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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ottoman-Portuguese War
| image = Portuguese Carracks off Diu.jpg
| caption = Portuguese carracks fight Muslim ships
| date = 16th century
| place = Indian Ocean/East/Africa
| result = Portuguese victory: the Portuguese remain in the Indian Ocean and the Ottoman retreat to the Mediterranean and Red Sea.<ref>Lee, Wayne, 2016, Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History, p. 261</ref><ref>G. Modelski, 1988, Seapower on Global Politics, p. 157.</ref><ref>Pius Malekandathil, 2010, MARITIME INDIA Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean, p.122 and 123</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Portugal|1495}} ]
| combatant2 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire|1453}}
| commander1 = ]

]

]
| commander2 = ]

]

]
}}

{{Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War}} {{Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War}}
{{Short description|Series of military encounters between Portuguese and Ottoman Empire in medieval age}}
The '''Ottoman–Portuguese''' '''war''' <ref>Mohammed Hasen al- Aidarous, ''The Ottoman-portuguese conflict in the Arabian Gulf during the second half of the 16th century.''</ref><ref>Suraiya Faroqhi, ''Approaching Ottoman history: an introduction to the sources'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, </ref><ref>Salih Özbaran, ''The Ottoman response to European expansion: studies on Ottoman-Portuguese relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman administration in the Arab lands during the sixteenth century'', Isis Press, 1994, </ref> refers to a series of different military battles between the ] and the ], or between other ]an powers and the Ottoman Empire and other muslim powers like ], ], ], ], ], ] in which relevant ] participated. The '''Ottoman–Portuguese''' or the '''Turco-Portuguese confrontations'''<ref>Mohammed Hasen al- Aidarous, ''The Ottoman-portuguese conflict in the Arabian Gulf during the second half of the 16th century.</ref><ref>Suraiya Faroqhi, ''Approaching Ottoman history: an introduction to the sources'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, </ref><ref>Salih Özbaran, ''The Ottoman response to European expansion: studies on Ottoman-Portuguese relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman administration in the Arab lands during the sixteenth century'', Isis Press, 1994, </ref> refers to a series of different military encounters between the ] and the ], or between other ]an powers and the Ottoman Empire in which relevant ] participated. Some of these conflicts were brief, while others lasted for many years. Most of these conflicts took place in the ], in the process of the expansion of the Portuguese Empire, but also in the ]. These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the ], with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the ], which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of ], the son of the famous explorer ]. This war is known as the ].

=== Portuguese background ===
It all started in the beginning of the 15th when Portugal captured the city of Ceuta, in Morocco.<ref name="Crowley">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=P1oDBwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=how+portugal+forged+the+first+global&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif5-vx35naAhVLFpAKHUILDeAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=how%20portugal%20forged%20the%20first%20global&f=false|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire|last=Crowley|first=Roger|date=2015-12-01|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=9780812994018|language=en}}</ref> From that year on the portuguese would cross the boundaries of the known world: for the first time in the history of men the Ocean would be navigated with scientific and geografical precision. And, as it should be obvious, the instrument for this unique achievement was their ''seapower''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=lnmwCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=seapower+in+global+politics&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTvODP4ZnaAhVBhpAKHSneDpQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=seapower%20in%20global%20politics&f=false|title=Seapower in Global Politics, 1494–1993|last=Modelski|first=George|last2=Thompson|first2=William R.|date=1988-06-18|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349091546|language=en}}</ref> ''Seapower,'' here, can be translated in two words for the world of the portuguese at that time: Ships and warfare. Indeed, according to professor John C. Marshman, "''during the whole of the sixteenth century the maritime power of the portuguese continued to be the most formidable in the eastern hemisphere, and terror of every state on the seaboard.''"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA110&dq=siege+of+diu+1531&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbn9qr2pnaAhUDFpAKHZlBCi4Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=siege%20of%20diu%201531&f=false|title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government|last=Marshman|first=John Clark|date=2010-11-18|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108021043|language=en}}</ref> So, from the 15th century on, this maritime power made Portugal the '''first World Power''' in history and the ''leading Global Economy'' from the end of the 15th to the 16th century, due to the African Gold and Asian spices.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of War Studies II|last=Midlarsky|first=Manus|publisher=University of Michigan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-472-06724-4|location=EUA|pages=315}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Crowley"/> The leading authority about the Portuguese Empire, Charles Boxer, concludes: "In the 16th century the Portuguese dominated a part of the Planet and commerce superior to any other country". "Unfortunately to the East, the Portuguese were the heir of the medieval military dexterity longly accumulated from the last fase of the middles ages...their ships had the best artillery produced in Europe."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825|last=Boxer|first=Charles|publisher=Penguin|year=1973|isbn=978-0140216479|location=England|pages=11, 13}}</ref> From 1498 on, Vasco da Gama, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Francisco de Almeida and Afonso de Albuquerque were the face of this powerful Empire.

=== Ottoman background ===
Certainly, this newcome powerful nation in the Indian Ocean spread an aura of "terror" there.<ref name=":0" /> The only capable force to face it was the Ottoman Empire, as its involvement in almost every battle against the portuguese in the 16th century suggests.<ref name=":2" /> But as early as the 16th century began, this muslim power was already suffering the economic impact from the arrival of the first Europeans. The Indian historian P. Malekandathil says that "The Portuguese efforts to monopolize the eastern trade by making the commodities flow to Europe through the Cape route had started at the cost of the Ottomans and reduced the flow of wealth to the treasury of the Ottomans."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maritime India - Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6|location=Delhi|pages=110}}</ref> As a result, the Empire started a chain of struggles to challenge the portuguese in the Indian Ocean and their coastal areas. The Ottomans "''smelt a severe political danger in their neighbourhood. Till 1515, the Europeans appeared to be an enemy of the Turks only in the western front. But in that year with the occupation of Hormuz (lying in the eastern part of the Turkish Empire) by the Lusitanians, the Ottomans found themselves being virtually encircled by the Europeans, which in fact sent political messages of caution to the Ottomans. The evolving economic pressure and the political threats emerging from the encircling European expansion made the Ottomans tum their attention increasingly to the politics of the Indian Ocean regions and interfere in them to their advantage.''"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maritime India - Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6|location=Delhi|pages=113}}</ref>

=== The war ===
The war between the Portuguese and the Ottomans lasted for most of the '''16th century''', beginning in the first until the beginning of the last decade of that century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=hbyYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261&dq=This+naval+contest+lasted+for+most+of+the+sixteenth+century.&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY3P6ZrZfaAhXHDZAKHRkCD-8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=This%20naval%20contest%20lasted%20for%20most%20of%20the%20sixteenth%20century.&f=false|title=Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History|last=Lee|first=Wayne E.|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199797455|language=en}}</ref> Most of these conflicts were in the ] in the process of the expansion of the Portuguese Empire. The turks considered the Portuguese as a huge threat to their monopoly in the area. Professor G. Casale puts it best: the Ottomans launched ''"a systematic ideological, military and commercial challenge to the Portuguese Empire, their main rival for control of the lucrative trade routes of maritime Asia."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC&dq=casale+the+ottomans+launched+a+systematic+attack&hl=pt-BR&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration|last=Casale|first=Giancarlo|date=2010-02-25|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199798797|language=en}}</ref>''

=== Result ===
In the end of the century, the Portuguese proved to be militarily superior to the Ottomans, defeating them in the majority of battles, as G. Modelski concludes: ''"the Turks never won a clear victory on the ocean. The Mediterranean galleys they employed proved no match against the great ships of Portugal."''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Seapower in Global Politics, 1494-1993|last=Modelski|first=George|publisher=THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD|year=1988|isbn=978-1-349-09156-0|location=London|pages=157}}</ref> In fact, the portuguese prevailing over the Ottomans effort is almost a consensus among scholars, both from the West and East. The historian Palmira Brummett agrees: ''"it's clear that the Ottomans failed in their bid to challenge the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean."''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=oiJmVbrve5sC&pg=PA173&dq=it+is+clear+that+the+Ottomans+failed+in+their+bid+to+challenge+the+Portuguese+in+the+Indian+Ocean&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ8s6xspfaAhWDEZAKHesgBRsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=it%20is%20clear%20that%20the%20Ottomans%20failed%20in%20their%20bid%20to%20challenge%20the%20Portuguese%20in%20the%20Indian%20Ocean&f=false|title=Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery|last=Brummett|first=Palmira Johnson|date=1994|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791417027|language=en}}</ref> The Indian author Pius Malekandathil says: "''Though both the Portuguese and the Ottomans moved to the maritime space of Indian Ocean almost simultaneously, the Portuguese managed to appropriate a major portion of it. The chain of Portuguese fortresses erected along coastal western India did a lot to prevent the Ottomans from completely integrating the economic activities of India into their designs, which they were cherishing from the middle of the fifteenth century onwards."''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6|location=Delhi|pages=122, 123}}</ref> The Author M.A Cook registers what happened after the Battle of Mombasa, in 1589: "Ali Beg in 1584 moved down the coast of East Africa as far as Malindi. He repeated the venture in 1589, this time reaching Mombasa, where his squadron succumbed, however, to the assault of a superior Portuguese fleet from Goa in western India. '''''Thus ended the last Ottoman endeavour to challenge the domination of Portugal over the waters of India."'''''<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730|last=Cook|first=M.A.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1976|isbn=0521208912|location=New York, Melbourne|pages=122}}</ref> Lastly, the Indian author G.A Ballard says: ''"''it was an era of repeated stress and strife, but of stationary general conditions nevertheless; for in spite of being constantly attacked at this point or that, the portuguese were never driven away anywhere, and even when suffering temporary local reverses always recovered their supremacy sooner or later."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rulers of the Indian Ocean|last=Ballard|first=G.A|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1928|isbn=|location=Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company,|pages=130}}</ref>


==Conflicts==
The different conflicts were the following:
*] *]
*] (1510) *]
*] *]
*] *]
⚫ *]
*] ** ]
⚫ *]
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⚫ *]
** ]
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** ]
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** ]
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*]
*]
*]
⚫ *]
** ]
*]
*Naval Battle of Porto (1677)
*]
** ]
*Battle at the Portuguese coast (1726)
*]
** ]
*]
*]
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*]
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** ]


==Notes== ==Notes==
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==References== ==References==
*Attila & Balázs Weiszhár, ''Háborúk lexikona'', Atheneaum, Budapest, 2004 (in ]; title means in English ''Lexicon of Wars'') *Attila & Balázs Weiszhár, ''Háborúk lexikona'', Atheneaum, Budapest, 2004 (in ]; title means in ] ''Lexicon of Wars'')


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts}}

Latest revision as of 18:50, 7 October 2024

Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts
Series of military encounters between Portuguese and Ottoman Empire in medieval age

The Ottoman–Portuguese or the Turco-Portuguese confrontations refers to a series of different military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire, or between other European powers and the Ottoman Empire in which relevant Portuguese military forces participated. Some of these conflicts were brief, while others lasted for many years. Most of these conflicts took place in the Indian Ocean, in the process of the expansion of the Portuguese Empire, but also in the Red Sea. These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the Adal Sultanate, with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the Ethiopian Empire, which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of Cristóvão da Gama, the son of the famous explorer Vasco da Gama. This war is known as the Ethiopian–Adal war.

Conflicts

Notes

  1. Mohammed Hasen al- Aidarous, The Ottoman-portuguese conflict in the Arabian Gulf during the second half of the 16th century.
  2. Suraiya Faroqhi, Approaching Ottoman history: an introduction to the sources, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 68.
  3. Salih Özbaran, The Ottoman response to European expansion: studies on Ottoman-Portuguese relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman administration in the Arab lands during the sixteenth century, Isis Press, 1994, viii

References

  • Attila & Balázs Weiszhár, Háborúk lexikona, Atheneaum, Budapest, 2004 (in Hungarian; title means in English Lexicon of Wars)
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