Ehmedê Xanî: Difference between revisions

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	{{Short description\|Kurdish intellectual, nationalist (~~1650-1707~~)}}		{{Short description\|Kurdish intellectual and nationalist (1650–1707)}}
	{{for\|the village in Iran\|Ahmad Khani, Iran}}		{{Not to be confused with\|Ehmedê Xasî}}{{for\|the village in Iran\|Ahmad Khani, Iran}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2020}}
	{{Infobox academic <!-- for more information see ] -->		{{Infobox academic <!-- for more information see ] -->
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	\| website =		\| website =
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	'''Ehmedê Xanî''' ({{~~lang-~~ku\| ~~ئەهمەدێ~~ خانی \|Ehmedê Xanî}}~~; 1650, ] – 1707, ]~~), was a ] intellectual, scholar, ] and ] who is considered the founder of ]. He was born in the ] region in 1650 and died in ] in 1707.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Shakely\|first=F.\|date=2002\|title=AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI\|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-e-kani\|journal=]}}</ref>		'''Ehmedê Xanî''' ({{langx\|ku\| ئەحمەدێ خانی \|Ehmedê Xanî}}), was a ] intellectual, scholar, ] and ] who is considered the founder of ]. He was born in the ] region in 1650 and died in ] in 1707.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal\|last=Shakely\|first=F.\|date=2002\|title=AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI\|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-e-kani\|journal=]}}</ref>

	The most important work of Xanî is '']'' which is considered the national epic of Kurds. Other important works include ''Nûbiharan Biçûkan'' and ''Eqîdeya Îmanê.'' These works were studied in Kurdish schools from the time of Kani towards the 1930s.<ref name=":1" />		The most important work of Xanî is '']'' which is considered the national epic of Kurds. Other important works include ''Nûbiharan Biçûkan'' and ''Eqîdeya Îmanê.'' These works were studied in Kurdish schools from the time of Kani towards the 1930s.<ref name=":1" />
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	== Biography ==		== Biography ==
	Xanî was born in the village of Khan near Hakkari in 1650.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Korangy\|first=Alireza\|title=Kurdish Art and Identity: Verbal Art, Self-definition and Recent History\|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG\|year=2020\|isbn=9783110599626\|pages=41}}</ref>		Xanî was born in the village of Khan near Hakkari in 1650 and began writing poetry at the age of fourteen. He became a clerical secretary at the Bayediz court at the age of twenty.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Korangy\|first=Alireza\|title=Kurdish Art and Identity: Verbal Art, Self-definition and Recent History\|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG\|year=2020\|isbn=9783110599626\|pages=41}}</ref>

	== Nationalism ==		== Nationalism ==
	Xanî is considered the founder of Kurdish nationalism and supported an independent Kurdistan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|last=Olson\|first=Robert\|title=Kurds\|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0891\|url-status=~~live~~\|access-date=30 April 2021\|website=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027074721/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0891 \|archive-date=27 October 2020 }}</ref> In a ] from 1694, he chose not to devote parts of the introduction to praise the rulers of his time, which was typical in classical Oriental literature. Instead, the preface of the mathnawi was dedicated to his opinions on Kurdish nationalism. He explained the subjugation of Kurds by the ] and the ], their occupation of ] which he argued had become a reality because of the lack of a Kurdish monarch who could rule Kurdistan. Such a ruler could liberate Kurds from the 'vile'.<ref name=":1" /> He also believed that an independent Kurdistan could safeguard the ] language for scientific and intellectual purposes.<ref name=":0" />		Xanî is considered the founder of Kurdish nationalism and supported an independent Kurdistan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|last=Olson\|first=Robert\|title=Kurds\|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0891\|url-status=dead\|access-date=30 April 2021\|website=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027074721/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0891 \|archive-date=27 October 2020 }}</ref> In a ] from 1694, he chose not to devote parts of the introduction to praise the rulers of his time, which was typical in classical Oriental literature. Instead, the preface of the mathnawi was dedicated to his opinions on Kurdish nationalism. He explained the subjugation of Kurds by the ] and the ], and their occupation of ] which he argued had become a reality because of the lack of a Kurdish monarch who could rule Kurdistan. Such a ruler could liberate Kurds from the 'vile'.<ref name=":1" /> He also believed that an independent Kurdistan could safeguard the ] language for scientific and intellectual purposes.<ref name=":0" />

	In the epic ''Mem and Zin,'' he ~~writes~~:<ref name=":0" />		In the epic ''Mem and Zin,'' he wrote:<ref name=":0" />

	{{Blockquote\|text=If we had unity amongst ourselves,<br>		{{Blockquote\|text=If we had unity amongst ourselves,<br>If we all, together, obeyed one another,<br>The Turks, the Arabs and the Persians,<br>Would one and all be in our servitude.}}
	If we all, together, obeyed one another,<br>
	The Turks, the Arabs and the Persians,<br>
	Would one and all be in our servitude,<br>}}

	== Works ==		== Works ==

	*''Mem û Zîn'' (Mem and Zin)		*''Mem û Zîn'' (Mem and Zin)
	* ''Eqîdeya Îmanê'' (The Path of Faith)		* ''Eqîdeya Îmanê'' (The Path of Faith)
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	==References==		==References==
			{{notelist}}
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Xani, Ehmede}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Xani, Ehmede}}
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	{{Kurd-poet-stub}}
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Latest revision as of 11:03, 12 October 2024

Kurdish intellectual and nationalist (1650–1707) Not to be confused with Ehmedê Xasî.For the village in Iran, see Ahmad Khani, Iran.

Ehmedê Xanî ئەحمەدێ خانی
A bust of Ehmedê Xanî in Kurdistan Region
Born	1650 Hakkari
Died	1707 (Bayazid)
Occupation(s)	Intellectual, scholar, poet, writer
Years active	17th century

Academic background
Influences	Melayê Cizîrî, Ali Hariri, Feqiyê Teyran
Academic work
Influenced	Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Haji Qadir Koyi, Hemin Mukriyani

Ehmedê Xanî (Kurdish: ئەحمەدێ خانی, romanized: Ehmedê Xanî), was a Kurdish intellectual, scholar, mystic and poet who is considered the founder of Kurdish nationalism. He was born in the Hakkâri region in 1650 and died in Bayazid in 1707.

The most important work of Xanî is Mem and Zin which is considered the national epic of Kurds. Other important works include Nûbiharan Biçûkan and Eqîdeya Îmanê. These works were studied in Kurdish schools from the time of Kani towards the 1930s.

Xanî admired Melayê Cizîrî and Feqiyê Teyran. Joyce Blau called him the spiritual son of Cizîrî, Teyran and Ali Hariri.

Biography

Xanî was born in the village of Khan near Hakkari in 1650 and began writing poetry at the age of fourteen. He became a clerical secretary at the Bayediz court at the age of twenty.

Nationalism

Xanî is considered the founder of Kurdish nationalism and supported an independent Kurdistan. In a mathnawi from 1694, he chose not to devote parts of the introduction to praise the rulers of his time, which was typical in classical Oriental literature. Instead, the preface of the mathnawi was dedicated to his opinions on Kurdish nationalism. He explained the subjugation of Kurds by the Ottomans and the Safavids, and their occupation of Kurdistan which he argued had become a reality because of the lack of a Kurdish monarch who could rule Kurdistan. Such a ruler could liberate Kurds from the 'vile'. He also believed that an independent Kurdistan could safeguard the Kurdish language for scientific and intellectual purposes.

In the epic Mem and Zin, he wrote:

If we had unity amongst ourselves,
If we all, together, obeyed one another,
The Turks, the Arabs and the Persians,
Would one and all be in our servitude.

Works

Mem û Zîn (Mem and Zin)
Eqîdeya Îmanê (The Path of Faith)
Eqîdeya Îslamê (Basics of Islam)
Nûbihara Biçûkan (The Spring of Children)
Erdê Xweda (Astronomy and Geography book)
Dîwana Helbestan

References

^ Shakely, F. (2002). "AḤMAD-E ḴĀNI". Encyclopedia Iranica.
Ahmadzadeh, Hashem (2018). Gunter, Michael M. (ed.). Classical and modern Kurdish literature. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 9781317237983.
Blau, Joyce (1995). Malmîsanij (ed.). "Jiyan û berhemên Ehmedê Xanî (1650-1707)". Çira (in Kurdish): 7.
Korangy, Alireza (2020). Kurdish Art and Identity: Verbal Art, Self-definition and Recent History. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 41. ISBN 9783110599626.
^ Olson, Robert. "Kurds". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2021.

External links

Works by Ehmedê Xanî at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Ahmad Khani, Kurdish Academy of Language KAL
Our Trouble by Ehmedê Xanî, Noahs Ark Holidays

v t e Kurdish literature
Texts	Kitêba Cilwe (text, mentioned before 1746) Mishefa Reş (text) Kalâm-e Saranjâm (religious text) Kurdish Shahnameh
Before and in 1400s	Evdilsemedê Babek (972–1019) Ali Hariri (1009–1079/80) Mele Perîşan (1351–1431) Mela Huseynê Bateyî (1417–1495)
1500s-1600s	Elî Teremaxî Shaykh Mustafa Takhtayi Melayê Cizîrî (1570–1640) Şêx Şemsedînê Exlatî (1588–1674) Asenath Barzani (1590–1670) Feqiyê Teyran (1590–1660) Yusuf Yaska (1592–1636) Mistefa Bêsaranî (1642–1701) Ehmedê Xanî (1650–1707)
1700s	Khana Qubadi (1700–1759) Marif Nodeyi (1753–1838/39) Xelîlê Sêrtî (1754–1843) Khulam Rada Khan Arkawazi (1765–1834) Pertew Begê Hekarî (1777–1841) Khâlid-i Shahrazuri (1779–1827) Şeyda Hewramî (1784–1852) Şêx Hesenê Nûranî (1786–1866) Şêx Nûredînê Birîfkanî (1795–1851) Ahmad Bag Komasi (1796–1877) Nalî (1797/1800–1855/56) Mehmûd Bayazîdî (1797–1859) Ya'qūb Māydashtī (1799–1871) Almas Khan-e Kanoule'ei Elî Berdeşanî (–1812)
1800s	Salim (1800–1866) Mastoureh Ardalan (1805–1848) Mawlawi Tawagozi (1806–1882) Kurdî (1806/12–1830) Haji Qadirê Koyî (1817–1897) Seyîd Fehîmê Arwasî (1825–1895) Wali Dewane (1826–1881) Xalid Axayê Zêbarî (1827/28–) Mahwi (1830–1906) Sheikh Rezza Talabanî (1835–1910) Wefayî (1844–1902) Şêx Fethullah Werqanisî (1847–1900) Abdurrahman Aktepe (1850–1905) Mirza Ebdilqadire Paweyi (1850–1910) Osman Efendîyo Babij (1852–1929) Hariq (1856–1909) Edeb (1860–1918) Ehmedê Xasî (1866/67–1951) Piramerd (1867–1950) Abdullah Cevdet (1869–1932) Mevlanzade Rifat Bey (1869–1930) Nari (1874–1944) Muhammad Amin Zaki (1880–1948) Mela Xelîlê Mişextî (1888–2007) Nalbend (1891–1963) Celadet Alî Bedirxan (1893–1951) Erebê Şemo (1897–1978) Qani (1898–1965)
Contemporary	Abdul Karim Mudarris (1901–2005) Cigerxwîn (1903–1984) Abdullah Goran (1904–1962) Osman Sabri (1905–1993) Emînê Evdal (1906–1964) Heciyê Cindî (1908–1990) Qanate Kurdo (1909–1985) Qedrîcan (1911–1972) Ibrahim Ahmad (1914–2000) Dildar (1918–1948) Hejar (1921–1991) Hemin Mukriyani (1921–1986) Ahmad Hardi (1922–2006) Shami Kermashani (1927–1984) Jamal Nebez (1933–2018) Suwara Ilkhanizada (1937–1976) Sherko Bekas (1940–2013) Şahînê Bekirê Soreklî (1946–) Latif Halmat (1947–) Abdulla Pashew (1946–) Abdullah Öcalan (1949–) Rafiq Sabir (1950–) Mehmed Uzun (1953–2007) Firat Cewerî (1959–) Jila Hosseini (1964–1996) Bachtyar Ali (1966–) Mahabad Qaradaghi (1966–2020) Faryad Shiri (1971–)
Related topics	Yazidi literature

Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Astronomers

by century
8th	Ahmad Nahavandi Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī Mashallah ibn Athari Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
9th	Abu Ali al-Khayyat Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi Abu Said Gorgani Al-Farghani Al-Kindi Al-Mahani Abu Hanifa Dinawari Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Al-Marwazi Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi Banū Mūsā brothers Iranshahri Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi Al-Khwarizmi Sahl ibn Bishr Thābit ibn Qurra Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
10th	al-Sufi Ibn Al-Adami al-Khojandi al-Khazin al-Qūhī Abu al-Wafa Ahmad ibn Yusuf al-Battani Al-Qabisi Ibn al-A'lam Al-Nayrizi Al-Saghani Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī Ibn Yunus Ibrahim ibn Sinan Ma Yize al-Sijzi Al-ʻIjliyyah Nastulus Abolfadl Harawi Haseb-i Tabari al-Majriti Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
11th	Abu Nasr Mansur al-Biruni Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Zarqālī Ibn al-Samh Alhazen Avicenna Ibn al-Saffar Kushyar Gilani Said al-Andalusi Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani Al-Isfizari Ali ibn Khalaf
12th	Al-Bitruji Avempace Ibn Tufail Al-Kharaqī Al-Khazini Al-Samawal al-Maghribi Abu al-Salt Averroes Ibn al-Kammad Jabir ibn Aflah Omar Khayyam Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
13th	Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili Jamal ad-Din Alam al-Din al-Hanafi Najm al‐Din al‐Misri Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi Zakariya al-Qazwini al-Urdi al-Abhari Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi Ibn al‐Raqqam Al-Ashraf Umar II Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
14th	Ibn al-Shatir Al-Khalili Ibn Shuayb al-Battiwi Abū al‐ʿUqūl Al-Wabkanawi Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri al-Jadiri Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar Fathullah Shirazi
15th	Ali Kuşçu Abd al‐Wajid Jamshid al-Kashi Kadızade Rumi Ulugh Beg Sibt al-Maridini Ibn al-Majdi al-Wafa'i al-Kubunani 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
16th	Al-Birjandi al-Khafri Baha' al-din al-'Amili Piri Reis Takiyüddin
17th	Yang Guangxian Ehmedê Xanî Al Achsasi al Mouakket Muhammad al-Rudani

Topics

Works

Arabic star names Islamic calendar Aja'ib al-Makhluqat Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity Tabula Rogeriana The Book of Healing The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
Zij	Alfonsine tables Huihui Lifa Book of Fixed Stars Toledan Tables Zij-i Ilkhani Zij-i Sultani Sullam al-sama'

Instruments

Concepts

Institutions

Influences

Influenced

Muslim historians

Historians

7th century

8th century

9th century

10th century

11th century

Arabic	Ibn Faradi Ibn Hayyan Said al-Andalusi Al-Udri Al-Bakri Ibn Hazm Hilal al-Sabi' Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi Al-Quda'i Ibn Bassam
Persian	Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi Abu Sa'id Gardezi

12th century

Arabic	Mohammed al-Baydhaq Ibn al-Jawzi Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi Ibn al-Qalanisi Ibn ʽAsakir Usama ibn Munqidh Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad Ibn Hammad Al-Jawwani Ibn al-Sam'ani
Persian	Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi

13th century

Arabic	Yaqut al-Hamawi 'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi Ibn Amira Ibn Jubayr Ibn al-Kardabūs Ibn al-Adim Ibn al-Athir Sibt ibn al-Jawzi Ibn Khallikan Al-Qifti Ibn Abi Zar
Persian	Ibn Bibi Muhammad Aufi Ibn Isfandiyar Minhaj-i-Siraj Ata-Malik Juvayni Rashid-al-Din Hamadani

14th century

Arabic	Abu'l-Fida Ibn Idhari Al-Dhahabi Ibn Battuta Ibn al-Khatib Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari Ibn Kathir Ibn al-Tiqtaqa Ibn al-Furat Al-Mufaddal Ibn Khaldun al-ʽAsqalani
Persian	Hamdallah Mustawfi Wassaf Ziauddin Barani Hafiz-i Abru

15th century

Arabic	al-Maqrizi Ibn Taghribirdi Al-Sakhawi Al-Suyuti Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
Persian	Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi Mirkhvand Mullah Nadiri Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani Idris Bitlisi Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi
Turkish	Oruç Bey Aşıkpaşazade Enveri Ibn Kemal Neshri Tursun Beg

16th century

Arabic	Ibn Iyas Mujir al-Din Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali Ibn al-Qadi Mar'i al-Karmi
Persian	Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak Muhammad Khwandamir ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni Nizamuddin Ahmad Firishta Iskandar Beg Munshi Sharafkhan Bidlisi
Turkish	Mustafa Âlî Lûtfi Pasha Matrakçı Nasuh Sadeddin Effendi Mustafa Selaniki Taşköprüzade

17th century

Arabic

Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari

Katib Çelebi

Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali

Persian

Turkish

Ottoman	Ibrahim Petchevi Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi Kâtip Çelebi Munejjim Bashi Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha Osman Aga of Temesvar Mustafa Naima Al-Hasan al-Burini Abdi Pasha
Chagatai	Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur

Kurdish

Ahmad Khani

18th century

Arabic	Mohammed al-Ifrani Mohammed al-Qadiri Khalil al-Muradi al-Zayyani al-Jabarti
Persian	Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi Abol-Hasan Golestaneh
Turkish	Ahmed Resmî Efendi

19th century

Arabic

Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri

Mohammad Farid

Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf

Jurji Zaydan

Persian

Turkish

Ottoman	Ali Amiri Ahmed Cevdet Pasha Ahmed Cevad Pasha
Azerbaijani	Mirza Adigozal bey Ahmad bey Javanshir Karim agha Shakikhanov

Kurdish

Notable works

Concepts

Categories: