Misplaced Pages

Lavender oil: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 11:12, 1 November 2006 edit207.200.116.10 (talk)No edit summary← Previous edit Latest revision as of 22:12, 21 September 2024 edit undoZefr (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers69,221 edits Reverted good faith edits by Hermes45 (talk): Needs WP:RSTags: Twinkle Undo 
(498 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Essential oil distilled from lavender flower spikes}}
'''La''funder oil''' is an ] obtained by ] from the flower spikes of certain species of ]. Two forms are distinguished, ''Lavender Flower Oil'', a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 (g/mL), and ''Lavender Spike Oil'', a distillate from the herb ''Lavandula latifolia'', having density 0.905. Lavender Flower Oil is a designation of the ] and the ]. It is not a pure ]; it is a complex mixture of natural products.
]


'''Lavender oil''' is an ] obtained by ] from the flower spikes of certain species of ]. There are over 400 types of lavender worldwide with different scents and qualities. Two forms of lavender oil are distinguished, ''lavender flower oil'', a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and ''lavender spike oil'', a distillate from the herb '']'', having a density of 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure ]; it is a complex mixture of ]s, including ] and ].
==General uses==
Its modern use is generally for ]. Researchers at the ] found lavender oil may have played a role in the reduction of advanced mammory tumors in lab rats. Research is on-going for potential breast, ovarian, pancreatic, liver, and prostate cancer treatments. {{fact}}


==Medicinal uses== ==Production==
Pure lavender essential oil is produced through ].<ref name="LavBook" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Health (U.S.) |first1=National Institute of |title=Digest of Comments on The Pharmacopœia of the United States of America and on the National Formulary for the Calendar Year ... 1905-1922 |year=1919 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfFReCRbKs8C&q=lavender+oil+steam+distillation&pg=PA345 |language=en}}</ref> This generates a greater amount of oil compared to other methods due to reduction of polar compound loss.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005-06-01|title=Cleaner production of essential oils by steam distillation |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=833–839 |doi= 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.039 |issn=0959-6526 |last1=Masango |first1=Phineas | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref> Harvest of lavender blooms is typically between late June and August.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simmons |first1=Adelma Grenier |title=Country wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths |year=1989 |publisher=Rodale Press |isbn=978-0-87857-792-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lT_o0nNL1LgC&q=lavender+june+harvest |language=en}}</ref> The cut lavender flowers and stems are compacted into a lavender still. A boiler is then used to steam the bottom of the lavender flower filled still at a very low pressure.<ref name="LavBook">{{cite book |last1=Lis-Balchin |first1=Maria |title=Lavender: The Genus Lavandula |date=August 2002 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-203-21652-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmvkY60iESkC&q=lavender+still+steam&pg=PA106 |language=en}}</ref> The lavender flower pockets containing oil are broken from this heating process and a pipe of cold water is run through the center of the still.<ref name="LavBook" /> The hot lavender oil vapor condenses on the cold pipe with the cold water and is collected into a holding tank where it is allowed to settle.<ref name="LavBook" /> Due to polarity and densities of the water and oil, these two will separate in the holding tank whereupon the water is piped out, leaving just lavender essential oil.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chanamai R, Horn G, McClements DJ | title = Influence of oil polarity on droplet growth in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a weakly adsorbing biopolymer or a nonionic surfactant | journal = Journal of Colloid and Interface Science | volume = 247 | issue = 1 | pages = 167–76 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 16290453 | doi = 10.1006/jcis.2001.8110 | bibcode = 2002JCIS..247..167C }}</ref>
Many advocates of ] claim that lavender oil can be used to treat a huge variety of ailments and is an essential component of any household first aid box.


Lavender oil is produced around the world, with Bulgaria, France and China leading its production.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mihala|first=Lorelei|date=2020-07-30|title=Bulgarian lavender: The sweet smell of success|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53493550|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giray |first1=Handan |title=An Analysis of World Lavender Oil Markets and Lessons for Turkey |journal=Journal of Essential Oil-bearing Plants |date=November 2018 |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=1612–1623 |doi=10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574612 |s2cid=107300743 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331664982}}</ref>
* '''Cream''' Add a few drops of oil to ] cream for ].
* '''Lotion''' Add a few drops of oil to a little water for ] or ].
* '''Chest Rub''' Add 1 ml oil and 5 drops ] to 10 ml ] for asthmatic and bronchitic spasm as well as larger breasts.
* '''Hair Rinse''' Dilute 5-10 drops of oil in water for ], or use a few drops of ] on a fine comb for ]s.
* '''Massage Oil''' Dilute 1 ml 'lavender oil' in 25 ml ], and massage into painful muscles. Dilute 10 drops in 25 ml ] and massage into the temples and nape of the neck for tension headaches or at the first hint of a ].
* '''Oil''' Apply undiluted to insect bites and stings. Dilute 10 drops oil in 25 ml ] for ] or to help prevent sunburn. (Note: this is not an effective sunblock.)


==Uses==
Alternative medicine advocates claim that lavender oil is a brilliant first-aid item, and can be applied undiluted to burns, cuts and bruises. It can help reduce scarring, as well as reducing inflammation.
Lavender oil has been used as a ], ], and ],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors =Groom N |title=The New Perfume Handbook |date=1997 |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |isbn=978-0-7514-0403-6 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|184–186}} but these uses have no clinical benefit.<ref name=nccih/> Lavender oil is used in ] as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact, although ]s may occur.<ref name=nccih/> There is no good evidence to support the use of lavender oil for treating ].<ref name=dement>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J |title=Aromatherapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue= 8|pages=CD003150 |date=August 2020 |pmid=32813272 |pmc=7437395 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref>


A 2021 ] included five studies of people with ]. All five studies were funded by the manufacturers of the lavender oil ] used, four of them were conducted by one author of the meta-analysis,<ref name="von">{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=von Känel |first1=Roland |last2=Kasper |first2=Siegfried |last3=Bondolfi |first3=Guido |last4=Holsboer-Trachsler |first4=Edith |last5=Hättenschwiler |first5=Josef |last6=Hatzinger |first6=Martin |last7=Imboden |first7=Christian |last8=Heitlinger |first8=Ellen |last9=Seifritz |first9=Erich |date=2021-04-11 |title=Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis |journal=Brain and Behavior |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e01997 |doi=10.1002/brb3.1997 |issn=2162-3279 |pmc=8035468 |pmid=33638614}}</ref> and ] was not clear.<ref name="Generoso">{{cite journal | last1=Generoso | first1=Marcelo B. | last2=Soares | first2=Amanda | last3=Taiar | first3=Ivan T. | last4=Cordeiro | first4=Quirino | last5=Shiozawa | first5=Pedro | title=Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume=37 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=1533-712X | pmid=27861196 | doi=10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615 | pages=115–117| s2cid=42697028 }}</ref> In this analysis, an oral 80 mg dose of lavender oil per day was associated with reduced anxiety scores on the ].<ref name=von/> According to the ], the effectiveness of using oral lavender oil for treating anxiety remains undetermined due to the limitations of these studies.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |title=Lavender |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=1 July 2022 |date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
This information was found in Science News (170:6,2006) and also reported in the August 2006 Dr. Alexander Grant's Health Gazette, Volume 29, Number 7.


Oil of spike lavender was used as a ] in ], mainly before the use of distilled ] became common.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Ward GW |title=The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-531391-8 | pages = 605–606 }}</ref>
==Safety==
{{cleanup-section|November 2006}}
Lavender oil has recently been implicated in abnormal development of breasts (gynecomastia) in young boys. A July 1, 2006 article in Science News, cites the detective work of Denver endrocrinologist Clifford Bloch after several boys presented with enlarged breasts. Subsequently, Derek Henley and Kenneth Korach of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, N.C., identified hormonally active compounds in lavender and tea tree oils–compounds which both mimic female hormones and counter male hormones.
Boys and girls are particularly sensitive to estrogenic and androgenic compounds because their sex hormone levels are normally low prior to puberty. Discovery of the gynecomastia link in boys has led some researchers to suspect lavender and tea tree oils also may be contributing to the increased incidence of early breast development in girls.
Lavender and tea tree oils are present in various bodycare products including shampoo and skin care oils. "Rapid reversal of gynecomastia" followed discontinued use of these products by Bloch's young patients.


==Possible adverse effects==
==See also==
Although lavender oil is ] for its intended uses,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=182.20 |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=FDA}}</ref> it is a potential ] that may affect breast development in children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endocrine disruptors |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm|date=2 June 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health |language=en}}</ref>
* ]
* ]


Many essential oils, including lavender oil, can be poisonous if swallowed.<ref name="mlp">{{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002711.htm|date=13 November 2021 | title = Lavender oil |publisher = MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health | access-date =9 January 2020 | quote = Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.}}</ref><ref name="lee">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R | title = Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | date = November 2019 | volume = 212 | issue = 3 | pages = 132–133 | pmid = 31709543 | doi = 10.5694/mja2.50403| s2cid = 207940224 |quote=We found that essential oil exposures are frequent in Australia, and that more than half involve children. ... severe toxicity can be caused by as little as 5 mL| doi-access = free }}</ref> In general, {{convert|5|ml|USfloz}} of a diluted essential oil may cause toxicity in adults, whereas {{convert|2|-|3|ml|USfloz}} can be toxic in children.<ref name="royal">{{cite web |url=https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Essential_Oil_Poisoning/ |publisher=Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia |title=Essential oil poisoning |date=July 2021 |quote=Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults}}</ref> Over 2014-18 in ], there were 271 reported cases of lavender oil poisoning {{ndash}} mostly in children {{ndash}} accounting for 6.1% of all essential oil poisoning cases.<ref name="lee" /> The main toxic constituents of lavender oil are ] and ].<ref name="mlp" /><ref name="Els">{{cite journal | vauthors = Elshafie HS, Camele I | title = An overview of the biological effects of some Mediterranean essential oils on human health | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2017 | pages = 9268468 | date = 5 November 2017 | pmid = 29230418 | pmc = 5694587 | doi = 10.1155/2017/9268468 | doi-access = free }}
]
</ref>


Symptoms of lavender oil poisoning by ingestion include blurred vision, difficulty breathing, burning pain in the throat, burns to the eye, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, and rash.<ref name=mlp/> ] of lavender oil may cause ].<ref name=royal/>
]

]
Ingestion of lavender oil may cause ] with ]s, including ]s, ]s, and ]s.<ref name=drugs/>

==Phytochemicals==

The ] composition of lavender oil varies from species to species (table), consisting primarily of ]oid and ]oid alcohols.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Lavender |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/lavender.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=25 May 2022 |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> ] (20-35%) and ] (30-55%) dominate, with moderate levels of ], ] and ], ], ], ], and ]s.<ref name=drugs/> Lavender oil typically contains more than 100 compounds, although many of these are at negligible concentrations.<ref name=drugs/><ref name="ShellieMondello2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shellie R, Mondello L, Marriott P, Dugo G | title = Characterisation of lavender essential oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with correlation of linear retention indices and comparison with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography | journal = Journal of Chromatography A | volume = 970 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 225–34 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12350096 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00653-2 }}</ref>

The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by ]:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marincaş |first1=Olivian |last2=Feher |first2=Ioana |date=2018-12-01 |title=A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669018308082 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |language=en |volume=125 |pages=241–247 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010 |s2cid=104553013 |issn=0926-6690}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Family
! Composition
! Lavande officinale<br />'']''
! Lavande aspic<br />'']''
|-
| rowspan="8" | ]s /<br />Monoterpenols
| ]<br />] || align="right" | '''28.92 %'''
| align="right" | '''49.47 %'''
|-
| ] || align="right" | 0.90%
| align="right" | 1.08%
|-
| ] || align="right" |
| align="right" | 0.09%
|-
| ] || align="right" | || align="right" | 1.43%
|-
| ] || align="right" | || align="right" | 0.82%
|-
| ] || align="right" | 4.32%
| align="right" |
|-
| ] || align="right" | 0.20% || align="right" |
|-
| ] || align="right" | 0.78%
| align="right" |
|-
| rowspan="5" | ]s /<br />Terpene esters
| ] ] || align="right" | '''32.98 %'''
|
|-
| ] || align="right" | 0.60%
|
|-
| ] || align="right" | 0.32%
|
|-
| ] || align="right" | 0.65%
|
|-
| ] || align="right" | 4.52%
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | ]s /<br />]s
| ] || align="right" | 0.46% || align="right" | 0.41%
|-
| ] || || align="right" | 0.54%
|-
| ] || || align="right" | 0.33%
|-
| ] || || align="right" | 0.30%
|-
| (''E'')-β-] || align="right" | 3.09%
|
|-
| (''Z'')-β-Ocimene || align="right" | 4.44%
|
|-
| β-] || align="right" | 0.12%
|
|-
| ]s /<br />Terpenoid oxides
| ]<br />]<br />(1,8-cineol) || || align="right" | '''25.91 %'''
|-
| rowspan="4" | ]s /<br />Sesquiterpenes
| β-] || align="right" | 4.62%
| align="right" | 2.10%
|-
| β-] || align="right" | 2.73%
|
|-
| ] || align="right" | 0.27%
|
|-
| α-] || || align="right" | 0.28%
|-
| rowspan="3" | ]s || ]<br />]
| align="right" | 0.85% || align="right" | '''13.00 %'''
|-
| ] || align="right" | 0.72%
|
|-
| ]<br />] || align="right" | 0.35% ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lavender Oil}}
]

Latest revision as of 22:12, 21 September 2024

Essential oil distilled from lavender flower spikes
A glass vial of lavender oil

Lavender oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of lavender. There are over 400 types of lavender worldwide with different scents and qualities. Two forms of lavender oil are distinguished, lavender flower oil, a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and lavender spike oil, a distillate from the herb Lavandula latifolia, having a density of 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure compound; it is a complex mixture of phytochemicals, including linalool and linalyl acetate.

Production

Pure lavender essential oil is produced through steam distillation. This generates a greater amount of oil compared to other methods due to reduction of polar compound loss. Harvest of lavender blooms is typically between late June and August. The cut lavender flowers and stems are compacted into a lavender still. A boiler is then used to steam the bottom of the lavender flower filled still at a very low pressure. The lavender flower pockets containing oil are broken from this heating process and a pipe of cold water is run through the center of the still. The hot lavender oil vapor condenses on the cold pipe with the cold water and is collected into a holding tank where it is allowed to settle. Due to polarity and densities of the water and oil, these two will separate in the holding tank whereupon the water is piped out, leaving just lavender essential oil.

Lavender oil is produced around the world, with Bulgaria, France and China leading its production.

Uses

Lavender oil has been used as a perfume, aromatherapy, and skin application, but these uses have no clinical benefit. Lavender oil is used in massage therapy as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact, although allergic reactions may occur. There is no good evidence to support the use of lavender oil for treating dementia.

A 2021 meta-analysis included five studies of people with anxiety disorders. All five studies were funded by the manufacturers of the lavender oil capsule used, four of them were conducted by one author of the meta-analysis, and blinding was not clear. In this analysis, an oral 80 mg dose of lavender oil per day was associated with reduced anxiety scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, the effectiveness of using oral lavender oil for treating anxiety remains undetermined due to the limitations of these studies.

Oil of spike lavender was used as a solvent in oil painting, mainly before the use of distilled turpentine became common.

Possible adverse effects

Although lavender oil is generally recognized as safe for its intended uses, it is a potential endocrine disruptor that may affect breast development in children.

Many essential oils, including lavender oil, can be poisonous if swallowed. In general, 5 millilitres (0.17 US fl oz) of a diluted essential oil may cause toxicity in adults, whereas 2–3 millilitres (0.068–0.101 US fl oz) can be toxic in children. Over 2014-18 in New South Wales, there were 271 reported cases of lavender oil poisoning – mostly in children – accounting for 6.1% of all essential oil poisoning cases. The main toxic constituents of lavender oil are linalyl acetate and linalool.

Symptoms of lavender oil poisoning by ingestion include blurred vision, difficulty breathing, burning pain in the throat, burns to the eye, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, and rash. Topical application of lavender oil may cause contact dermatitis.

Ingestion of lavender oil may cause interactions with prescription drugs, including anticoagulants, statins, and anticonvulsants.

Phytochemicals

The phytochemical composition of lavender oil varies from species to species (table), consisting primarily of monoterpeneoid and sesquiterpeneoid alcohols. Linalool (20-35%) and linalyl acetate (30-55%) dominate, with moderate levels of lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and lavandulol, 1,8-cineole, camphor, limonene, and tannins. Lavender oil typically contains more than 100 compounds, although many of these are at negligible concentrations.

The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by chromatography:

Family Composition Lavande officinale
Lavandula angustifolia 		Lavande aspic
Lavandula latifolia
Terpenes /
Monoterpenols
Linalool		 28.92 % 49.47 %
α-Terpineol 0.90% 1.08%
γ-Terpineol 0.09%
Borneol 1.43%
Isoborneol 0.82%
Terpinen-4-ol 4.32%
Nerol 0.20%
Lavandulol 0.78%
Terpenes /
Terpene esters 		Linalyl acetate 32.98 %
Geranyl acetate 0.60%
Neryl acetate 0.32%
Octene-3-yl acetate 0.65%
Lavandulyl acetate 4.52%
Terpenes /
Monoterpenes 		Myrcene 0.46% 0.41%
α-Pinene 0.54%
β-Pinene 0.33%
Camphene 0.30%
(E)-β-Ocimene 3.09%
(Z)-β-Ocimene 4.44%
β-Phellandrene 0.12%
Terpenes /
Terpenoid oxides
Eucalyptol
(1,8-cineol)		 25.91 %
Terpenes /
Sesquiterpenes 		β-Caryophyllene 4.62% 2.10%
β-Farnesene 2.73%
Germacrene 0.27%
α-Humulene 0.28%
Ketones
Camphor 		0.85% 13.00 %
3-Octanone 0.72%

Cryptone		 0.35%

References

  1. ^ Lis-Balchin, Maria (August 2002). Lavender: The Genus Lavandula. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-21652-1.
  2. Health (U.S.), National Institute of (1919). Digest of Comments on The Pharmacopœia of the United States of America and on the National Formulary for the Calendar Year ... 1905-1922. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. Masango P (2005-06-01). "Cleaner production of essential oils by steam distillation". Journal of Cleaner Production. 13 (8): 833–839. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.039. ISSN 0959-6526.
  4. Simmons, Adelma Grenier (1989). Country wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths. Rodale Press. ISBN 978-0-87857-792-7.
  5. Chanamai R, Horn G, McClements DJ (March 2002). "Influence of oil polarity on droplet growth in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a weakly adsorbing biopolymer or a nonionic surfactant". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 247 (1): 167–76. Bibcode:2002JCIS..247..167C. doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.8110. PMID 16290453.
  6. Mihala, Lorelei (2020-07-30). "Bulgarian lavender: The sweet smell of success". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  7. Giray, Handan (November 2018). "An Analysis of World Lavender Oil Markets and Lessons for Turkey". Journal of Essential Oil-bearing Plants. 21 (6): 1612–1623. doi:10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574612. S2CID 107300743.
  8. Groom N (1997). The New Perfume Handbook (2nd ed.). Blackie Academic & Professional. ISBN 978-0-7514-0403-6.
  9. ^ "Lavender". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  10. Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J (August 2020). "Aromatherapy for dementia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Meta-analysis). 2020 (8): CD003150. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3. PMC 7437395. PMID 32813272.
  11. ^ von Känel, Roland; Kasper, Siegfried; Bondolfi, Guido; et al. (2021-04-11). "Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis". Brain and Behavior. 11 (4): e01997. doi:10.1002/brb3.1997. ISSN 2162-3279. PMC 8035468. PMID 33638614.
  12. Generoso, Marcelo B.; Soares, Amanda; Taiar, Ivan T.; Cordeiro, Quirino; Shiozawa, Pedro (2017). "Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 37 (1): 115–117. doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615. ISSN 1533-712X. PMID 27861196. S2CID 42697028.
  13. Ward GW, ed. (2008). The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art. Oxford University Press. pp. 605–606. ISBN 978-0-19-531391-8.
  14. "Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates)". FDA. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  15. "Endocrine disruptors". National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  16. ^ "Lavender oil". MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 13 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.
  17. ^ Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R (November 2019). "Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre". The Medical Journal of Australia. 212 (3): 132–133. doi:10.5694/mja2.50403. PMID 31709543. S2CID 207940224. We found that essential oil exposures are frequent in Australia, and that more than half involve children. ... severe toxicity can be caused by as little as 5 mL
  18. ^ "Essential oil poisoning". Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. July 2021. Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults
  19. Elshafie HS, Camele I (5 November 2017). "An overview of the biological effects of some Mediterranean essential oils on human health". BioMed Research International. 2017: 9268468. doi:10.1155/2017/9268468. PMC 5694587. PMID 29230418.
  20. ^ "Lavender". Drugs.com. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  21. Shellie R, Mondello L, Marriott P, Dugo G (September 2002). "Characterisation of lavender essential oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with correlation of linear retention indices and comparison with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A. 970 (1–2): 225–34. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00653-2. PMID 12350096.
  22. Marincaş, Olivian; Feher, Ioana (2018-12-01). "A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment". Industrial Crops and Products. 125: 241–247. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010. ISSN 0926-6690. S2CID 104553013.
Category: