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| ==India== | ==India== | ||
| '''Before Independence''' | '''Before Independence''' | ||
| {{further|Freedom of the press in British India}} | |||
| In British India, bias in the media coverage of the ] has been highlighted by historians. Calcutta's two leading English-language newspapers were '']'' (at that time a British-owned newspaper){{sfnm|A. Sen|1977|p=52, ''fourth footnote''|Ó Gráda |2015|2p=42}} and '']''. In the early months of the ], the government applied pressure on newspapers to "calm public fears about the food supply"{{sfn|Ó Gráda |2015|p=4}} and follow the official stance that there was no rice shortage. This effort had some success; ''The Statesman'' published editorials asserting that the famine was due solely to speculation and hoarding, while "berating local traders and producers, and praising ministerial efforts."{{sfn|Ó Gráda |2015|p=4}} News of the famine was also subject to strict war-time censorship – even use of the word "famine" was prohibited{{sfn|J. Mukherjee|2015|p=125}} – leading ''The Statesman'' later to remark that the UK government "seems virtually to have withheld from the British public knowledge that there was famine in Bengal at all".{{sfn|Ó Gráda |2015|loc= p. 57, citing "Consequences of Untruth," ''Statesman'', 12 October 1943}} | In British India, bias in the media coverage of the ] has been highlighted by historians. Calcutta's two leading English-language newspapers were '']'' (at that time a British-owned newspaper){{sfnm|A. Sen|1977|p=52, ''fourth footnote''|Ó Gráda |2015|2p=42}} and '']''. In the early months of the ], the government applied pressure on newspapers to "calm public fears about the food supply"{{sfn|Ó Gráda |2015|p=4}} and follow the official stance that there was no rice shortage. This effort had some success; ''The Statesman'' published editorials asserting that the famine was due solely to speculation and hoarding, while "berating local traders and producers, and praising ministerial efforts."{{sfn|Ó Gráda |2015|p=4}} News of the famine was also subject to strict war-time censorship – even use of the word "famine" was prohibited{{sfn|J. Mukherjee|2015|p=125}} – leading ''The Statesman'' later to remark that the UK government "seems virtually to have withheld from the British public knowledge that there was famine in Bengal at all".{{sfn|Ó Gráda |2015|loc= p. 57, citing "Consequences of Untruth," ''Statesman'', 12 October 1943}} | ||
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| During the ] where several thousand Sikh civilians were killed in pogroms directed at the community during the reportage of the 1984 riots. It is argued there was a discrepancy between the press release of data and images and the actual severity of the violence occurring in the streets of New Delhi. This use of selective information by the media resulted in the ambiguous portrayal of Sikhs throughout the nation and failed to bring their plight to light. During this time India had passed the National Security Act (1980), the | During the ] where several thousand Sikh civilians were killed in pogroms directed at the community during the reportage of the 1984 riots. It is argued there was a discrepancy between the press release of data and images and the actual severity of the violence occurring in the streets of New Delhi. This use of selective information by the media resulted in the ambiguous portrayal of Sikhs throughout the nation and failed to bring their plight to light. During this time India had passed the National Security Act (1980), the | ||
| Punjab Disturbed Areas Ordinance (1983), The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1983) and the Terrorists Affected Areas (Special Courts Act of 1984). These acts provided sweeping powers to the Indian state resulting in skewed coverage of the massacre of Sikhs.<ref> |
Punjab Disturbed Areas Ordinance (1983), The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1983) and the Terrorists Affected Areas (Special Courts Act of 1984). These acts provided sweeping powers to the Indian state resulting in skewed coverage of the massacre of Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite SSRN|ssrn = 2399847|title = The Role of the Media During Communal Riots in India: A Study of the 1984 Sikh Riots and the 2002 Gujarat Riots|date = 22 August 2010|last1 = Ahmed|first1 = Saifuddin}}</ref> | ||
| '''Media Blackouts''' | '''Media Blackouts''' | ||
| Reporters Without Borders condemned the media blackouts regularly imposed in Indian-administered Kashmir during times of unrest the report also stated that journalists were being harassed by local authorities. Furthermore the organization urged Indian government to stop using security and law and order as a pretext for the media blackout.<ref>https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-condemns-kashmir-media-blackout-indian-authorities</ref> | Reporters Without Borders condemned the media blackouts regularly imposed in Indian-administered Kashmir during times of unrest the report also stated that journalists were being harassed by local authorities. Furthermore the organization urged Indian government to stop using security and law and order as a pretext for the media blackout.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-condemns-kashmir-media-blackout-indian-authorities|title=RSF condemns Kashmir media blackout by Indian authorities | Reporters without borders|date=21 July 2016}}</ref> | ||
| During the ] there was an attempted blackout orchestrated by many prominent Indian TV channels and newspapers. However, the news gained prominence following sustained pressure on social networking sites Twitter<ref name="dnatwitter">{{cite news|date=24 November 2010|title=#barkhagate: Protests in 140 characters leave no space for gray areas|newspaper=]|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_barkhagate-protests-in-140-characters-leave-no-space-for-gray-areas_1471128}}</ref><ref name="mynews1">{{cite web|title=Twitter world abuzz over Radia-Barkha tapes|url=http://www.mynews.in/News/twitter_world_abuzz_over_radia_barkha_tapes_N111382.html|work=]|publisher=Mynews.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121235305/http://www.mynews.in/News/twitter_world_abuzz_over_radia_barkha_tapes_N111382.html|archive-date=21 November 2010| |
During the ] there was an attempted blackout orchestrated by many prominent Indian TV channels and newspapers. However, the news gained prominence following sustained pressure on social networking sites Twitter<ref name="dnatwitter">{{cite news|date=24 November 2010|title=#barkhagate: Protests in 140 characters leave no space for gray areas|newspaper=]|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_barkhagate-protests-in-140-characters-leave-no-space-for-gray-areas_1471128}}</ref><ref name="mynews1">{{cite web|title=Twitter world abuzz over Radia-Barkha tapes|url=http://www.mynews.in/News/twitter_world_abuzz_over_radia_barkha_tapes_N111382.html|work=]|publisher=Mynews.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121235305/http://www.mynews.in/News/twitter_world_abuzz_over_radia_barkha_tapes_N111382.html|archive-date=21 November 2010|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> and Facebook<ref>{{cite web|title=Barkhagate|url=http://www.facebook.com/pages/Barkhagate/133196416734121|publisher=Facebook|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="dnaSampathblog">{{cite web|title=When Radia killed the media star|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post.php?postid=318|author=G Sampath|date=20 November 2010|work=]|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="hinduglasshouse">{{cite web|title=Those living in glass houses...|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/11/23/stories/2010112350760800.htm|work=] Business Line|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="ciol1netizen">{{cite web|title=2G scam: Netizens bark at Barkha, Vir Sanghvi|url=http://www.ciol.com/News/News/News-Reports/2G-scam-Netizens-bark-at-Barkha-Vir-Sanghvi/143737/0/|date=22 November 2010|work=CIOL|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> According to '']'', "Twitter has played an important role in launching what has become an international conversation on the issue, with the Indian diaspora weighing in".<ref name="wpost1">{{cite news|author=Emily Wax|date=22 November 2010|title=Indian journalists accused of secretly helping politicians, businesses|newspaper=]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/22/AR2010112203831.html|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> Initially, only a handful of the mainstream newspapers in India, like The '']'',<ref name="deccanherald">{{cite news|date=23 November 2010|title=Anchored in mire : ''Journalists are only expected to be witnesses.''|newspaper=]|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/114750/anchored-mire.html|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> ]<ref name="expressbuzzstir">{{cite web|title=Radia tapes featuring senior scribes create stir|url=http://expressbuzz.com/nation/radia-tapes-featuring-senior-scribes-create-stir/224516.html|author=Gautam Datt|date=20 November 2010|work=]|publisher=Express Buzz|access-date=23 November 2010}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> had openly written about the tapes. Some newspapers like ''HT Media'', ''Mint'' (the business newspaper also owned by HT media)<ref name="minteditor">{{cite web|title=Editor's note: Why we are quiet on the Open magazine story|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/11/18205335/Editor8217s-note-Why-we-ar.html?h=B|author=Sukumar Ranganathan|date=19 November 2010|publisher=]|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> and ] said "the authenticity of these transcripts cannot be ascertained".<ref name="ciol1netizen" /><ref name="ndtvreply">{{cite web|title=NDTV on defamatory remarks against Barkha Dutt|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ndtv-on-defamatory-remarks-against-barkha-dutt-67210|date=18 November 2010|publisher=]|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> ]'s ] discussed with a panel of experts, if the corporate lobbying is undermining democracy, on the "Face the Nation" programme on the channel.<ref name="cnnibnftn">{{cite news|date=22 November 2010|title=FTN: Is corporate lobbying undermining democracy?|newspaper=]|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/135633/face-the-nation-with-sagarika-ghose.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126070916/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/135633/face-the-nation-with-sagarika-ghose.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2010|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> The Radia tapes has made a dent in the image of the media in the country.<ref name="dnaSampathblog" /><ref name="hinduglasshouse" /><ref name="mailtodaydentmedia">{{cite news|date=20 November 2010|title=Outrage as Nira Radia tapes dent image of 4th Estate|newspaper=]|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/120570/India/outrage-as-nira-radia-tapes-dent-image-of-4th-estate.html}}</ref><ref name="wsjq&aindianjourno">{{cite news|last=Lahiri|first=Tripti|date=23 November 2010|title=Q&A: The State of Indian Journalism|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/11/23/qa-the-state-of-indian-journalism/}}</ref><ref name="hootblackout">{{cite web|title=Oh what a lovely blackout|url=http://thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=4959&mod=1&pg=1§ionId=1&valid=true|publisher=The Hoot}}</ref><ref name="mailtodaypamperjournos">{{cite web|title=Companies love to pamper senior journalists|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/120673/India/companies-love-to-pamper-senior-journalists.html|work=Mail Today|date=21 November 2010 |publisher=]}}</ref> "The complete blackout of the Nira Radia tapes by the entire broadcast media and most of the major English newspapers paints a truer picture of corruption in the country," wrote G Sampath, the deputy editor of the '']'' (DNA) newspaper.<ref name="dnaSampathblog" /><ref name="huffpost1">{{cite news|author=Betwa Sharma|date=20 November 2010|title=Indian Media Where Art Thou on Media Scandal|work=]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/betwa-sharma/indian-media-where-art-th_b_786404.html|access-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> ] commented, "The 'Radia tapes' may have torn the veil off the nexus between information hungry journalists, lobbyists and industrialists, and opened everyone’s eyes to what has long been suspected — the ability of a small but powerful group to use their connections to influence policy."<ref>{{cite web|title=Billions for a few, few for the billions|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/360-degree/billions-few-few-billions-047|author=Neena Gopal|date=21 November 2010|publisher=]|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=23 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123221242/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/360-degree/billions-few-few-billions-047|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ] English newspaper in India and the world, '']'' finally opened up on 25 November 2010, commenting "The people are showing who the boss is. The weapon in their hands is the internet, ... has seen frantic activism against "power brokering" by journalists in collusion with corporate groups and top government politicians..."<ref name="toinetizen">{{cite news|date=25 November 2010|title=2G scam sideshow: Netizens lambast high-profile journalists|newspaper=]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2G-scam-sideshow-Netizens-lambast-high-profile-journalists/articleshow/6984715.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213121/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-25/india/28254163_1_niira-radia-conversations-with-corporate-lobbyist-tapes|url-status=live|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> '']'' and '']'' reported that journalists ] (editor of ]) and ] (editorial director of the '']'') knew that corporate lobbyist ] influenced Raja's appointment as telecom minister,<ref name="whatexactly">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Amol|date=1 December 2010|title=Wait a Minute, What Exactly Is Barkha Dutt Accused of?|work=IndiaRealTime|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/12/01/wait-a-minute-what-exactly-is-barkha-dutt-accused-of/|access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> publicising Radia's phone conversations with Dutt and Sanghvi<ref>{{cite news|title=Barkha Dutt : 'What Do You Want Me To Tell Them (The Congress)? Tell Me. I'll talk To Them.'|newspaper=Outlook|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268083}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Vir Singhvi : 'Who Do You Want Congress To Talk To? Karunanidhi? I'll Speak To Ahmed Patel.'|newspaper=Outlook|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268084}}</ref> when Radia's phone was tapped by the Income Tax Department. According to critics, Dutt and Sanghvi knew about the link between the government and the media industry but delayed reporting the corruption.<ref name="whatexactly" /> | ||
| '''Criticism''' | '''Criticism''' | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
| ] and others have criticized "biased Marxist influences" in the media, as well as alleged corruption of Marxist historians, particularly during the time when they controlled the ICHR. These claims include the allegation that the history of the ] has been whitewashed and censored in Indian school-books and in other media.<ref> Bryant, E. E. (2014). Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Cary, USA: Oxford University Press, USA.</ref><ref> Shourie, A. (2014). Eminent historians: Their technology, their line, their fraud. HarperCollins</ref> | ] and others have criticized "biased Marxist influences" in the media, as well as alleged corruption of Marxist historians, particularly during the time when they controlled the ICHR. These claims include the allegation that the history of the ] has been whitewashed and censored in Indian school-books and in other media.<ref> Bryant, E. E. (2014). Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Cary, USA: Oxford University Press, USA.</ref><ref> Shourie, A. (2014). Eminent historians: Their technology, their line, their fraud. HarperCollins</ref> | ||
| Reporters Without Borders said that India is at 133rd of 180 countries in the 2016 World Press Freedom Index, due to the number of journalists killed |
Reporters Without Borders said that India is at 133rd of 180 countries in the 2016 World Press Freedom Index, due to the number of journalists killed, impunity for crimes of violence committed against journalists, reprisals by corrupt officials against liberal and outspoken media, police brutality, communal hatred instigation by biased media, misprinting stories, and many more.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsf.org/ranking|title = Classement mondial de la liberté de la presse 2020 | Reporters sans frontières| date=30 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Pressure to toe Hindutva line' sees India drop to 142 on World Press Freedom Index|url=https://theprint.in/india/pressure-to-toe-hindutva-line-sees-india-drop-to-142-on-world-press-freedom-index/406123/|last=Jha|first=Fiza|date=2020-04-21|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> | ||
| '''Right-Wing Bias''' | |||
| Since the 2014 general elections, Indian cable news have been widely accused of shifting in right wing bias.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44280188</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/03/04/after-pulwama-indian-media-proves-it-is-bjps-propaganda-machine/</ref><ref>https://qz.com/india/1570899/how-narendra-modi-has-almost-killed-indian-media/</ref> This has been shown in the case of Republic TV, which has been criticized for spreading dissent and for its host Arnab Goswami, who has been observed screaming and calling the debaters he does not side with as 'anti-nationalist' and muting their audio on national television. This happened in a live debate where people were debating about whether to play the Indian national anthem in theaters, and many other times on the show. | |||
| One of Arnab Goswami's most famous hypocritical statements is his view on the beef ban. While he was working for Times Now, he condemned the government's decision to ban beef, citing that it was the people's choice. However, when the issue was brought up again, shocking many people, he instead sided with the BJP government on the issue, saying that he does not support animal killing, contradicting himself<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arnab v/s Arnab: The hypocrisy runs deeper than the viral Arnab Goswami video|url=https://www.altnews.in/arnab-vs-arnab-hypocrisy-runs-deeper-viral-arnab-goswami-video/|last=Jawed|first=Sam|date=2017-05-31|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>. | |||
| '''Judgement on Sexual Harassment Cases''' | |||
| '''False News''' | |||
| The news in general has also shown to be widely judgmental on rape/sexual harassment defendants on many occasions, calling the accusers 'brave hearts' and automatically labeling them innocent without proof, while condemning the alleged molesters, and automatically making them guilty. This has been shown on the case of the ] Aarti and Pooja who falsely accused two men and ruined their lives. This case was broadcast by many news channels including Times Now, who gave them an interview and honoured them nationally without investigating any more<ref>{{Citation|title=Rohtak : Bravehearts Recount The Incident on Times Now|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fAC5dvs2nc|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>. Times Now also has the video of the biased interview online, and has neither deleted it, nor has issued an apology to the two men whose lives were ruined. | |||
| ] has been spread by both the official media outlets, and in social media.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} | |||
| Another instance would be the Jasleen Kaur case, where Times Now (while Arnab Goswami was its host) had a biased interview with the defendant Sarbjeet Singh(who had not been proven innocent yet) where they forced him, in an attempt to get him to apologize to false-accuser Jasleen Kaur, calling him a pervert and playing a major role in his character's assassination. People have been demanding an apology from Times Now after his acquittal<ref>{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2019-10-25|title=Delhi court acquits Sarvjeet Singh in Jasleen Kaur case|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/delhi-court-acquits-sarvjeet-singh-in-jasleen-kaur-case-119102501153_1.html|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>, and its ex-host ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Demand grows for Arnab Goswami to apologise after Delhi court acquits man that his TV channel dubbed as 'pervert' four years ago|url=http://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/demands-grow-for-arnab-goswami-to-apologise-after-delhi-court-acquits-man-that-his-tv-channel-dubbed-as-pervert-four-years-ago/270748/|last=Staff|first=J. K. R.|date=2019-10-28|website=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> on Sarbjeet's behalf. However, so far, only one ex-employee<ref>{{Cite web|title=I am ashamed: Ex-Times Now employee apologises 3 yrs after 'molestation' case|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/i-am-ashamed-ex-times-now-employee-apologises-3-yrs-after-molestation-case/114801/|last=Bhardwaj|first=Ananya|date=2018-09-09|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Times Now, will you issue a public apology? - Ask Twitterati|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/times-now-will-you-issue-public-apology-now-ask-twitterati-after-sarvjeet-singh-is-acquitted-by-court|last=|first=|date=|website=National Herald|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>and a Bollywood actress<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-08-30|title=Sonakshi tweets apology to Delhi harassment accused|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sonakshi-tweets-apology-to-delhi-harassment-accused/articleshow/48730525.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> apologized. Even after an NBSA order<ref>{{Cite web|title=NBSA asks Times Now to issue apology, pay fine for a story|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/tkP9rrq1dHYIOm8jWkyiPK/NBSA-asks-Times-Now-to-issue-apology-pay-fine-for-a-story.html|last=Bansal|first=Shuchi|date=2016-03-15|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>, they have not yet apologized. | |||
| ==Pakistan== | ==Pakistan== | ||
| A prevalent culture of self- and state-censorship in the media’s coverage of sensitive issues has also been criticized, particularly in matters related to religion, blasphemy laws, and the Pakistan Army. The urban bias in Pakistani media has been criticized by Amir Rana, director of the Institute for Peace Studies: “There is little space not only for alternative ideas or narratives but also for issues of a common citizen. The narratives that we have seen in the mainstream media in Pakistan are basically controlled by three media centers in Pakistan: Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore. There is little space in the mainstream media for views, perspectives, and information from other parts of Pakistan.” <ref>Yusuf, Huma. "Mapping digital media: Pakistan." Open Society Foundations (2013).</ref> | A prevalent culture of self- and ] in the media’s coverage of sensitive issues has also been criticized, particularly in matters related to religion, ], and the Pakistan Army. The urban bias in Pakistani media has been criticized by Amir Rana, director of the Institute for Peace Studies: “There is little space not only for alternative ideas or narratives but also for issues of a common citizen. The narratives that we have seen in the mainstream media in Pakistan are basically controlled by three media centers in Pakistan: Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore. There is little space in the mainstream media for views, perspectives, and information from other parts of Pakistan.” <ref>Yusuf, Huma. "Mapping digital media: Pakistan." Open Society Foundations (2013).</ref> | ||
| ==Sri Lanka== | ==Sri Lanka== | ||
| Line 64: | Line 57: | ||
| ==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
| {{Refbegin|26em}} | {{Refbegin|26em}} | ||
| * {{ cite book |last=Ó Gráda |first=Cormac |title=Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future |publisher=Princeton University Press |chapter='Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44 <!--there are quotation marks in the title --> |via=] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FICSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|postscript=. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper available at . Accessed 9 February 2016 |isbn=9781400865819 |year=2015 |
* {{ cite book |last=Ó Gráda |first=Cormac |title=Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future |publisher=Princeton University Press |chapter='Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44 <!--there are quotation marks in the title --> |via=] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FICSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|postscript=. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper available at . Accessed 9 February 2016 |isbn=9781400865819 |year=2015 }}. | ||
| * {{cite journal |last= Sen |first=Amartya |date=1977 |title= Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=1 |issue = 1 |pages= 33–59 |ref=CITEREFA. Sen1977| |
* {{cite journal |last= Sen |first=Amartya |date=1977 |title= Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine |journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics |volume=1 |issue = 1 |pages= 33–59 |ref=CITEREFA. Sen1977|author-link=Amartya Sen |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349}} | ||
| * {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Janam |title=Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKWKCwAAQBAJ |
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Janam |title=Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKWKCwAAQBAJ|date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-061306-8 |ref=CITEREFJ. Mukherjee2015}} | ||
| *]. In the Shadow of history, Nigarshat, Lahore; History on Trial, Fiction House, Lahore, 1999; Tareekh Aur Nisabi Kutub, Fiction House, Lahore, 2003. | *]. In the Shadow of history, Nigarshat, Lahore; History on Trial, Fiction House, Lahore, 1999; Tareekh Aur Nisabi Kutub, Fiction House, Lahore, 2003. | ||
| *K.K. Aziz. (2004) ''The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan.'' Vanguard. {{ISBN|969-402-126-X}} | *K.K. Aziz. (2004) ''The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan.'' Vanguard. {{ISBN|969-402-126-X}} | ||
| *] & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) ''The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan - Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics.'' Sustainable Development Policy Institute. | *] & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) ''The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan - Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics.'' Sustainable Development Policy Institute. | ||
| *] and A. H. Nayyar. Rewriting the history of Pakistan, in ''Islam, Politics and the state: The Pakistan Experience'', Ed. Mohammad Asghar Khan, Zed Books, London, 1985. | *] and A. H. Nayyar. Rewriting the history of Pakistan, in ''Islam, Politics and the state: The Pakistan Experience'', Ed. Mohammad Asghar Khan, Zed Books, London, 1985. | ||
| * ''Pervez Hoodbhoy - What Are They Teaching In Pakistani Schools Today?'' (International Movement for a Just World) | * ''Pervez Hoodbhoy - What Are They Teaching In Pakistani Schools Today?'' (International Movement for a Just World) {{usurped|1=}} | ||
| *Elst, Koenraad. 2014. Negationism in India: Concealing the Record of Islam {{ISBN|978-8185990958}} | *Elst, Koenraad. 2014. {{ISBN|978-8185990958}} | ||
| * A. H. Nayyar: ''Twisted truth: Press and politicians make gains from SDPI curriculum report.'' SDPI Research and News Bulletin Vol. 11, No. 1, January - February 2004 | * A. H. Nayyar: ''Twisted truth: Press and politicians make gains from SDPI curriculum report.'' SDPI Research and News Bulletin Vol. 11, No. 1, January - February 2004 | ||
| * Yvette Rosser: ''Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks'', RUPA, New Delhi, 2003. | * Yvette Rosser: ''Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks'', RUPA, New Delhi, 2003. | ||
| * Yvette Rosser: ''Hegemony and Historiography: The Politics of Pedagogy.'' ''Asia Review'', Dhaka, Fall 1999. | * Yvette Rosser: ''Hegemony and Historiography: The Politics of Pedagogy.'' ''Asia Review'', Dhaka, Fall 1999. | ||
| *{{cite book |first=Yvette Claire |last=Rosser |title=Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |year=2003 |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf |url-status=dead | |
*{{cite book |first=Yvette Claire |last=Rosser |title=Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |year=2003 |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911035259/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/etd/d/2003/rosseryc036/rosseryc036.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }} | ||
| *Rubina Saigol. Knowledge and Identity - Articulation of Gender in Educational Discourse in Pakistan, ASR, Lahore 1995 | *Rubina Saigol. Knowledge and Identity - Articulation of Gender in Educational Discourse in Pakistan, ASR, Lahore 1995 | ||
| * Shourie, Arun. 2014. ]. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|9351365921}} {{ISBN|9789351365921}} | * Shourie, Arun. 2014. ]. HarperCollins. {{ISBN|9351365921}} {{ISBN|9789351365921}} | ||
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| {{Censorship}} | {{Censorship}} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:43, 15 October 2024
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Claims of media bias in South Asia attract constant attention. The question of bias in South Asian media is also of great interest to people living outside of South Asia. Some accusations of media bias are motivated by a disinterested desire for truth, some are politically motivated. Media bias occurs in television, newspapers, school books and other media.
India
Before Independence
Further information: Freedom of the press in British IndiaIn British India, bias in the media coverage of the Bengal famine of 1943 has been highlighted by historians. Calcutta's two leading English-language newspapers were The Statesman (at that time a British-owned newspaper) and Amrita Bazar Patrika. In the early months of the famine, the government applied pressure on newspapers to "calm public fears about the food supply" and follow the official stance that there was no rice shortage. This effort had some success; The Statesman published editorials asserting that the famine was due solely to speculation and hoarding, while "berating local traders and producers, and praising ministerial efforts." News of the famine was also subject to strict war-time censorship – even use of the word "famine" was prohibited – leading The Statesman later to remark that the UK government "seems virtually to have withheld from the British public knowledge that there was famine in Bengal at all".
After Independence
During the 1984 anti-Sikh riots where several thousand Sikh civilians were killed in pogroms directed at the community during the reportage of the 1984 riots. It is argued there was a discrepancy between the press release of data and images and the actual severity of the violence occurring in the streets of New Delhi. This use of selective information by the media resulted in the ambiguous portrayal of Sikhs throughout the nation and failed to bring their plight to light. During this time India had passed the National Security Act (1980), the Punjab Disturbed Areas Ordinance (1983), The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (1983) and the Terrorists Affected Areas (Special Courts Act of 1984). These acts provided sweeping powers to the Indian state resulting in skewed coverage of the massacre of Sikhs.
Media Blackouts
Reporters Without Borders condemned the media blackouts regularly imposed in Indian-administered Kashmir during times of unrest the report also stated that journalists were being harassed by local authorities. Furthermore the organization urged Indian government to stop using security and law and order as a pretext for the media blackout.
During the Radia tapes controversy there was an attempted blackout orchestrated by many prominent Indian TV channels and newspapers. However, the news gained prominence following sustained pressure on social networking sites Twitter and Facebook According to The Washington Post, "Twitter has played an important role in launching what has become an international conversation on the issue, with the Indian diaspora weighing in". Initially, only a handful of the mainstream newspapers in India, like The Deccan Herald, Indian Express had openly written about the tapes. Some newspapers like HT Media, Mint (the business newspaper also owned by HT media) and NDTV said "the authenticity of these transcripts cannot be ascertained". CNN-IBN's Sagarika Ghose discussed with a panel of experts, if the corporate lobbying is undermining democracy, on the "Face the Nation" programme on the channel. The Radia tapes has made a dent in the image of the media in the country. "The complete blackout of the Nira Radia tapes by the entire broadcast media and most of the major English newspapers paints a truer picture of corruption in the country," wrote G Sampath, the deputy editor of the Daily News and Analysis (DNA) newspaper. The Deccan Chronicle commented, "The 'Radia tapes' may have torn the veil off the nexus between information hungry journalists, lobbyists and industrialists, and opened everyone’s eyes to what has long been suspected — the ability of a small but powerful group to use their connections to influence policy." The largest circulated English newspaper in India and the world, The Times of India finally opened up on 25 November 2010, commenting "The people are showing who the boss is. The weapon in their hands is the internet, ... has seen frantic activism against "power brokering" by journalists in collusion with corporate groups and top government politicians..." OPEN and Outlook reported that journalists Barkha Dutt (editor of NDTV) and Vir Sanghvi (editorial director of the Hindustan Times) knew that corporate lobbyist Nira Radia influenced Raja's appointment as telecom minister, publicising Radia's phone conversations with Dutt and Sanghvi when Radia's phone was tapped by the Income Tax Department. According to critics, Dutt and Sanghvi knew about the link between the government and the media industry but delayed reporting the corruption.
Criticism
Arun Shourie and others have criticized "biased Marxist influences" in the media, as well as alleged corruption of Marxist historians, particularly during the time when they controlled the ICHR. These claims include the allegation that the history of the Islamic invasion has been whitewashed and censored in Indian school-books and in other media.
Reporters Without Borders said that India is at 133rd of 180 countries in the 2016 World Press Freedom Index, due to the number of journalists killed, impunity for crimes of violence committed against journalists, reprisals by corrupt officials against liberal and outspoken media, police brutality, communal hatred instigation by biased media, misprinting stories, and many more.
False News
Fake news in India has been spread by both the official media outlets, and in social media.
Pakistan
A prevalent culture of self- and state-censorship in the media’s coverage of sensitive issues has also been criticized, particularly in matters related to religion, blasphemy laws, and the Pakistan Army. The urban bias in Pakistani media has been criticized by Amir Rana, director of the Institute for Peace Studies: “There is little space not only for alternative ideas or narratives but also for issues of a common citizen. The narratives that we have seen in the mainstream media in Pakistan are basically controlled by three media centers in Pakistan: Islamabad, Karachi, and Lahore. There is little space in the mainstream media for views, perspectives, and information from other parts of Pakistan.”
Sri Lanka
The government of Sri Lanka has been accused of controlling the media. Measures like the Public Security Ordinance and the Sixth Amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution have been accused of limiting a reporters freedom.
The Sixth Amendment to Sri Lanka's constitution, inserted as Article 157A, has been accused of threatening civic disability and seizing of property by banning promotion of separatism. The Public Security Ordinance (PSO) law is often applied liberally when the government applies emergency regulations. This is quite often as Sri Lanka has been ruled under Emergency for a cumulative total of over 20 years since it gained independence from the British. The Saturday Review, the English paper published in Jaffna and the Aththa, the Communist Sinhala language daily were banned in the early eighties under the PSO. When the Aththa was banned its press was also sealed. In the seventies, the government sealed the printing press of the Independent Newspapers Ltd. (Davasa Group) by using the emergency regulations.
Under the Emergency Regulations (E.R), all material relating to a subject specified in a gazetted presidential proclamation, has to be submitted for censoring by a 'competent authority.' The 'competent authority' is usually politically favoured civil servant. Recently, the regime made history by appointing a military officer as the government censor. Material censored under such provisions has included comment on the high cost of living, on the dismissal of an employee of a state corporation, allegedly for an article he wrote for his trade union journal, on the marketing problems of passion fruit growers, criticism of a minister's statement in Parliament about a public corporation, and a reference to an alleged assault on two civilians.
See also
References
- A. Sen 1977; Ó Gráda 2015, p. 42.
- ^ Ó Gráda 2015, p. 4.
- J. Mukherjee 2015, p. 125.
- Ó Gráda 2015, p. 57, citing "Consequences of Untruth," Statesman, 12 October 1943.
- Ahmed, Saifuddin (22 August 2010). "The Role of the Media During Communal Riots in India: A Study of the 1984 Sikh Riots and the 2002 Gujarat Riots". SSRN 2399847.
- "RSF condemns Kashmir media blackout by Indian authorities | Reporters without borders". 21 July 2016.
- "#barkhagate: Protests in 140 characters leave no space for gray areas". DNA. 24 November 2010.
- "Twitter world abuzz over Radia-Barkha tapes". rediff.com. Mynews.in. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- "Barkhagate". Facebook. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ G Sampath (20 November 2010). "When Radia killed the media star". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ "Those living in glass houses..." The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ^ "2G scam: Netizens bark at Barkha, Vir Sanghvi". CIOL. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- Emily Wax (22 November 2010). "Indian journalists accused of secretly helping politicians, businesses". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- "Anchored in mire : Journalists are only expected to be witnesses.". The Deccan Herald. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- Gautam Datt (20 November 2010). "Radia tapes featuring senior scribes create stir". The Indian Express. Express Buzz. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- Sukumar Ranganathan (19 November 2010). "Editor's note: Why we are quiet on the Open magazine story". Mint. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- "NDTV on defamatory remarks against Barkha Dutt". NDTV. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- "FTN: Is corporate lobbying undermining democracy?". CNN-IBN. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- "Outrage as Nira Radia tapes dent image of 4th Estate". India Today. 20 November 2010.
- Lahiri, Tripti (23 November 2010). "Q&A: The State of Indian Journalism". The Wall Street Journal.
- "Oh what a lovely blackout". The Hoot.
- "Companies love to pamper senior journalists". Mail Today. India Today. 21 November 2010.
- Betwa Sharma (20 November 2010). "Indian Media Where Art Thou on Media Scandal". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- Neena Gopal (21 November 2010). "Billions for a few, few for the billions". The Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
- "2G scam sideshow: Netizens lambast high-profile journalists". The Times of India. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.
- ^ Sharma, Amol (1 December 2010). "Wait a Minute, What Exactly Is Barkha Dutt Accused of?". IndiaRealTime. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- "Barkha Dutt : 'What Do You Want Me To Tell Them (The Congress)? Tell Me. I'll talk To Them.'". Outlook.
- "Vir Singhvi : 'Who Do You Want Congress To Talk To? Karunanidhi? I'll Speak To Ahmed Patel.'". Outlook.
- Bryant, E. E. (2014). Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Cary, USA: Oxford University Press, USA.
- Shourie, A. (2014). Eminent historians: Their technology, their line, their fraud. HarperCollins
- "Classement mondial de la liberté de la presse 2020 | Reporters sans frontières". 30 January 2013.
- Jha, Fiza (2020-04-21). "'Pressure to toe Hindutva line' sees India drop to 142 on World Press Freedom Index". ThePrint. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
- Yusuf, Huma. "Mapping digital media: Pakistan." Open Society Foundations (2013).
Further reading
- Ó Gráda, Cormac (2015). "'Sufficiency and Sufficiency and Sufficiency': Revisiting the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–44". Eating People Is Wrong, and Other Essays on Famine, Its Past, and Its Future. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400865819 – via De Gruyter. An earlier and somewhat different version is available in a conference paper available at UCD Centrefor Economic Research (Working Paper Series). Accessed 9 February 2016
{{cite book}}: External link in|postscript= - Sen, Amartya (1977). "Starvation and exchange entitlements: a general approach and its application to the Great Bengal Famine". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 1 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035349.
- Mukherjee, Janam (2015). Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-061306-8.
- Mubarak Ali. In the Shadow of history, Nigarshat, Lahore; History on Trial, Fiction House, Lahore, 1999; Tareekh Aur Nisabi Kutub, Fiction House, Lahore, 2003.
- K.K. Aziz. (2004) The Murder of History : A Critique of History Textbooks used in Pakistan. Vanguard. ISBN 969-402-126-X
- Nayyar, A. H. & Salim, Ahmad. (2003) The Subtle Subversion: The State of Curricula and Text-books in Pakistan - Urdu, English, Social Studies and Civics. Sustainable Development Policy Institute. The Subtle Subversion
- Pervez Hoodbhoy and A. H. Nayyar. Rewriting the history of Pakistan, in Islam, Politics and the state: The Pakistan Experience, Ed. Mohammad Asghar Khan, Zed Books, London, 1985.
- Pervez Hoodbhoy - What Are They Teaching In Pakistani Schools Today? (International Movement for a Just World)
- Elst, Koenraad. 2014. Negationism in India: Concealing the Record of Islam ISBN 978-8185990958
- A. H. Nayyar: Twisted truth: Press and politicians make gains from SDPI curriculum report. SDPI Research and News Bulletin Vol. 11, No. 1, January - February 2004
- Yvette Rosser: Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks, RUPA, New Delhi, 2003.
- Yvette Rosser: Hegemony and Historiography: The Politics of Pedagogy. Asia Review, Dhaka, Fall 1999.
- Rosser, Yvette Claire (2003). Curriculum as Destiny: Forging National Identity in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2008.
- Rubina Saigol. Knowledge and Identity - Articulation of Gender in Educational Discourse in Pakistan, ASR, Lahore 1995
- Shourie, Arun. 2014. Eminent Historians: Their Techniques, Their Line, Their Fraud. HarperCollins. ISBN 9351365921 ISBN 9789351365921
- Tariq Rahman, Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan Karachi, Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprint. 2006
- Tariq Rahman, Language, Ideology and Power: Language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India Karachi, Oxford UP, 2002.
- Tariq Rahman, Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi: Oxford UP, 1996. Rept. several times. see 2006 edition.
External links
- Amnesty International report highlighting media and human rights issues
- Media Wants Riots: Why Indians are Protesting Bias and Sensationalism in Media
