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| {{Short description|Subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp complex in German-occupied Estonia}} | |||
| ] in September 1944]] | |||
| {{refimprove|date=January 2024}} | |||
| ⚫ | '''Klooga concentration camp''' was a ] forced labor subcamp of the ] complex established in September 1943 in ], during ], in German-occupied ] near the village of ]. The Vaivara camp complex was commanded by German officers ], Otto Brennais and ] and consisted of 20 field camps, some of which existed only for short periods. | ||
| ] personnel in background]] | |||
| ⚫ | '''Klooga concentration camp''' was a ] forced labor subcamp of the ] complex established in September 1943 in ], during ], in German-occupied ] near the village of ]. The Vaivara camp complex was commanded by German officers ], {{ILL|Otto Brennais|de}} and ] and consisted of 20 field camps, some of which existed only for short periods. | ||
| It is estimated that 1,800–2,000 prisoners perished at Klooga from wanton killings, epidemics and working conditions. Most of them were Jews. Those who survived were transported to the ] in ] ahead of the Soviet advance.<ref name="CoE">]: ''Teaching Remembrance''. Cached by ] from www.coe.int LeafletEstonia.asp on 21 February 2009; retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref> | It is estimated that 1,800–2,000 prisoners perished at Klooga from wanton killings, epidemics and working conditions. Most of them were Jews. Those who survived were transported to the ] in ] ahead of the Soviet advance.<ref name="CoE">]: ''Teaching Remembrance''. Cached by ] from www.coe.int LeafletEstonia.asp on 21 February 2009; retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref> | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ==The camp== | ==The camp== | ||
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| The entire camp was enclosed by barbed wire. The men's and women's camps, which were separated by some 600 yards, had large two-story buildings for housing the prisoners. German ] units and members of the 287th Estonian Police Battalion served as guards. Prisoners ] in peat harvesting as well as in the camp cement works, sawmills, brickworks, and factory, which manufactured clogs for camp prisoners. | The entire camp was enclosed by barbed wire. The men's and women's camps, which were separated by some 600 yards, had large two-story buildings for housing the prisoners. German ] units and members of the 287th Estonian Police Battalion served as guards. Prisoners ] in peat harvesting as well as in the camp cement works, sawmills, brickworks, and factory, which manufactured clogs for camp prisoners. | ||
| Conditions were extremely harsh. In the early years of the camp's operation, a group of some 75 prisoners began to organize resistance within Klooga; however, the frequent transfer of prisoners from camp to camp — both within Estonia and throughout Nazi-occupied territories — stymied the underground movement's ability to mount an effective resistance. | Conditions were extremely harsh. In the early years of the camp's operation, a group of some 75 prisoners began to organize resistance within Klooga; however, the frequent transfer of prisoners from camp to camp — both within Estonia and throughout Nazi-occupied territories — stymied the underground movement's ability to mount an effective resistance. | ||
| ==Evacuation and liberation== | ==Evacuation and liberation== | ||
| {{one source|section|date=May 2018}} | {{one source|section|date=May 2018}} | ||
| ] | |||
| When the Soviet army began its ] through Nazi-occupied Estonia in September 1944, the SS started to evacuate the camp. Many prisoners were sent west by sea to the ] near ] and to ], then in Germany, now Poland. | When the Soviet army began its ] through Nazi-occupied Estonia in September 1944, the SS started to evacuate the camp. Many prisoners were sent west by sea to the ] near ] and to ], then in Germany, now Poland. | ||
| From 19–22 September 1944, with the perimeter of the camp guarded by 60–70 Estonian |
From 19–22 September 1944, with the perimeter of the camp guarded by 60–70 Estonian recruits to the ], a German task force began systematically slaughtering the remaining prisoners in a nearby forest.<ref name=hiio>{{cite book|author1=Riho Västrik|author2=Meelis Maripuu|year=2006|pages=719–38|chapter=Vaivara concentration camp|editor1=Toomas Hiio|editor2=Meelis Maripuu|editor3=Indrek Paavle|title=Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity|location=Tallinn|author1-link=Riho Västrik|title-link=Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity}}</ref> According to ] the execution of 2,000 prisoners was conducted by Estonian soldiers of ] and presumably Schutzmannschaft Battalion under German command.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Birn |first1=Ruth Bettina |date=2001 |title=Collaboration with Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. The Case of the Estonian Security Police |journal=Contemporary European History |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages= 191|doi=10.1017/S0960777301002016 |jstor=20081785 |s2cid=143520561 }}</ref> | ||
| According to Soviet sources, approximately 2,000 were shot, then their bodies were stacked onto wooden pyres and burned. On 22 September 1944, when Soviet troops reached the Klooga camp, only 85 of the 2,400 prisoners remaining post-evacuation had managed to survive by hiding inside the camp or escaping into the surrounding forests. The liberation forces found numerous pyres of stacked corpses left unburned by the camp's guards when they fled. | According to Soviet sources, approximately 2,000 were shot, then their bodies were stacked onto wooden pyres and burned. On 22 September 1944, when Soviet troops reached the Klooga camp, only 85 of the 2,400 prisoners remaining post-evacuation had managed to survive by hiding inside the camp or escaping into the surrounding forests. The liberation forces found numerous pyres of stacked corpses left unburned by the camp's guards when they fled. | ||
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| ==Commemoration== | ==Commemoration== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| On 1 September 1994, a memorial |
On 1 September 1994, a memorial to the Jews killed in the Second World War was unveiled in Klooga on the territory of the former concentration camp. The memorial was erected at the initiative of the Jewish Cultural Society and with the support of the ].<ref>Gurin-Loov, E. and Gramberg, G. (2001) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228211937/http://eja.pri.ee/Community/Community_eng.pdf|date=28 February 2008}}, Tallinn: Eesti Juudi Kogukond; {{ISBN|9985-78-161-9}}, p. 14</ref> | ||
| In May 2005, Estonian Prime Minister ] |
In May 2005, Estonian Prime Minister ] visited Klooga and both condemned the ] and expressed sorrow that some Estonian citizens were complicit in ]s during World War II:<blockquote> Although these murderers must answer for their crimes as individuals, the Estonian Government continues to do everything possible to expose these crimes. I apologise for the fact that Estonian citizens could be found among those who participated in the murdering of people or assisted in the perpetration of these crimes.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210857/http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_140/5402.html?arhiiv_kuup=arhiiv|date=27 September 2007}}</ref></blockquote> | ||
| In July 2005, President of Estonia ], Israeli Ambassador Shemi Zur, and Holocaust survivors took part in an unveiling ceremony for the gray marble memorial stone, inscribed with following words: "Between 1941 and 1944, the German occupying powers established 20 labour and concentration camps in Estonia. Thousands of people from a number of countries were killed in these camps because they were Jewish. This is the site of the Klooga concentration camp".<ref>, Estonian Ministry of Culture; retrieved 28 February 2008.</ref> Later in the year ] ] laid a wreath at the site of the camp deep in the Estonian forest while on a diplomatic tour of the Baltic countries.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} | In July 2005, President of Estonia ], Israeli Ambassador Shemi Zur, and Holocaust survivors took part in an unveiling ceremony for the gray marble memorial stone, inscribed with following words: "Between 1941 and 1944, the German occupying powers established 20 labour and concentration camps in Estonia. Thousands of people from a number of countries were killed in these camps because they were Jewish. This is the site of the Klooga concentration camp".<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228211937/http://www.kul.ee/avalik/marker2007/holocaust_sites_est.ppt |date=2008-02-28 }}, Estonian Ministry of Culture; retrieved 28 February 2008.</ref> Later in the year ] ] laid a wreath at the site of the camp deep in the Estonian forest while on a diplomatic tour of the Baltic countries.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| ⚫ | {{Portal bar|Estonia|Genocide|Germany}} | ||
| {{div col|colwidth=21em}} | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| Line 41: | Line 43: | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| {{div col end}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{Portal bar|Genocide|Germany |
||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
| *], in ''],'' vol. 2, pp. 806–07 | *], in ''],'' vol. 2, pp. 806–07 | ||
| *''The Holocaust Chronicle'' by various contributing authors. Publications International, Ltd., 2003; {{ISBN|0-7853-2963-3}} | *''The Holocaust Chronicle'' by various contributing authors. Publications International, Ltd., 2003; {{ISBN|0-7853-2963-3}} | ||
| *{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/hgs/dcz022 | journal = Holocaust and Genocide Studies |volume = 33 | issue = 2 | year = 2019 | pages = 197–224 | title = Red Stars and Yellow Stars: The Soviet Investigation of Klooga Concentration Camp | author = Paula Chan}} | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| *, Max Jakobson Commission Report | *, Max Jakobson Commission Report | ||
| *Council of Europe: cached from www.coe.int LeafletEstonia.asp on 21 February 2009. | *Council of Europe: cached from www.coe.int LeafletEstonia.asp on 21 February 2009. | ||
| * , Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs | * , Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs | ||
| * | |||
| ⚫ | {{Coord|59|19|12.51|N|24|12|48.07|E|region:EE-37_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{ |
||
| {{Holocaust Estonia}} | {{Holocaust Estonia}} | ||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:11, 28 September 2024
Subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp complex in German-occupied Estonia | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Klooga concentration camp" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Klooga concentration camp was a Nazi forced labor subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp complex established in September 1943 in Harju County, during World War II, in German-occupied Estonia near the village of Klooga. The Vaivara camp complex was commanded by German officers Hans Aumeier, Otto Brennais [de] and Franz von Bodmann and consisted of 20 field camps, some of which existed only for short periods.
It is estimated that 1,800–2,000 prisoners perished at Klooga from wanton killings, epidemics and working conditions. Most of them were Jews. Those who survived were transported to the Stutthof concentration camp in occupied Poland ahead of the Soviet advance.
The camp
| This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
During the German occupation, Estonia was part of the Reichskommissariat Ostland, a German civilian administration that governed the Baltic states and western Belorussia.
Over time, at any moment Klooga held between about 1,500 and 2,500 male and female prisoners. Prisoners included Soviet POW, Estonian political prisoners and Jews. Jews constituted a vast majority after large numbers of them forcibly relocated in August and September 1943 from the Kovno and Vilna Ghettos in Lithuania, and Salaspils Ghetto in Latvia. Smaller numbers of inmates were from Estonia, Russia and Romania.
The entire camp was enclosed by barbed wire. The men's and women's camps, which were separated by some 600 yards, had large two-story buildings for housing the prisoners. German SS units and members of the 287th Estonian Police Battalion served as guards. Prisoners were forced to work in peat harvesting as well as in the camp cement works, sawmills, brickworks, and factory, which manufactured clogs for camp prisoners. Conditions were extremely harsh. In the early years of the camp's operation, a group of some 75 prisoners began to organize resistance within Klooga; however, the frequent transfer of prisoners from camp to camp — both within Estonia and throughout Nazi-occupied territories — stymied the underground movement's ability to mount an effective resistance.
Evacuation and liberation
| This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: "Klooga concentration camp" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) |
When the Soviet army began its advance through Nazi-occupied Estonia in September 1944, the SS started to evacuate the camp. Many prisoners were sent west by sea to the Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig and to Freiburg in Schlesien, present day Świebodzice, then in Germany, now Poland.
From 19–22 September 1944, with the perimeter of the camp guarded by 60–70 Estonian recruits to the 20th SS Division, a German task force began systematically slaughtering the remaining prisoners in a nearby forest. According to Ruth Bettina Birn the execution of 2,000 prisoners was conducted by Estonian soldiers of 20th SS Division and presumably Schutzmannschaft Battalion under German command.
According to Soviet sources, approximately 2,000 were shot, then their bodies were stacked onto wooden pyres and burned. On 22 September 1944, when Soviet troops reached the Klooga camp, only 85 of the 2,400 prisoners remaining post-evacuation had managed to survive by hiding inside the camp or escaping into the surrounding forests. The liberation forces found numerous pyres of stacked corpses left unburned by the camp's guards when they fled.
SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Aumeier, a German, who was Lagerkommandant (camp commander) for all Estonia, as well as having worked at Auschwitz, Dachau, and Buchenwald, was subsequently arrested and put on trial for crimes against humanity. He was sentenced to death in Kraków, Poland, on 22 December 1947, and executed on 28 January 1948.
Commemoration
On 1 September 1994, a memorial to the Jews killed in the Second World War was unveiled in Klooga on the territory of the former concentration camp. The memorial was erected at the initiative of the Jewish Cultural Society and with the support of the Estonian Government.
In May 2005, Estonian Prime Minister Andrus Ansip visited Klooga and both condemned the Holocaust and expressed sorrow that some Estonian citizens were complicit in war crimes during World War II:
Although these murderers must answer for their crimes as individuals, the Estonian Government continues to do everything possible to expose these crimes. I apologise for the fact that Estonian citizens could be found among those who participated in the murdering of people or assisted in the perpetration of these crimes.
In July 2005, President of Estonia Arnold Rüütel, Israeli Ambassador Shemi Zur, and Holocaust survivors took part in an unveiling ceremony for the gray marble memorial stone, inscribed with following words: "Between 1941 and 1944, the German occupying powers established 20 labour and concentration camps in Estonia. Thousands of people from a number of countries were killed in these camps because they were Jewish. This is the site of the Klooga concentration camp". Later in the year Israeli President Moshe Katsav laid a wreath at the site of the camp deep in the Estonian forest while on a diplomatic tour of the Baltic countries.
See also
Portals:
- The Holocaust
- List of concentration and internment camps
- List of Nazi-German concentration camps
- Nazi concentration camps
- World War II
Notes
- Council of Europe: "Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes in Estonia" Teaching Remembrance. Cached by Gigablast from www.coe.int LeafletEstonia.asp on 21 February 2009; retrieved 12 February 2015.
- Riho Västrik; Meelis Maripuu (2006). "Vaivara concentration camp". In Toomas Hiio; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.). Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Tallinn. pp. 719–38.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Birn, Ruth Bettina (2001). "Collaboration with Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. The Case of the Estonian Security Police". Contemporary European History. 10 (2): 191. doi:10.1017/S0960777301002016. JSTOR 20081785. S2CID 143520561.
- Gurin-Loov, E. and Gramberg, G. (2001) Eesti Juudi Kogukond=The Jewish Community of Estonia=Evreiskaia obshchina Estonii Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Tallinn: Eesti Juudi Kogukond; ISBN 9985-78-161-9, p. 14
- Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Address by Prime Minister Andrus Ansip in Klooga, Estonia. May 8, 2005 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- www.kul.ee Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Estonian Ministry of Culture; retrieved 28 February 2008.
References
- Arad, Yitzhak, in Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust, vol. 2, pp. 806–07
- The Holocaust Chronicle by various contributing authors. Publications International, Ltd., 2003; ISBN 0-7853-2963-3
- Paula Chan (2019). "Red Stars and Yellow Stars: The Soviet Investigation of Klooga Concentration Camp". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 33 (2): 197–224. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcz022.
External links
- Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, Max Jakobson Commission Report
- Council of Europe: "Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes in Estonia" cached from www.coe.int LeafletEstonia.asp on 21 February 2009.
- Address by Prime Minister Andrus Ansip in Klooga, Estonia, Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Yad Vashem site
59°19′12.51″N 24°12′48.07″E / 59.3201417°N 24.2133528°E / 59.3201417; 24.2133528
| The Holocaust in Estonia | |
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