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{{Short description|Infraorder of insects}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Aculeata
| oldest_fossil = Late Jurassic
| image = Vespula vulgaris I.jpg | image = Vespula vulgaris I.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = '']'' | image_caption = '']''
| regnum = ]ia | taxon = Aculeata
| authority = (but see text)
| phylum = ]a
⚫ | subdivision_ranks = Superfamilies
| classis = ]a
⚫ | ordo = ]
| subordo = ]
| infraordo = '''Aculeata''' <small>(but see text)</small>
⚫ | subdivision_ranks = ]
| subdivision = | subdivision =
]<br /> *]
]<br /> *]
*]
⚫ ]
*]
*]
*]
*]
⚫ *]
}} }}


The name '''Aculeata''' is used to refer to a ] lineage of ]. The word "Aculeata" is a reference to the defining feature of the group, which is the modification of the ] into a ] (thus, the group could be called '''stinging wasps'''). In other words, the structure that was originally used to lay eggs is modified instead to deliver ]. Not all members of the group can sting; in fact, a great many cannot, either because the ovipositor is modified in a different manner (such as for laying eggs in crevices), or because it is lost altogether. This group includes the ]s and ]s and all of the ] Hymenopterans; it is, in fact, commonly believed that the possession of a venomous sting was one of the important features promoting the evolution of social behavior, as it confers a level of anti-predator defense rarely approached by other ]s. '''Aculeata''' is a ] of ] containing ]s, ]s, and stinging wasps. The name is a reference to the defining feature of the group, which is the modification of the ] into a ]. However, many members of the group cannot sting, either retaining the ovipositor, or having lost it altogether. A large part of the clade is ].

This group includes all of the ] ]s. It is theorized that the possession of a venomous sting was important in the repeated ] within Hymenoptera.

The oldest aculeates are known from the Late Jurassic ] of Kazakhstan, represented by the family ], which may be ] or ].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grimaldi|first1=David A.|last2=Peñalver|first2=Enrique|last3=Barrón|first3=Eduardo|last4=Herhold|first4=Hollister W.|last5=Engel|first5=Michael S.|date=2019-11-07|title=Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber|journal=Communications Biology|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|page=408 |doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7|pmid=31728419 |pmc=6838090 |issn=2399-3642|doi-access=free}}</ref>


==Classification== ==Classification==
The use of the name Aculeata has a long history at the rank of ] or division, and it is only with the advent of modern ] that the higher classifications of insects (and other organisms) have come to reject artificial (]) grouping categories. While the Aculeata is a good natural group, containing all the descendants of a single common ancestor, the supposed "other infraorder" of the Apocrita - the "]" or "Terebrantia" - is not a natural group, just as the ], the presumed ] of the Hymenoptera, aren't.


The use of the name Aculeata has a long history at the rank of ] or division. The Aculeata are a ], or good natural group, containing all the descendants of a single common ancestor. The Aculeata are therefore maintained as a ], either at infraorder or division rank or as an unranked ].<ref name=phylo>{{cite journal|journal=Current Biology|volume=23|issue=20|pages=1–5| year=2013|doi= 10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050|pmid=24094856| title=Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps| last1=Johnson|first1=Brian R. |first2=Marek L. |last2=Borowiec| first3=Joanna C.|last3=Chiu| first4=Ernest K.|last4=Lee|first5=Joel |last5=Atallah |first6=Philip S. |last6=Ward|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="BranstetterDanforth2017">{{cite journal |last1=Branstetter |first1=Michael G. |last2=Danforth |first2=Bryan N. |last3=Pitts |first3=James P. |last4=Faircloth |first4=Brant C. |last5=Ward |first5=Philip S. |last6=Buffington |first6=Matthew L. |last7=Gates |first7=Michael W. |last8=Kula |first8=Robert R. |last9=Brady |first9=Seán G.|title=Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |year=2017 |pages=1019–1025 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027|pmid=28376325 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schulmeister, S. |date=2003 |title=Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=245–275 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schulmeister |first1=S. |title=Symphyta |url=http://susanne.schulmeister.com/Symphyta.html |access-date=28 November 2016 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621021510/http://susanne.schulmeister.com/Symphyta.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Peters>{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Ralph S. |last2=Krogmann |first2=Lars |last3=Mayer |first3=Christoph |last4=Donath |first4=Alexander |last5=Gunkel |first5=Simon |last6=Meusemann |first6=Karen |last7=Kozlov |first7=Alexey |last8=Podsiadlowski |first8=Lars |last9=Petersen |first9=Malte |title=Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1013–1018 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027|pmid=28343967 |year=2017 |doi-access=free |hdl=2434/801122 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
The Aculeata are therefore maintained as a ], either at infraorder or division rank or as an unranked ]. However, the "Parasitica" must be considered a ] assemblage; the taxon "Parasitica" is discarded and their interrelationships are subject of further study. Provisionally, they all can be treated as superfamilies '']'' in the Apocrita, without being placed in an infraorder. It is highly likely that at least some of these parasitic wasps - for example the ] - are as closely related to the Aculeata as to other "Parasitica".


{{clade|style=font-size: 100%; line-height:100%
On the other hand, among the parasitic wasps the ] seem particularly closely related to the Aculeata. If taxonomic ranks are used, it may therefore be best to treat the latter as a division and divide the Apocrita into some 6 infraorders representing lineages of about equal standing, one of which would unite the Aculeata and the Ichneumonoidea.
⚫ |label1=]
|1={{clade
|1=] ]
|sublabel2='']ism''
|2={{clade
|1=] (wood wasps) ]
|label2=''']'''
|sublabel2= ''wasp waist ''
|2={{clade
|1=] ]
|2={{clade
|1=] ]
|2={{clade
|1=''non-stinging wasps'' ]
|label2='''Aculeata'''
|sublabel2= ''stinger ''
|2={{clade
|1= ] (jewel wasps) ]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=] (yellowjackets, paper wasps, hornets) ]
|2=]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=], ], ], etc ]
|2={{clade
|1=]
|2={{clade
|1=] (ants) ]
|2=] (bees and ]) ]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}


==References==
Note that having the same taxonomic rank ''does not'' imply equal evolutionary standing, whereas placement in the same higher-ranked taxon ideally does, or at least implies that regardless of what specific rank they have, the lower-ranked taxa are all part of the same ]. Therefore, would the Aculeata and the Ichneumonoidea be placed in an infraorder, the former would still be considered a division and the latter a superfamily. Despite having different ranks, they would be members of the same taxon and sister lineages.
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
* : Aculeata * : Aculeata
* Bugguide.net: Aculeata
*


{{Hymenoptera|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1251421}}
{{Authority control}}


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]

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]
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Latest revision as of 04:50, 13 September 2024

Infraorder of insects

Aculeata
Temporal range: Late Jurassic–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Vespula vulgaris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Suborder: Apocrita
Infraorder: Aculeata
(but see text)
Superfamilies

Aculeata is a subclade of Hymenoptera containing ants, bees, and stinging wasps. The name is a reference to the defining feature of the group, which is the modification of the ovipositor into a stinger. However, many members of the group cannot sting, either retaining the ovipositor, or having lost it altogether. A large part of the clade is parasitic.

This group includes all of the eusocial Hymenopterans. It is theorized that the possession of a venomous sting was important in the repeated evolution of eusociality within Hymenoptera.

The oldest aculeates are known from the Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan, represented by the family Bethylonymidae, which may be para- or polyphyletic.

Classification

The use of the name Aculeata has a long history at the rank of infraorder or division. The Aculeata are a monophyletic, or good natural group, containing all the descendants of a single common ancestor. The Aculeata are therefore maintained as a taxon, either at infraorder or division rank or as an unranked clade.

Hymenoptera

Sawflies

Orussoidea (wood wasps)

Apocrita

Stephanoidea

Ichneumonoidea

non-stinging wasps

Aculeata

Chrysidoidea (jewel wasps)

Vespidae (yellowjackets, paper wasps, hornets)

Rhopalosomatidae

Mutillidae, Pompilidae, Tiphiidae, etc

Scoliidae

Formicidae (ants)

Apoidea (bees and sphecoid wasps)

stinger 
wasp waist 
parasitoidism

References

  1. Grimaldi, David A.; Peñalver, Enrique; Barrón, Eduardo; Herhold, Hollister W.; Engel, Michael S. (2019-11-07). "Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber". Communications Biology. 2 (1): 408. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6838090. PMID 31728419.
  2. Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. (2013). "Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps". Current Biology. 23 (20): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050. PMID 24094856.
  3. Branstetter, Michael G.; Danforth, Bryan N.; Pitts, James P.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Ward, Philip S.; Buffington, Matthew L.; Gates, Michael W.; Kula, Robert R.; Brady, Seán G. (2017). "Phylogenomic Insights into the Evolution of Stinging Wasps and the Origins of Ants and Bees". Current Biology. 27 (7): 1019–1025. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027. PMID 28376325.
  4. Schulmeister, S. (2003). "Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 79 (2): 245–275. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x.
  5. Schulmeister, S. "Symphyta". Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  6. Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (2017). "Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera". Current Biology. 27 (7): 1013–1018. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027. hdl:2434/801122. PMID 28343967.

External links

Extant Hymenopteran families
S
y
m
p
h
y
t
a
Tenthredinoidea
XyeloideaXyelidae
Pamphilioidea
Siricoidea
Xiphydrioidea
Cephoidea
Orussoidea
A
p
o
c
r
i
t
a
P
a
r
a
s
i
t
i
c
a
Ichneumonoidea
Ceraphronoidea
Proctotrupomorpha
Platygastroidea
Cynipoidea
Proctotrupoidea (s.str.)
Diaprioidea
Mymarommatoidea
Chalcidoidea
(chalcid wasps)
Evanioidea
Stephanoidea
Megalyroidea
Trigonaloidea
A
c
u
l
e
a
t
a
Chrysidoidea
Vespoidea
Tiphioidea
Thynnoidea
Pompiloidea
Scolioidea
Formicoidea
Apoidea
Spheciformes
(sphecoid wasps)
Anthophila
(bees)
Taxon identifiers
Aculeata
Categories: