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{{Short description|Supposed subracial category}} {{Short description|Obsolete grouping of human beings}}
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The '''Armenoid race''' was a supposed sub-race in the context of a ] which was developed originally by Europeans in support of ].<ref>For the model of dividing humanity into races, see {{cite web|author=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|author-link=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|title=AAPA Statement on Race and Racism |website=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|access-date=19 June 2020 |date=27 March 2019 |url=https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/|quote=Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination.}}</ref> The Armenoid race was variously described (depending on author) as a "sub-race" of the "]"<ref name="Ripley">{{cite book|last=Ripley|first=William Z.|author-link=William Z. Ripley|title=The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study|year=1899|publisher=]|page=444|title-link=The Races of Europe (Ripley)}}</ref> or the "]" (e.g. by ]). The '''Armenoid race''' was a supposed sub-race in the context of a ] which was developed originally by Europeans in support of ].<ref>For the model of dividing humanity into races, see {{cite web|author=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|author-link=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|title=AAPA Statement on Race and Racism |website=American Association of Physical Anthropologists|access-date=19 June 2020 |date=27 March 2019 |url=https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/|quote=Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination.}}</ref> The Armenoid race was variously described (depending on author) as a "sub-race" of the "]"<ref name="Ripley">{{cite book|last=Ripley|first=William Z.|author-link=William Z. Ripley|title=The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study|year=1899|publisher=]|page=444|title-link=The Races of Europe (Ripley)}}</ref> or the "]" (e.g. by ]).


==History of term== ==History of term==
⚫ The term was used by Austrian anthropologist ] and ] in the 1889 book ''Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis'' ("Travel in Lycia, Milyas and Kibyratis").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luschan|first=Felix Von|title=The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1911|volume=41|page=242|doi=10.2307/2843172|jstor=2843172|quote=When I first upheld in 1892, in my paper on the anthropological position of the Jews, the homogeneous character of these groups, I called them "Armenoids." But there can be no doubt that they are all descended from tribes belonging to the great Hittite Empire|hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4nk3d322|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>Petersen, Eugen; Luschan, Felix von. ''Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis'' (1889).</ref> ] (1904–81) described the regions of ] such as ], the ], ], ], and the ] as the center of distribution of the Armenoid race.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Anthropologist J.M Grintz considered the ], the ], as well as some ] (specifically of ] and ]) to have been Armenoid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grintz |first=J. M. |date=1962 |title=On the Original Home of the Semites |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/371692 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=186–206 |doi=10.1086/371692 |issn=0022-2968}}</ref>
] man of Armenoid type, from ''The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study'' by ] (1911)]]
⚫ The term was used by Austrian anthropologist ] and ] in the 1889 book ''Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis'' ("Travel in Lycia, Milyas and Kibyratis").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luschan|first=Felix Von|title=The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1911|volume=41|page=242|doi=10.2307/2843172|jstor=2843172|quote=When I first upheld in 1892, in my paper on the anthropological position of the Jews, the homogeneous character of these groups, I called them "Armenoids." But there can be no doubt that they are all descended from tribes belonging to the great Hittite Empire|hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4nk3d322|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>Petersen, Eugen; Luschan, Felix von. ''Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis'' (1889).</ref> ] (1904–81) described the regions of ] such as ], the ], ], ], and the ] as the center of distribution of the Armenoid race.


=== Nazi use of the term ===
Prominent ] and racial theorist ] used the term 'Near Eastern race' to describe the Armenoid type, and ascribed Near Eastern characteristics to several contemporary peoples, including: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="nazi scholarly">Alan E Steinweis. ''Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany''. Harvard University Press, 2008. P. 29.</ref> Günther regarded Jews as people of multiple racial origins but defined the Near Eastern race as their major basis, and described the race's characteristics such as its "commercial spirit" and as being "artful traders" who had strong psychological manipulation capacities that helped their trade, as well as being known to exploit people.<ref name="nazi scholarly" /> Günther's conception has been criticized for ] analysis.<ref name="nazi scholarly" /> ] historically identified ] as within the Armenoid type in the name of the Near Eastern race.<ref>Mitchell B. Hart. Jews & Race: Writings on Identity & Difference, 1880-1940. Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA: Brandeis University Press, 2011. P. 247.</ref>
In his works, ] portrayed the Jewish people as a specifically non-European racial mixture comprising Armenoid, ], and ] elements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-Reich |date=2013 |title=Photography in Economies of Demonstration: The Idea of the Jews as a Mixed-Race People |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/561684 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=150 |doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.20.1.150}}</ref> The German physical anthropologist ] characterized the Jews as a racial mixture that is primarily of the Armenoid type.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-Reich |first=A. |date=2013-01-01 |title=Taboo and Classification: Post-1945 German Racial Writing on Jews |url=https://academic.oup.com/leobaeck/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/leobaeck/ybt015 |journal=The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=195–215 |doi=10.1093/leobaeck/ybt015 |issn=0075-8744}}</ref> According to Croatian fascist ] ideologists, only 5% of ], but 35% of ] were of the Armenoid race.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bartulin |first=Nevenko |date=2009-12-21 |title=The ideal Nordic – Dinaric racial type: Racial anthropology in the Independent State of Croatia |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/50561 |journal=Review of Croatian History |language=en |volume=V |issue=1 |pages=189–219 |issn=1845-4380}}</ref> They described the race as being "characterized by a dark complexion and a personality prone to trickery, fawning and cheating".<ref name=":0" />

The ] never fully clarified their racial doctrine, and ]' s work was never canonised or entirely accepted even by the ], which switching freely between race definitions.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=McMahon|first=Richard Eoin|url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/6973|title=The Races of Europe: Anthropological Race : Classification of Europeans 1839-1939|publisher=European University Institute|year=2007|series=EUI PhD theses; Department of History and Civilization|page=270|doi=10.2870/79569|type=Thesis}}</ref><ref>Lutzhöft(1971), 21-22</ref>


==Physiognomy== ==Physiognomy==
⚫ ] wrote that the Armenoid racial type is similar to the ], most probably due to racial mixture with the ] (who often have ]) and the ] (who often have pale skin). The only difference is that Armenoids have a slightly darker ]. He described the Armenoid as a sub-race of the ]. Armenoids were said to be found throughout ] – predominantly in the ], ], and ]. This racial type was believed to be prevalent among ], ], as well as northern, central and southeastern ].<ref name=WBF>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=William B.|author-link=William Bayne Fisher|title=The Middle East and North Africa, Volume 50|year=2003|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-85743-184-1|page=|quote=The northern and eastern hill districts contain many racial elements—Turkish, Persian, and proto-Nordic, with Armenoid strains predominating. the population of the riverine districts of Iraq displays a mixture of Armenoid and Mediterranean elements. North of the Baghdad district the Armenoid strain is dominant.|url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastnortha50thunse/page/444}}</ref><ref name=WBF2>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=William B.|author-link=William Bayne Fisher|title=The Middle East: A Physical, Social and Regional Geography|year=1966|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-416-71510-1|page=96|quote=Armenoid affinities are easily discerned in the peoples of northern, central and south-eastern Iraq.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pP315Mw3S9EC}}, </ref>
] man of Armenoid type, from ''The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia'' (1911)]]

] wrote that the Armenoid racial type is very similar to the ], most probably due to racial mixture with the ] (who often have ]) and the ] (who often have pale skin). The only difference is that Armenoids have a slightly darker ]. He described the Armenoid as a sub-race of the ]. Armenoids were said to be found throughout ]. However, the largest concentrations occurred within ], ], ], and ].

⚫ Armenoids were medium to tall, average height being 167 cm, usually with ] or ], ] to ] in form,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Ramnath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDrYsjGq35wC|title=Anthropology|last2=Sharma|first2=Rajendra K.|publisher=Atlantic|year=1997|isbn=978-8171566730|pages=108}}</ref> tawny white to ] skin color, large round eyes that were usually dark brown, a round, ] head shape with a straight backing (planocciput) (see ]), high cheekbones and medium chin prominence, thick eyebrows, abundant hair on body and face, and a prominent, often ] nose.<ref name=":0" /> ] were as a rule thin-lipped, with medium chin prominence, a palpable ] in the chin, and flaring ]. This racial type was believed to be prevalent among some ], ], and northern, central and south-eastern ].<ref name=WBF>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=William B.|author-link=William Bayne Fisher|title=The Middle East and North Africa, Volume 50|year=2003|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-85743-184-1|page=|quote=The northern and eastern hill districts contain many racial elements—Turkish, Persian, and proto-Nordic, with Armenoid strains predominating. the population of the riverine districts of Iraq displays a mixture of Armenoid and Mediterranean elements. North of the Baghdad district the Armenoid strain is dominant.|url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastnortha50thunse/page/444}}</ref><ref name=WBF2>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=William B.|author-link=William Bayne Fisher|title=The Middle East: A Physical, Social and Regional Geography|year=1966|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-416-71510-1|page=96|quote=Armenoid affinities are easily discerned in the peoples of northern, central and south-eastern Iraq.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pP315Mw3S9EC}}, </ref>

==Distribution==
The Armenoid race type was claimed to exist to the west and north of the ], and encompasses ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], among other peoples of the ] region.<ref>Review: An Introduction to the Anthropology of the Near East by C. U. Ariëns Kappers, American Anthropologist, 37(35) - Pages 148-49 by W.M. Krogman</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
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==External links== ==External links==
* Rutherford, Adam. , ''The Guardian'' * Rutherford, Adam. , ''The Guardian''
* *
* *
* *

Latest revision as of 16:04, 21 October 2024

Obsolete grouping of human beings

The Armenoid race was a supposed sub-race in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races which was developed originally by Europeans in support of colonialism. The Armenoid race was variously described (depending on author) as a "sub-race" of the "Aryan race" or the "Caucasian race" (e.g. by Carleton Coon).

History of term

The term was used by Austrian anthropologist Felix von Luschan and Eugen Petersen in the 1889 book Reisen in Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis ("Travel in Lycia, Milyas and Kibyratis"). Carleton Coon (1904–81) described the regions of West Asia such as Anatolia, the Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, and the Levant as the center of distribution of the Armenoid race. Anthropologist J.M Grintz considered the ancient Assyrians, the ancient Babylonians, as well as some ancient Egyptians (specifically of Sinai and Palestine) to have been Armenoid.

Nazi use of the term

In his works, Hans F. K. Günther portrayed the Jewish people as a specifically non-European racial mixture comprising Armenoid, Semitic, and Negroid elements. The German physical anthropologist Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt characterized the Jews as a racial mixture that is primarily of the Armenoid type. According to Croatian fascist Ustaše ideologists, only 5% of Croats, but 35% of Serbs were of the Armenoid race. They described the race as being "characterized by a dark complexion and a personality prone to trickery, fawning and cheating".

Physiognomy

Carleton S. Coon wrote that the Armenoid racial type is similar to the Dinaric race, most probably due to racial mixture with the Mediterraneans (who often have olive skin) and the Alpines (who often have pale skin). The only difference is that Armenoids have a slightly darker pigmentation. He described the Armenoid as a sub-race of the Caucasoid race. Armenoids were said to be found throughout Eurasia – predominantly in the South Caucasus, Iran, and Mesopotamia. This racial type was believed to be prevalent among Armenians, Assyrians, as well as northern, central and southeastern Iraqis.

See also

References

  1. For the model of dividing humanity into races, see American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination.
  2. Ripley, William Z. (1899). The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study. D. Appleton & Company. p. 444.
  3. Luschan, Felix Von (1911). "The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 41. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 242. doi:10.2307/2843172. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4nk3d322. JSTOR 2843172. When I first upheld in 1892, in my paper on the anthropological position of the Jews, the homogeneous character of these groups, I called them "Armenoids." But there can be no doubt that they are all descended from tribes belonging to the great Hittite Empire
  4. Petersen, Eugen; Luschan, Felix von. Lykien, Milyas und Kibyratis (1889).
  5. Grintz, J. M. (1962). "On the Original Home of the Semites". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 21 (3): 186–206. doi:10.1086/371692. ISSN 0022-2968.
  6. Morris-Reich (2013). "Photography in Economies of Demonstration: The Idea of the Jews as a Mixed-Race People". Jewish Social Studies. 20 (1): 150. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.20.1.150.
  7. Morris-Reich, A. (2013-01-01). "Taboo and Classification: Post-1945 German Racial Writing on Jews". The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook. 58 (1): 195–215. doi:10.1093/leobaeck/ybt015. ISSN 0075-8744.
  8. ^ Bartulin, Nevenko (2009-12-21). "The ideal Nordic – Dinaric racial type: Racial anthropology in the Independent State of Croatia". Review of Croatian History. V (1): 189–219. ISSN 1845-4380.
  9. Fisher, William B. (2003). The Middle East and North Africa, Volume 50. Routledge. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-85743-184-1. The northern and eastern hill districts contain many racial elements—Turkish, Persian, and proto-Nordic, with Armenoid strains predominating. the population of the riverine districts of Iraq displays a mixture of Armenoid and Mediterranean elements. North of the Baghdad district the Armenoid strain is dominant.
  10. Fisher, William B. (1966). The Middle East: A Physical, Social and Regional Geography. Methuen. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-416-71510-1. Armenoid affinities are easily discerned in the peoples of northern, central and south-eastern Iraq., extract of page 444

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