Misplaced Pages

Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 18:33, 9 April 2018 editSir Thiago (talk | contribs)300 edits →Menpower vs Seapower: Fixed grammarTags: Mobile edit Mobile app edit← Previous edit Latest revision as of 18:50, 7 October 2024 edit undoLiz (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Checkusers, Oversighters, Administrators762,000 edits Removing link(s) to "Battle at the Portuguese coast (1726)": Deleted PROD.Tag: Twinkle 
(147 intermediate revisions by 67 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Ottoman–Portuguese War}}
{{Short description|Series of military encounters between Portuguese and Ottoman Empire in medieval age}}
{{Infobox military conflict
The '''Ottoman–Portuguese''' or the '''Turco-Portuguese confrontations'''<ref>Mohammed Hasen al- Aidarous, ''The Ottoman-portuguese conflict in the Arabian Gulf during the second half of the 16th century.</ref><ref>Suraiya Faroqhi, ''Approaching Ottoman history: an introduction to the sources'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, </ref><ref>Salih Özbaran, ''The Ottoman response to European expansion: studies on Ottoman-Portuguese relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman administration in the Arab lands during the sixteenth century'', Isis Press, 1994, </ref> refers to a series of different military encounters between the ] and the ], or between other ]an powers and the Ottoman Empire in which relevant ] participated. Some of these conflicts were brief, while others lasted for many years. Most of these conflicts took place in the ], in the process of the expansion of the Portuguese Empire, but also in the ]. These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the ], with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the ], which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of ], the son of the famous explorer ]. This war is known as the ].
| conflict = Ottoman-Portuguese War
| image = Portuguese Carracks off Diu.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Portuguese carracks defeat Muslim ships off Diu.
| date = 16th century
| place = Indian Ocean/East/Africa
| territory = The Portuguese Empire controlls the Indian Ocean, builds fortresses along the coast of Africa and India and retains the monopoly of spice trade. The Ottomans retreat to the Red Sea. <ref>Lee, Wayne, 2016, Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History, p. 261</ref><ref>G. Modelski, 1988, Seapower on Global Politics, p. 157.</ref><ref>Pius Malekandathil, 2010, MARITIME INDIA Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean, p.122 and 123</ref> <ref> Lincoln Paine, 2013, The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World, p. 430.</ref>
| result = Portuguese victory <ref>Lee, Wayne, 2016, Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History, p. 261</ref><ref>G. Modelski, 1988, Seapower on Global Politics, p. 157.</ref><ref>Pius Malekandathil, 2010, MARITIME INDIA Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean, p.122 and 123</ref><ref>Svat Soucek, 2014: PIRI REIS His uniqueness among cartographers and hydrographers of the Renaissance, p. 144.</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Portugal|1495}} ]
*Supported by:
{{flagicon|Spain|1506}} ]
] ''']'''
| combatant2 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire|1453}}
*Supported by:
] ]<br />
{{flag|India}} ]<br />
] ]<br>
{{flagicon image|Mameluke Flag.svg}} ]<br />
{{flagicon|Aceh Sultanate}} ]<br>
] ]<br>
] ]
] ] <small> <br />
| commander1 = ]


==Conflicts==
]
*]

*]
]
*]

] *]
*]
| commander2 = ]
** ]

** ]
]
** ]

** ]
]
** ]

] ** ]
** ]
}}
** ]

** ]
The '''Ottoman–Portuguese''' '''war''' <ref>Mohammed Hasen al- Aidarous, ''The Ottoman-portuguese conflict in the Arabian Gulf during the second half of the 16th century.''</ref><ref>Suraiya Faroqhi, ''Approaching Ottoman history: an introduction to the sources'', Cambridge University Press, 1999, </ref><ref>Salih Özbaran, ''The Ottoman response to European expansion: studies on Ottoman-Portuguese relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman administration in the Arab lands during the sixteenth century'', Isis Press, 1994, </ref> refers to a series of different military battles between the ] and the ]. Other ]an powers supported the Portuguese in some battles. The Ottomans, however, fought allied with other muslim powers like ], ], ], ], ], ] in most of those battles. This war raged for the whole of the 16th century.
** ]

** ]
== Portuguese background ==
** ]
It all started in the beginning of the 15th century when Portugal captured the city of Ceuta, in Morocco.<ref name="Crowley">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=P1oDBwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=how+portugal+forged+the+first+global&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif5-vx35naAhVLFpAKHUILDeAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=how%20portugal%20forged%20the%20first%20global&f=false|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire|last=Crowley|first=Roger|date=2015-12-01|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=9780812994018|language=en}}</ref> From that year on the portuguese would cross the boundaries of the known world: for the first time in the history of men the Ocean would be navigated with scientific and geografical precision. And, as it should be obvious, the instrument for this unique achievement was their ''seapower''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=lnmwCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=seapower+in+global+politics&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTvODP4ZnaAhVBhpAKHSneDpQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=seapower%20in%20global%20politics&f=false|title=Seapower in Global Politics, 1494–1993|last=Modelski|first=George|last2=Thompson|first2=William R.|date=1988-06-18|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349091546|language=en}}</ref> ''Seapower,'' here, can be translated in two words for the world of the portuguese at that time: Ships and warfare. Indeed, according to professor John C. Marshman, "''during the whole of the sixteenth century the maritime power of the portuguese continued to be the most formidable in the eastern hemisphere, and terror of every state on the seaboard.''"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=tbmT_Tv-VGUC&pg=PA110&dq=siege+of+diu+1531&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbn9qr2pnaAhUDFpAKHZlBCi4Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=siege%20of%20diu%201531&f=false|title=History of India from the Earliest Period to the Close of the East India Company's Government|last=Marshman|first=John Clark|date=2010-11-18|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108021043|language=en}}</ref> So, from the 15th century on, this maritime power made Portugal the '''first World Power''' in history and the ''leading Global Economy'' from the end of the 15th to the 16th century, due to the African Gold and Asian spices.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of War Studies II|last=Midlarsky|first=Manus|publisher=University of Michigan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-472-06724-4|location=EUA|pages=315}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Crowley"/> The leading authority about the Portuguese Empire, Charles Boxer, concludes: "''In the 16th century the Portuguese dominated a part of the Planet and commerce superior to any other country''". "Unfortunately to the East, the Portuguese were the heir of the medieval military dexterity longly accumulated from the last fase of the middles ages...their ships had the best artillery produced in Europe."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825|last=Boxer|first=Charles|publisher=Penguin|year=1973|isbn=978-0140216479|location=England|pages=11, 13}}</ref> From 1498 on, Vasco da Gama, Pedro Álvares Cabral, Francisco de Almeida and Afonso de Albuquerque were the face of this powerful Empire.
** ]

** ]
== Ottoman background ==
** ]
Certainly, this newcome powerful nation in the Indian Ocean spread an aura of "terror" there.<ref name=":0" /> The only capable force to face it was the Ottoman Empire, as its involvement in almost every battle against the portuguese in the 16th century suggests.<ref name=":2" /> But as early as the 16th century began, this muslim power was already suffering the economic impact from the arrival of the first Europeans. The Indian historian P. Malekandathil says that "The Portuguese efforts to monopolize the eastern trade by making the commodities flow to Europe through the Cape route had started at the cost of the Ottomans and reduced the flow of wealth to the treasury of the Ottomans."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maritime India - Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6|location=Delhi|pages=110}}</ref> As a result, the Empire started a chain of struggles to challenge the portuguese in the Indian Ocean and their coastal areas. The Ottomans "''smelt a severe political danger in their neighbourhood. Till 1515, the Europeans appeared to be an enemy of the Turks only in the western front. But in that year with the occupation of Hormuz (lying in the eastern part of the Turkish Empire) by the Lusitanians, the Ottomans found themselves being virtually encircled by the Europeans, which in fact sent political messages of caution to the Ottomans. The evolving economic pressure and the political threats emerging from the encircling European expansion made the Ottomans tum their attention increasingly to the politics of the Indian Ocean regions and interfere in them to their advantage.''"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maritime India - Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6|location=Delhi|pages=113}}</ref> The Turks considered the Portuguese as a huge threat to their monopoly in the area. Professor G. Casale puts it best: the Ottomans launched ''"a systematic ideological, military and commercial challenge to the Portuguese Empire, their main rival for control of the lucrative trade routes of maritime Asia."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Xf3h3Z1YQtIC&dq=casale+the+ottomans+launched+a+systematic+attack&hl=pt-BR&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration|last=Casale|first=Giancarlo|date=2010-02-25|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199798797|language=en}}</ref>''
** ]

** ]
== The war ==
** ]
As we can see, the military strife between the Portuguese and the Ottomans started mainly from economical issues. It should also be noted that this was a long-term conflict that lasted for most of the '''16th century'''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=hbyYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261&dq=This+naval+contest+lasted+for+most+of+the+sixteenth+century.&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY3P6ZrZfaAhXHDZAKHRkCD-8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=This%20naval%20contest%20lasted%20for%20most%20of%20the%20sixteenth%20century.&f=false|title=Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History|last=Lee|first=Wayne E.|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199797455|language=en}}</ref>
** ]

** ]
As early as 1506, the Ottomans and their allies faced the Portuguese in the famous ].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA15&dq=battle+of+cannanore+1506+naus&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7pIai9JzaAhUDW5AKHaNYB84Q6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=ottoman%20portuguese&f=false|title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars|last=Kurup|first=K. K. N.|date=1997|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172110833|language=en}}</ref> This fateful Battle would sketch the whole scenario of conflicts between those powers later on. Renowned Indian historian ] explains that in this very battle "The '''three Portuguese naus and a caravel''' bombarded the '''sixty naus and hundreds of paraus as well as zabuqs'''...The '''Portuguese artillery''' played an important role with the help of the big gun installed on the wall of the '''fortress''' at Cannanore and killed more than 3,000 men. This was a decisive Portuguese victory."<ref name=":3" /> In the same manner, historian Bailey W. Diffie, says that the muslim naus ran afoul of a "'''small''' Portuguese squadron commanded by Vicero'y son Lourenço. There fallowed a protrected engagement in which one gathers the Hindu, Arab, and Turkish crews."<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=hBTqPX4G9Y4C&pg=PA232&dq=wallys+the+first+trial+of+this+fleet+in+march+1506&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBs6_61Z3aAhVHk5AKHXBcBCwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=wallys%20the%20first%20trial%20of%20this%20fleet%20in%20march%201506&f=false|title=Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580|last=Diffie|first=Bailey Wallys|date=1977|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816607822|language=en}}</ref> Interestingly, this battle represented a pattern to be repeated in every engagement to come.
** ]
]
** ]

** ]
=== Military Aspects ===
*]

*]
==== Menpower vs Seapower ====
*]
On one side, the Ottomans always had overwhelming numeric superiority not only from the empire alone but also from other muslims caliphates that greatly supported them, and vice versa. On the other, the Portuguese with very limited numbers and rarely supported by important allies.
*]
In this context, the ] is another great example that directs us to that conclusion. Again, ] tells us that in this battle "''The turkish fleet consisting of '''2000 men under Amir Husayn''' proceded from the Red Sea with the destination of Diu to join forces with the men of Malik Ayyaz and of the other rulers of the Indian coast. On the Indian side, Malik led the fleet composed of the men of Gujarat, Bijapur Ahmednagar and Calicut. '''The contingent of Amir Husayn consisting of The Egyptians, Venetians and others in cooperation with the Indian fleet'''...faced the Portuguese Fleet at Diu and fought desperately. About '''6,000 soldiers of the united front fought against the Portuguese in this battle'''.'' Now, the historian goes to the portuguese force, consisting of "'''nineteen vessels and 1,200 men'''."<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA15&dq=battle+of+cannanore+1506+naus&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7pIai9JzaAhUDW5AKHaNYB84Q6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=turks%20portuguese&f=false|title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars|last=Kurup|first=K. K. N.|date=1997|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172110833|language=en}}</ref> He finishes: ''"about'' ''1,500 soldiers of the combined forces were murdered in this confrontation."''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA15&dq=battle+of+cannanore+1506+naus&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7pIai9JzaAhUDW5AKHaNYB84Q6AEIMjAB#v=onepage&q=turks%20portuguese&f=false|title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars|last=Kurup|first=K. K. N.|date=1997|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172110833|language=en}}</ref> The historian Willian Weir confirms these numbers: "'''''Husain returned with even more ships'''. The great majority were galleys, mounting three cannons in the bow over the big bronze beak used for ramming. '''There were 200 ships, thousands of rowers, and 1,500 soldiers for boarding enemy craft'''. Besides swords and spears, the soldiers carried bows or matchlocks. They had grappling irons for seizing ships and fire pots for dropping on their decks...''When the Muslims returned, ''Almeida had '''17 ships'''''"<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=m16GgjVL9qwC&pg=PA79&dq=There+were+200+ships,+thousands+of+rowers,+and+1,500&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUxeP7453aAhULmJAKHeOnBQsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=There%20were%20200%20ships,%20thousands%20of%20rowers,%20and%201,500&f=false|title=50 Battles That Changed the World: The Conflicts That Most Influenced the Course of History: Easyread Comfort Edition|last=Weir|first=William|date=2009-03-30|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=9781442976863|language=en}}</ref>
** ]
]
*]
These two examples alone provide us with the assumption that the Ottomans and their allies, although really superior in numbers of menpower and ships were not militarily efficient as the Portuguese. The reason for this conclusion is explained by professor Geoffrey Parker: "''For the problems of naval strategy that faced the Iberian powers in the sixteenth century were entirely different from those confronting England. The countries bordering on the North Sea and the Channel, where deep water ports were numerous and the theatre of operations relatively small, could rely upon their huge and unwieldy gun-ships for defence. But Portugal and Spain required men-of-war able to sail to distant oceans, through seas of unparalleled malignance, there both to trade and to destroy the ships of any other power operating without their permission. This called for a highly versatile vessel, and it took years before the small 'caravels' of Columbus and Vasco da Gama gave way to the purpose-built, ocean-going warship known as the galleon. Both the design - with its beak-shaped prow, its low lines, and shallow draft - and the very name 'galleon' reflect the fact that the new vessels owed much to the galley."''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=cIFiNRH3oWsC&pg=PA92&dq=For+the+problems+of+naval+strategy+that+faced+the+Iberian+powers+in+the+sixteenth+century+were+entirely+different&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQxO3f5p3aAhWDlZAKHV3MB-gQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=For%20the%20problems%20of%20naval%20strategy%20that%20faced%20the%20Iberian%20powers%20in%20the%20sixteenth%20century%20were%20entirely%20different&f=false|title=The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800|last=Parker|first=Geoffrey|date=1996-04-18|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521479585|language=en}}</ref> He explains this point after saying ,in the paragraph before, that."''the most modern men-of-war were the squadrons of Portuguese'' ''galleons which, in normal times, policed successfully an empire on which the sun never set''."
*Naval Battle of Porto (1677)

*]
So, once more, the reason for the Portuguese success against the Ottomans is, according to professor G. Modelski, ''Seapower.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&hl=pt-BR&id=lnmwCwAAQBAJ&q=was+portugal+the+first#v=snippet&q=was%20portugal%20the%20first&f=false|title=Seapower in Global Politics, 1494–1993|last=Modelski|first=George|last2=Thompson|first2=William R.|date=1988-06-18|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349091546|language=en}}</ref>
** ]

*Battle at the Portuguese coast (1726)
==== Fortresses ====
*]
]
** ]
Here is another key element for the succsess of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean: Forts. Authors like ], stress their huge importance and impact for the development of the Empire, as well as for winning battles, saying that "technological expertise in ''fortress'' building....facilitade a new form of long range seaborne empire, able to control trade and resources across enormous distances."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=P1oDBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT158&dq=roger+crowley+afonso+de+Albuquerque+fortifications&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8u9qMl57aAhVHHpAKHbHdC1UQ6AEIJDAA#v=snippet&q=fortress&f=false|title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire|last=Crowley|first=Roger|date=2015-12-01|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=9780812994018|language=en}}</ref> Liam Matthew Brockey goes the same way, saying that "The portuguese planned their fortresses well...adopeted the latest ideas in fortification...They were very difficult to capture and gave the Portuguese a defensive strengh far greater."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=8COoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT158&dq=Portuguese+fortificatiom+in+indian+ocean&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrlNy3lp7aAhXEl5AKHdhdCl4Q6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=Portuguese%20fortificatiom%20in%20indian%20ocean&f=false|title=Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World|last=Brockey|first=Liam Matthew|date=2016-12-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351909822|language=en}}</ref>
*]

*]
=== The battles ===
** ]
In the list below, it is possible to see the most known battles as well as academic sources recognizing the victor, in chronological order:
*]
{| class="wikitable"
** ]
|+Table of battles
** ]
!Portuguese Victories
!Ottoman Victories
|-
|The Battle of Cannanore (1506) <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|The Battle of Diu (1531) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=MDmoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT44&dq=ottoman+diu+1531&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3k9TOp6DaAhXEH5AKHU-VBVgQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=ottoman%20diu%201531&f=false|title=Geographical Knowledge and Imperial Culture in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire|last=Emiralioglu|first=Pinar|date=2016-12-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351934213|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|The Battle of Diu (1509) <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=9mvzKWt50JsC&pg=PA113&dq=adas+the+battle+of+diu+lopsided&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo5Z2qraDaAhVBvZAKHVrQAW8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=adas%20the%20battle%20of%20diu%20lopsided&f=false|title=Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order|last=Adas|first=Michael|date=1993|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=9781566390682|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=2ZNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265&dq=battle+of+preveza&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv3rvmp6DaAhVHDJAKHalDDJ8Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=diu&f=false|title=1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History|last=Grant|first=R. G.|date=2017-10-24|publisher=Book Sales|isbn=9780785835530|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=6vglAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT390&dq=battle+of+diu&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmmITTraDaAhWHEpAKHXNrAI4Q6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20diu&f=false|title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World|last=Paine|first=Lincoln|date=2014-02-06|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=9781782393573|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=6vglAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT390&dq=battle+of+diu&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmmITTraDaAhWHEpAKHXNrAI4Q6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20diu&f=false|title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World|last=Paine|first=Lincoln|date=2014-02-06|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=9781782393573|language=en}}</ref>
|The Battle of Preveza (1538) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Liy2BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT8&dq=battle+of+preveza&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv3rvmp6DaAhVHDJAKHalDDJ8Q6AEISzAF#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20preveza&f=false|title=101 Amazing Facts about Pirates|last=Goldstein|first=Jack|date=2014-01-22|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781783335299|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|The Conquest of Goa (1510) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=NU1GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234&dq=crowley+berserker+style&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil5oGqnaDaAhWGHpAKHUsyAHMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=crowley%20berserker%20style&f=false|title=Conquerors: How Portugal seized the Indian Ocean and forged the First Global Empire|last=Crowley|first=Roger|date=2015-09-15|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=9780571290918|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&pg=PA301&dq=conquest+of+goa+1510&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU3peHnqDaAhXCvZAKHao1AggQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=conquest%20of%20goa%201510&f=false|title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497-1600|last=Mathew|first=K. M.|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170990468|language=en}}</ref>
|The Battle of Sahar (1541) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&pg=PA193&dq=battle+of+algier+1541+ottoman&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQspGDqaDaAhXFIpAKHWlXCmkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20algier%201541%20ottoman&f=false|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|date=2011-07-31|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598843361|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|The Conquest of Tunis (1535) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=2sSNPz6Bm0wC&pg=PA59&dq=crowley+the+portuguese+sent+twenty-three+caravels&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi30-HlnaDaAhXJGZAKHTgZAsYQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=crowley%20the%20portuguese%20sent%20twenty-three%20caravels&f=false|title=Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521-1580|last=Crowley|first=Roger|date=2009-06-04|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=9780571250806|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=hBTqPX4G9Y4C&pg=PA218&dq=a+huge+Portuguese+galleon,+the+Botafogo,+loaned+to+Charles+V+during+his+assault+on+Tunis&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqtcDrnqDaAhXHGpAKHbYmCvMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=a%20huge%20Portuguese%20galleon,%20the%20Botafogo,%20loaned%20to%20Charles%20V%20during%20his%20assault%20on%20Tunis&f=false|title=Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580|last=Diffie|first=Bailey Wallys|date=1977|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=9780816607822|language=en}}</ref>
|Capture of Aden (1548) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=QFhKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT19&dq=capture+of+aden+1548&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLkYOjqaDaAhWDIZAKHclYDtwQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=capture%20of%20aden%201548&f=false|title=Süleyman the Magnificent|last=King|first=Joe|date=1986-12-01|publisher=Marine Publishing|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|The First Siege of Diu (1538) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=9mvzKWt50JsC&pg=PA113&dq=Adas+a+revised+moslem+strategy&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipme6Dn6DaAhUGFZAKHckdDsAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Adas%20a%20revised%20moslem%20strategy&f=false|title=Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order|last=Adas|first=Michael|date=1993|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=9781566390682|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&pg=PA216&dq=mathew+admiral+pasha+after+had+many+days&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKpsikn6DaAhVJkJAKHbvfA8AQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=portugalis&f=false|title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497-1600|last=Mathew|first=K. M.|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170990468|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&dq=clodfelter+ottoman+fleet+of+76+galleys&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiTw72ooKDaAhUIvJAKHbUyBUcQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=clodfelter%20ottoman%20fleet%20of%2076%20galleys&f=false|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.|last=Clodfelter|first=Micheal|date=2017-05-09|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476625850|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?redir_esc=y&hl=pt-BR&id=CokFAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=600+portuguese|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay|date=1922|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bombay.|language=en}}</ref>
|Capture of Muscat (1552) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=YeccBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=battle+1553+ormuz+ottoman&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK5ae5o6DaAhUDlpAKHTmbCxMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=battle%201553%20ormuz%20ottoman&f=false|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power|last=Imber|first=Colin|date=2009-08-26|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=9781137014061|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Battle of Wayna Daga (1543) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5rZCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA278&dq=stapleton+9,000+ethiopians&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw-cXmoaDaAhXBDpAKHUfQBLMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=stapleton%209,000%20ethiopians&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of African Colonial Conflicts |last=Stapleton|first=Timothy J.|date=2016-11-07|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598848373|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&pg=PA32&dq=battle+of+wayna+daga+1543&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiW5Zn5oaDaAhXBHZAKHRy8B9wQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20wayna%20daga%201543&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|last=Shinn|first=David H.|last2=Ofcansky|first2=Thomas P.|date=2013-04-11|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810874572|language=en}}</ref>
|Battle of Alcazar Quibir (1579) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=zYiwE8Rh9wcC&pg=PA1&dq=battle+of+alcacer+quibir&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8hbauq6DaAhVEiJAKHTItD7k4FBDoAQhHMAY#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20alcacer%20quibir&f=false|title=The Elephant's Journey|last=Saramago|first=José|date=2010-09-07|publisher=Random House|isbn=9781407092348|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|The Second Siege of Diu (1546) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&pg=PA216&dq=mathew+admiral+pasha+after+had+many+days&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKpsikn6DaAhVJkJAKHbvfA8AQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=portugalis&f=false|title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497-1600|last=Mathew|first=K. M.|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170990468|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=NTTRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76&dq=casale+the+second+siege+of+diu+devolved&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie-IyaoqDaAhUKIZAKHYVnC0EQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=casale%20the%20second%20siege%20of%20diu%20devolved&f=false|title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration|last=Casale|first=Giancarlo|date=2010-02-25|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199703388|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA116&dq=pius+a+large+fleet+dispatched&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXpKu2oqDaAhUMl5AKHYEbDLoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=pius%20a%20large%20fleet%20dispatched&f=false|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|date=2010|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=9789380607016|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|The Siege of Hormuz (1552) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=daQcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149&dq=jeremy+after+the+failures+of+diu&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjstpXQoqDaAhWBPpAKHbP0BaAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=jeremy%20after%20the%20failures%20of%20diu&f=false|title=War in the World: A Comparative History, 1450-1600|last=Black|first=Jeremy|date=2011-09-28|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=9780230344266|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=ZRpXAAAAYAAJ&q=siege+of+hormuz+1552&dq=siege+of+hormuz+1552&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjE3Zr4oqDaAhUKgJAKHSBOCrsQ6AEILjAB|title=Great Ottoman Turkish civilization|last=Çiçek|first=Kemal|last2=Kuran|first2=Ercüment|last3=Göyünç|first3=Nejat|last4=Ortaylı|first4=İlber|date=2000|publisher=Yeni Türkiye|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|The Battle of 1553 (Hormuz Campaign) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=NTTRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&dq=casale+the+battle+that+ensued+ranks&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIu4SSo6DaAhWEUJAKHZMKD_kQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=casale%20the%20battle%20that%20ensued%20ranks&f=false|title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration|last=Casale|first=Giancarlo|date=2010-02-25|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199703388|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=YeccBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=battle+1553+ormuz+ottoman&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK5ae5o6DaAhUDlpAKHTmbCxMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=battle%201553%20ormuz%20ottoman&f=false|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power|last=Imber|first=Colin|date=2009-08-26|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=9781137014061|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|The Battle of 1554 (Hormuz Campaign) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=NTTRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&dq=casale+the+battle+that+ensued+ranks&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIu4SSo6DaAhWEUJAKHZMKD_kQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=casale%20the%20battle%20that%20ensued%20ranks&f=false|title=The Ottoman Age of Exploration|last=Casale|first=Giancarlo|date=2010-02-25|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199703388|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=BXNBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT99&dq=1554+ottoman+portuguese&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOlLKcpKDaAhUDlJAKHRcnBS8Q6AEIPjAD#v=onepage&q=1554%20ottoman%20portuguese&f=false|title=The Indian Ocean in World History|last=Alpers|first=Edward A.|date=2013-10-31|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199929948|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|The Siege of Bahrain (1559) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=wKU6jvKGicUC&pg=PA60&dq=fuccaro+in+1559&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFkOvUpKDaAhUJEJAKHdPIDZgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=fuccaro%20in%201559&f=false|title=Histories of City and State in the Persian Gulf: Manama Since 1800|last=Fuccaro|first=Nelida|date=2009-09-03|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521514354|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=PVRe48Mmt_oC&pg=PA69&dq=in+1559,+the+turks+made+their+first+attempt&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij3779pKDaAhUGDpAKHXALDXgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=in%201559,%20the%20turks%20made%20their%20first%20attempt&f=false|title=Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society|last=Larsen|first=Curtis E.|date=1983|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226469065|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|The Siege of Mazagao (1562) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=_pqdQAAACAAJ&dq=john+martyn+mazagao&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5l4WVpaDaAhUDk5AKHQN2Ck0Q6AEIKDAA|title=The Siege of Mazagão: A Perilous Moment in the Defence of Christendom Against Islam|last=Martyn|first=John R. C.|date=1994|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9780820422107|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=o9UYAAAAYAAJ&q=the+strength+of+mazagao+was+tested+20+years&dq=the+strength+of+mazagao+was+tested+20+years&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGv9qvpaDaAhVNmJAKHf5BDVwQ6AEIKzAA|title=Cultural Links Between Portugal and Italy in the Renaissance|last=Lowe|first=K. J. P.|date=2000-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198174288|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC&pg=PA84&dq=dauril+the+celebrated+portuguese+resistance&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwici_7LpaDaAhUIgZAKHcoBBroQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=dauril%20the%20celebrated%20portuguese%20resistance&f=false|title=The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750|last=Alden|first=Dauril|date=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=9780804722711|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|The Siege of Malacca (1568) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=prA99TUDgKQC&pg=PA66&dq=truxillo+his+forces+consisted+of+300+ships&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAgLj_paDaAhWMPpAKHZAFD4YQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=truxillo%20his%20forces%20consisted%20of%20300%20ships&f=false|title=Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War|last=Truxillo|first=Charles A.|date=2012|publisher=Jain Publishing Company|isbn=9780895818645|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&dq=clodfelter+one+of+the+largest+attacks+came+in&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl3ISapqDaAhXEQZAKHZJiBO0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=clodfelter%20one%20of%20the%20largest%20attacks%20came%20in&f=false|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed.|last=Clodfelter|first=Micheal|date=2017-05-09|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476625850|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|The Battle of Lepanto (1571) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=xPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104&dq=he+pledged+to+the+armada+a+large+contingent&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiuz-S7pqDaAhVFmJAKHZrjDV4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=he%20pledged%20to%20the%20armada%20a%20large%20contingent&f=false|title=Culture and Civilization|last=Horowitz|first=Irving|date=2018-02-06|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351524438|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=xPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104&dq=he+pledged+to+the+armada+a+large+contingent&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiuz-S7pqDaAhVFmJAKHZrjDV4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=technology%20specially%20those&f=false|title=Culture and Civilization|last=Horowitz|first=Irving|date=2018-02-06|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351524438|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=KK0JDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT39&dq=the+mighty+armada+formed+by+the+holly+league&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipxILwpqDaAhXCW5AKHZOdDWYQuwUILzAA#v=onepage&q=the%20mighty%20armada%20formed%20by%20the%20holly%20league&f=false|title=Lepanto|last=Chesterton|first=G. K.|date=2012-06-06|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=9781681492926|language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|The Battle of Mombasa (1589) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=BXNBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT103&dq=the+battle+was+joined+in+march+1589&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz8qCOp6DaAhVMDZAKHbefAHQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=the%20battle%20was%20joined%20in%20march%201589&f=false|title=The Indian Ocean in World History|last=Alpers|first=Edward A.|date=2013-10-31|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199929948|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA338&dq=the+portuguese+constructed+fort+jesus&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3raigp6DaAhWGk5AKHQ-PAE4Q6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=the%20portuguese%20constructed%20fort%20jesus&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism|last=Olson|first=James Stuart|date=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313262579|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=nUs7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122&dq=he+repeated+the+venture+in+1589&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig8d24p6DaAhUCI5AKHV_ADZAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=he%20repeated%20the%20venture%20in%201589&f=false|title=A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref>
|
|}

== Result ==
As the table of battles above explicits, in the end of the century the Portuguese proved to be militarily superior to the Ottomans, defeating them in the vast majority of battles, as G. Modelski concludes: ''"the Turks never won a clear victory on the ocean. The Mediterranean galleys they employed proved no match against the great ships of Portugal."''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Seapower in Global Politics, 1494-1993|last=Modelski|first=George|publisher=THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD|year=1988|isbn=978-1-349-09156-0|location=London|pages=157}}</ref> In fact, the portuguese prevailing over the Ottomans effort is almost a consensus among scholars, both from the West and East. The historian Palmira Brummett agrees: ''"it's clear that the Ottomans failed in their bid to challenge the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean."''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=oiJmVbrve5sC&pg=PA173&dq=it+is+clear+that+the+Ottomans+failed+in+their+bid+to+challenge+the+Portuguese+in+the+Indian+Ocean&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ8s6xspfaAhWDEZAKHesgBRsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=it%20is%20clear%20that%20the%20Ottomans%20failed%20in%20their%20bid%20to%20challenge%20the%20Portuguese%20in%20the%20Indian%20Ocean&f=false|title=Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery|last=Brummett|first=Palmira Johnson|date=1994|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791417027|language=en}}</ref> The Indian author Pius Malekandathil says: "''Though both the Portuguese and the Ottomans moved to the maritime space of Indian Ocean almost simultaneously, the Portuguese managed to appropriate a major portion of it. The chain of Portuguese fortresses erected along coastal western India did a lot to prevent the Ottomans from completely integrating the economic activities of India into their designs, which they were cherishing from the middle of the fifteenth century onwards."''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|publisher=Primus Books|year=2010|isbn=978-93-80607-01-6|location=Delhi|pages=122, 123}}</ref> The Author M.A Cook registers what happened after the Battle of Mombasa, in 1589: "Ali Beg in 1584 moved down the coast of East Africa as far as Malindi. He repeated the venture in 1589, this time reaching Mombasa, where his squadron succumbed, however, to the assault of a superior Portuguese fleet from Goa in western India. '''''Thus ended the last Ottoman endeavour to challenge the domination of Portugal over the waters of India."'''''<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730|last=Cook|first=M.A.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1976|isbn=0521208912|location=New York, Melbourne|pages=122}}</ref> Lastly, the Indian author G.A Ballard says: ''"''it was an era of repeated stress and strife, but of stationary general conditions nevertheless; for in spite of being constantly attacked at this point or that, the portuguese were never driven away anywhere, and even when suffering temporary local reverses always recovered their supremacy sooner or later."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rulers of the Indian Ocean|last=Ballard|first=G.A|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1928|isbn=|location=Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company,|pages=130}}</ref>


==Notes== ==Notes==
Line 127: Line 55:


==References== ==References==
*Attila & Balázs Weiszhár, ''Háborúk lexikona'', Atheneaum, Budapest, 2004 (in ]; title means in English ''Lexicon of Wars'') *Attila & Balázs Weiszhár, ''Háborúk lexikona'', Atheneaum, Budapest, 2004 (in ]; title means in ] ''Lexicon of Wars'')


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts}}

Latest revision as of 18:50, 7 October 2024

Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts
Series of military encounters between Portuguese and Ottoman Empire in medieval age

The Ottoman–Portuguese or the Turco-Portuguese confrontations refers to a series of different military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire, or between other European powers and the Ottoman Empire in which relevant Portuguese military forces participated. Some of these conflicts were brief, while others lasted for many years. Most of these conflicts took place in the Indian Ocean, in the process of the expansion of the Portuguese Empire, but also in the Red Sea. These conflicts also involved regional powers, after 1538 the Adal Sultanate, with the aid of the Ottoman Empire, fought against the Ethiopian Empire, which was supported by the Portuguese, under the command of Cristóvão da Gama, the son of the famous explorer Vasco da Gama. This war is known as the Ethiopian–Adal war.

Conflicts

Notes

  1. Mohammed Hasen al- Aidarous, The Ottoman-portuguese conflict in the Arabian Gulf during the second half of the 16th century.
  2. Suraiya Faroqhi, Approaching Ottoman history: an introduction to the sources, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 68.
  3. Salih Özbaran, The Ottoman response to European expansion: studies on Ottoman-Portuguese relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman administration in the Arab lands during the sixteenth century, Isis Press, 1994, viii

References

  • Attila & Balázs Weiszhár, Háborúk lexikona, Atheneaum, Budapest, 2004 (in Hungarian; title means in English Lexicon of Wars)
Categories: