 500 BCE), around the time of the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley.
Pahlava kingdom alongside other locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or Bharata Khanda

In Puranic texts

Pahlavas are referenced in various Puranic texts such as Vayu Purana, the Brahmanda Purana, the Markandeya Purana, the Matsya Purana, and the Vamana Purana.

Kirfel's list of Uttarapatha countries of the Bhuvanakosha locates the Pahlavas along with the Tocharians (or Tusharas), Chinas, Angalaukikas, Barbaras, Kambojas, Daradas, Bahlikas and other countries of the "Udichya" (Sanskrit: "northern") division of ancient India:

ete desha udichyastu
Kambojashchaiva Dardashchaiva Barbarashcha Angaukikah
Chinashchaiva Tusharashcha Pahlavadhayata narah

— From Kirfel's text of Bhuvanakosha

The Vayu Purana, Brahmanda Purana and several other Puranas mention the Pahlavas with the tribes of Uttarapatha or north-west. The 6th-century CE text Markandeya Purana lists the Pahlavas, Kambojas, Daradas, Bahlikas, Barbaras, Tusharas, Paradas, Chinas, Lampakas, as the countries of Udichya division (Uttarapatha). However, the 58th chapter of the Markandeya Purana also refers to yet other settlements of the Pahlavas and the Kambojas and locates them both specifically in the south-west of India as neighbors to the Sindhu, Sauvira and Anarta (north Saurashtra) countries. The 6th-century Bṛhat Saṃhitā of Varāhamihira also locates the Pahlavas and Kamboja kingdoms in south-west India, around Gujarat-Saurashtra.

Puranas like Vayu also state that the Uttarapatha (Udichyas) including the Pahlavas, Paradas, Gandharas, Sakas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Kambojas, Khasas, Lampakas, Madhyadesis, Vindhyas, Aprantas, Dakshinatyas, Dravidas, Pulindas, Simhalas, would be proceeded against and annihilated by Kalki in Kali Yuga. And they are stated to have been annihilated by king Pramiti at the end of Kali age as per Puranic evidence.

According to Vayu Purana and Matsya Purana, the river Chakshu (Oxus or Amu Darya) flowed through the countries of Pahlavas, Tusharas, Lampakas, Paradas and the Sakas.

Pānca Ganahas or five hordes

Puranas associate the Pahlavas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas and Paradas and brands them together as Panca-ganah (five hordes). These five hordes were military allies of the Haihaya or Taljunga Kshatriyas of Yadava line and were chiefly responsible for dethroning king Bahu of Kosala.

Later, king Sagara, son of king Bahu, was able to defeat the Haihayas or Taljungas together with these five-hordes. According to Puranic accounts, king Sagara had divested the Paradas and other members (the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and Pahlavas) of the well-known Pānca-gana of their Kshatriyahood and turned them into the Mlechchas. Before their defeat at the hands of king Sagara, these five-hordes were called Kshatriya-pungava ('foremost among the Kshatriyas').

In the Ramayana and Mahabharata

The Balakanda of the Ramayana groups the Pahlavas with the Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Mlechhas and the Kiratas and refers to them as military allies of sage Vasishtha against Vedic sage king Vishwamitra.

The Kiṣkindhā Kāṇda of the Ramayana associates the Pahlavas with the Yavanas, Shakas, Kambojas, Paradas (Varadas), Rishikas and the Uttarakurus, and locates them all in the trans-Himalayan territories, that is, in the Sakadvipa.

Figurines of foreigners in Mathura"Ethnic head", Mathura, c. 2nd century BCE. Mathura Museum."Persian Nobleman clad in coat dupatta trouser and turban", Mathura, c. 2nd Century BCE. Mathura Museum.

The Uttarapatha

Mahabharata attests that Pandava-putra Nakula had defeated the Pahlavas in the course of his western expedition. The kings of Pahlava were also present at the Rajasuya sacrifice of king Yudhishtra.

The Mahabharata also associates the Pahlavas with the Sakas, Yavanas, Gandharas, Kambojas, Tusharas, Sabaras, Barbaras, and addresses them all as the barbaric tribes of Uttarapatha.

The Udyoga-Parva

But the Udyoga-Parva of Mahabharata groups the Pahlavas with the Sakas, Paradas and the Kambojas-Rishikas and locates them all in or around Anupa region in western India.

Mahabharata reads: These kings of the Shakas, Pahlavas and Daradas (i.e. the Paradas) and the Kamboja Rshikas, these are in the western riverine (Anupa) area.

This epic reference implies that sections of the Pahlavas, Sakas, Paradas, Kambojas were also located in western India near Saurashtra-Maharashtra.

The Kurukshetra War

The Pahlavas along with the Sakas, Kiratas, Yavanas, amongst others, joined Saradwat's son Kripacharya, the high-souled and mighty bowman, and took up their positions at the northern point of the army.

In other texts

Manusmriti

The Manusmriti states that the Pahlavas and several other tribes like the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Paradas, Daradas, Khasas. were originally noble Kshatriyas, but later, due to their non-observance of valorous Kshatriya codes and neglect of chivalry, they had gradually sunken to the status of Mlechchas.

The Mudrarakshasa drama

The Buddhist drama Mudrarakshasa by Visakhadutta and the Jaina works Parishishtaparvan refer to Chandragupta's alliance with Himalayan king Parvatka. This Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a powerful composite army made up of the frontier martial tribes of the Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Bahlikas, which he utilized to expanded his Mauryan Empire in northern India.

Brihat-Katha-Manjari

The Brihat-Katha-Manjari of Kshmendra relates that around 400, the Gupta king Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) had "unburdened the sacred earth of the barbarians" like the Shakas, Mlecchas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Tusharas, Parasikas, Hunas, by annihilating these "unrighteous people" completely.

Kavyamimamsa

The 10th century Kavyamimamsa of Pt Raj Shekhar still lists the Sakas, Tusharas, Vokanas, Hunas, Kambojas, Bahlikas, Pahlavas, Tangana, Turukshas, together and states them as the tribes located in the Uttarapatha division.

See also

Notes

  1. According to Gupta (1980) this is a non-Indian face of a foreigner with a conical hat: "If there are a few faces which are non-Indian, such as one head from Sarnath with conical cap, they are due to the presence of the foreigners, their costumes, tastes and liking for portrait art and not their art styles."Regarding the Masarh lion, Gupta (1980) says: "This particular example of a foreign model gets added support from the male heads of foreigners from Patna city and Sarnath since they also prove beyond doubt that a section of the elite in the Gangetic Basin was of foreign origin. However, as noted earlier, this is an example of the late Mauryan period since this is not the type adopted in any Ashoka pillar. We are, therefore, visualizing a historical situation in India in which the West Asian influence on Indian art was felt more in the late Mauryan than in the early Mauryan period. The term West Asia in this context stands for Iran and Afghanistan, where the Sakas and Pahlavas had their base-camps for eastward movement. The prelude to future inroads of the Indo-Bactrians in India had after all started in the second century B.C. ..."
  2. Since the armies of the Sakas, Yavanas, Tukharas, Khasas, Daradas had fought under the supreme command of Sudakshin Kamboja, it is highly likely that the Pahlavas too fought under Sudakshina Kamboj.
  3. In Chapter 17

Ancient texts cited

History of South Asia
South Asia (orthographic projection)
Outline
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)
Madrasian culture
Soanian culture
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC)
Bhirrana culture (7570–6200 BC)
Mehrgarh culture (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)
Anarta tradition (c. 3950–1900 BC)
Ahar-Banas culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu culture (1600–750 BC)
Malwa culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)
Indus Valley Civilisation(3300–1300 BC)
 – Early Harappan culture(3300–2600 BC)
 – Mature Harappan culture(2600–1900 BC)
 – Late Harappan culture(1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(2000–500 BC)
 – Ochre Coloured Pottery culture(2000–1600 BC)
 – Swat culture(1600–500 BC)
Iron Age (1500–200 BC)
Vedic Civilisation(1500–500 BC)
 – Janapadas (1500–600 BC)
 – Black and Red ware culture(1300–1000 BC)
 – Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)
 – Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC)
Pradyota dynasty (799–684 BC)
Haryanka dynasty (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC – AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Ror Dynasty (450 BC – AD 489)
Shaishunaga dynasty (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India (312–303 BC)
Sangam period (c. 300 BC – c. 300 AD)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC – AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC – AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 AD – AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC – c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC – AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BC – AD 1206)
Satavahana Empire (230 BC – AD 220)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC – AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 – c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BC)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – AD 10)
Kanva Empire (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC – AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 – c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250 – c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250 – c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500 – 1026)
Chalukya Empire (543–753)
Maukhari Empire (c. 550 – c. 700)
Harsha Empire (606–647)
Tibetan Empire (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Mallabhum kingdom (694–1947)
Bhauma-Kara Kingdom (736–916)
Pala Empire (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom (800–1327)
Yadava Empire (850–1334)
Somavamshi Kingdom (882–1110)
Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1347)
Sena Empire (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675–1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1300)
Late medieval period (1206–1526)
Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186)
Ghurid Dynasty (1170–1206)
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
 – Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)
 – Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320)
 – Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414)
 – Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)
 – Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947)
Gajapati Empire (1434–1541)
Ladakh Kingdom (1470–1842)
Deccan sultanates (1490–1596)
 – Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
 – Berar sultanate (1490–1574)
 – Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
 – Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)
 – Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early modern period (1526–1858)
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sur Empire (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom (1529–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom (1532–1673)
Bhoi dynasty (1541–1804)
Bengal Subah (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom (1600–1750)
Sikkim Kingdom (1642–1975)
Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948)
Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
Colonial states (1510–1961)
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Danish India (1620–1869)
French India (1759–1954)
Company Raj (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
National histories
Regional histories
Specialised histories
  1. Markandeya Purana 57.35.
  2. Vayu Purana I.58.78-83
  3. Ramayana, 55/2-3
  4. Ramayana § Kiṣkindhā Kāṇda, 43-12.
  5. Mahabharata 5.4.15
  6. Mahabharata Bhishma Parva, Ch. 20.
  7. Manu-samhita, X.43-44
  8. Mudrarakshasa, II
  9. Brihat-Katha-Manjari 10/1/285-86

References

  1. Gupta 1980, p. 318.
  2. Gupta 1980, p. 122.
    • Singh, M. R. (1972). Geographical data in the early Purāṇas: A critical study. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. LCCN 72903450. OCLC 736935. A revision of the author's thesis, University of Rajasthan, 1967.
    • "Introduction". The Laws of Manu, with extracts from seven commentaries. Sacred Books of the East. Vol. XXV. Translated by Bühler, Georg (1886 ed.). p. cxv.
    • Rapson, Coins of Ancient India, p. 37, n. 2.
  4. V. S. Agarwala (1954). India as Known to Panini. p. 444
  5. Sen 1999, pp. 116–117.
  6. Philip's Atlas of World History (1999)
  7. O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002). Atlas of World History. Oxford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780195219210.
  8. Barraclough, Geoffrey (1989). The Times Atlas of World History. Times Books. p. 79. ISBN 9780723009061.
  9. Singh 1972, pp. 134–135.
  10. ^ Vishnu, Asha (1993). Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. Mittal Publications. p. 141. ISBN 9788170994107.
  11. F. E. Pargiter (1908). "The Nations of India at the Battle Between the Pandavas and Kauravas", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 313, 331 (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).

Sources

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