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{{Short description|Cardinal direction for steering}} {{Short description|Cardinal direction for steering}}
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In ], the '''course''' of a ] or ] is the ] or compass direction in which the craft is to be ]. The course is to be distinguished from the '']'', which is the direction in which the craft's bow or nose is pointed.<ref name="Bartlett"> In ], the '''course''' of a ] or ] is the ] in which the craft is to be ]. The course is to be distinguished from the '']'', which is the direction where the watercraft's ] or the aircraft's ] is pointed.<ref name="Bartlett">
{{Citation|last=Bartlett|first=Tim|title=Adlard Coles Book of Navigations|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWUQAAAAQBAJ&q=pilotage|page=176|publisher=Adlard Coles|isbn=978-0713689396}}</ref><ref name=Chapman> {{Citation|last=Bartlett|first=Tim|title=Adlard Coles Book of Navigations|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWUQAAAAQBAJ&q=pilotage|page=176|publisher=Adlard Coles|isbn=978-0713689396}}</ref><ref name=Chapman>
{{cite book {{cite book
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| page = 927 | page = 927
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FwbS8StvEC&q=definition+nautical+course&pg=PA50 | isbn = 9781588167446 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C99DDQAAQBAJ&q=track&pg=PT839|title=Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: FAA-H-8083-25B|last=Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)|date=2016-09-25|publisher=Ravenio Books|language=en}}</ref> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FwbS8StvEC&q=definition+nautical+course&pg=PA50 | isbn = 9781588167446 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C99DDQAAQBAJ&q=track&pg=PT839|title=Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: FAA-H-8083-25B|last=Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)|date=2016-09-25|publisher=Ravenio Books|language=en}}</ref>
The path that a vessel follows is called a '''track''' or, in the case of aircraft, '''ground track''' (also known as ''course made good'' or ''course over the ground'').<ref name="Bartlett" /> The intended track is a '''route'''.

== Discussion ==
{{further|Bearing (angle)#Arcs|Rhumb line#Introduction}}


== Course, track, route and heading ==
{{multiple image {{multiple image
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⚫ [[Image:Course (navigation).svg|thumb|upright=3|Heading and track (A to B)<br>
⚫ For ships and aircraft, routes are typically ] segments between ]. A navigator determines the ''bearing'' (the compass direction from the craft's current position) of the next waypoint. Because water currents or wind can cause a craft to drift off course, a navigator sets a ''course to steer'' that compensates for drift. The helmsman or pilot points the craft on a ''heading'' that corresponds to the course to steer. If the predicted drift is correct, then the craft's track will correspond to the planned course to the next waypoint.<ref name="Bartlett" /><ref name=":0" /> Course directions are specified in degrees from north, either true or magnetic. In ], north is usually expressed as 360°.<ref name="Nolan2010">{{cite book|author=Michael Nolan|title=Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yhTiGC3ulcC&pg=PA201|date=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4354-8272-2|page=201|quote=For example, a runway heading north would have a magnetic heading of 360°.}}</ref> Navigators used ], instead of compass degrees, e.g. "northeast" instead of 45° until the mid-20th century when the use of degrees became prevalent.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRqzoX04v5AC&q=cardinal+direction&pg=PA233|title=The Annapolis Book of Seamanship: Third Edition: Completely Revised, Expanded and Updated|last1=Rousmaniere|first1=John|last2=Smith|first2=Mark|date=1999|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780684854205|pages=234|language=en}}</ref>

⚫ [[Image:Course (navigation).svg|center|upright=3|Heading and track (A to B)<br>
1 – True North <br> 1 – True North <br>
2 – Heading, the direction the vessel is "pointing towards" <br> 2 – Heading, the direction the vessel is "pointing towards" <br>
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4 – Compass north, including a two-part error; the magnetic variation (6) and the ship's own magnetic field (5) <br> 4 – Compass north, including a two-part error; the magnetic variation (6) and the ship's own magnetic field (5) <br>
5 – Magnetic deviation, caused by vessel's magnetic field. <br> 5 – Magnetic deviation, caused by vessel's magnetic field. <br>
6 – Magnetic variation, caused by variations in earth's magnetic field. <br> 6 – Magnetic variation, caused by variations in Earth's magnetic field. <br>
7 – Compass heading or compass course, before correction for magnetic deviation or magnetic variation. <br> 7 – Compass heading or compass course, before correction for magnetic deviation or magnetic variation. <br>
8 – Magnetic heading, the compass heading corrected for magnetic deviation but not magnetic variation; thus, the heading reliative to magnetic north. <br> 8 – Magnetic heading, the compass heading corrected for magnetic deviation but not magnetic variation; thus, the heading reliative to magnetic north. <br>
9, 10 – Effects of crosswind and tidal current, causing the vessel's track to differ from its heading. <br> 9, 10 – Effects of crosswind and tidal current, causing the vessel's track to differ from its heading. <br>
A, B – Vessel's track.]] A, B – Vessel's track.]]
⚫ The path that a vessel follows over the ground is called a '']'', ''course made good'' or ''course over the ground''.<ref name="Bartlett" /> For an aircraft it is simply its ''track''.<ref name=":0" /> The intended track is a ''route''. For ships and aircraft, routes are typically ] segments between ]. A navigator determines the ''bearing'' (the compass direction from the craft's current position) of the next waypoint. Because water currents or wind can cause a craft to drift off course, a navigator sets a ''course to steer'' that compensates for drift. The helmsman or pilot points the craft on a ''heading'' that corresponds to the course to steer. If the predicted drift is correct, then the craft's track will correspond to the planned course to the next waypoint.<ref name="Bartlett" /><ref name=":0" /> Course directions are specified in degrees from north, either true or magnetic. In ], north is usually expressed as 360°.<ref name="Nolan2010">{{cite book|author=Michael Nolan|title=Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yhTiGC3ulcC&pg=PA201|date=2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4354-8272-2|page=201|quote=For example, a runway heading north would have a magnetic heading of 360°.}}</ref> Navigators used ], instead of compass degrees, e.g. "northeast" instead of 45° until the mid-20th century when the use of degrees became prevalent.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRqzoX04v5AC&q=cardinal+direction&pg=PA233|title=The Annapolis Book of Seamanship: Third Edition: Completely Revised, Expanded and Updated|last1=Rousmaniere|first1=John|last2=Smith|first2=Mark|date=1999|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780684854205|pages=234|language=en}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
{{Portal|Geography}} {{Portal|Geography}}
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== Notes == ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==References== ==External links==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Course (Navigation)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Course (Navigation)}}
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Latest revision as of 17:31, 11 October 2024

Cardinal direction for steering
Instruments used to plot a course on a nautical chart.

In navigation, the course of a watercraft or aircraft is the cardinal direction in which the craft is to be steered. The course is to be distinguished from the heading, which is the direction where the watercraft's bow or the aircraft's nose is pointed. The path that a vessel follows is called a track or, in the case of aircraft, ground track (also known as course made good or course over the ground). The intended track is a route.

Discussion

Further information: Bearing (angle) § Arcs, and Rhumb line § Introduction True heading (left) and magnetic heading (right)

For ships and aircraft, routes are typically straight-line segments between waypoints. A navigator determines the bearing (the compass direction from the craft's current position) of the next waypoint. Because water currents or wind can cause a craft to drift off course, a navigator sets a course to steer that compensates for drift. The helmsman or pilot points the craft on a heading that corresponds to the course to steer. If the predicted drift is correct, then the craft's track will correspond to the planned course to the next waypoint. Course directions are specified in degrees from north, either true or magnetic. In aviation, north is usually expressed as 360°. Navigators used ordinal directions, instead of compass degrees, e.g. "northeast" instead of 45° until the mid-20th century when the use of degrees became prevalent.

Heading and track (A to B) 1 – True North 2 – Heading, the direction the vessel is "pointing towards" 3 – Magnetic north, which differs from true north by the magnetic variation. 4 – Compass north, including a two-part error; the magnetic variation (6) and the ship's own magnetic field (5) 5 – Magnetic deviation, caused by vessel's magnetic field. 6 – Magnetic variation, caused by variations in Earth's magnetic field. 7 – Compass heading or compass course, before correction for magnetic deviation or magnetic variation. 8 – Magnetic heading, the compass heading corrected for magnetic deviation but not magnetic variation; thus, the heading reliative to magnetic north. 9, 10 – Effects of crosswind and tidal current, causing the vessel's track to differ from its heading. A, B – Vessel's track.
Heading and track (A to B)
1 – True North
2 – Heading, the direction the vessel is "pointing towards"
3 – Magnetic north, which differs from true north by the magnetic variation.
4 – Compass north, including a two-part error; the magnetic variation (6) and the ship's own magnetic field (5)
5 – Magnetic deviation, caused by vessel's magnetic field.
6 – Magnetic variation, caused by variations in Earth's magnetic field.
7 – Compass heading or compass course, before correction for magnetic deviation or magnetic variation.
8 – Magnetic heading, the compass heading corrected for magnetic deviation but not magnetic variation; thus, the heading reliative to magnetic north.
9, 10 – Effects of crosswind and tidal current, causing the vessel's track to differ from its heading.
A, B – Vessel's track.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bartlett, Tim (2008), Adlard Coles Book of Navigations, Adlard Coles, p. 176, ISBN 978-0713689396
  2. Husick, Charles B. (2009). Chapman Piloting, Seamanship and Small Boat Handling. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 927. ISBN 9781588167446.
  3. ^ Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (2016-09-25). Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge: FAA-H-8083-25B. Ravenio Books.
  4. Michael Nolan (2010). Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control. Cengage Learning. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-4354-8272-2. For example, a runway heading north would have a magnetic heading of 360°.
  5. Rousmaniere, John; Smith, Mark (1999). The Annapolis Book of Seamanship: Third Edition: Completely Revised, Expanded and Updated. Simon and Schuster. p. 234. ISBN 9780684854205.

External links

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