Misplaced Pages

Pramukh Swami Maharaj: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 05:02, 11 August 2013 view sourceNeilN (talk | contribs)134,455 editsm rv sock← Previous edit Latest revision as of 23:32, 21 October 2024 view source GreenC bot (talk | contribs)Bots2,547,815 edits Rescued 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com 
(239 intermediate revisions by 73 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Indian guru (1921–2016)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader {{Infobox Hindu leader
|name= Pramukh Swami Maharaj | name = Pramukh Swami Maharaj
|image=Pramukh Swami.jpg|thumb|alt=Pramukh Swami Maharaj | image = Pramukh Swami Maharaj.jpg
| religion = ]
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|1921|12|7}}
| birth_date = 7 December 1921
|birth_place= Chansad, ], ]
| birth_place = Chansad, ], ]
|birth_name=Shantilal Patel
| birth_name = Shantilal Patel
|death_date=
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|8|13|1921|12|7}}
|death_place=
| death_place = ], ], ]
|guru= ], ]
| caption = Pramukh Swami Maharaj
|honors= ] (Scholar)
| denomination = ], ]
|quote= "In the joy of others, lies our own"
| free_label = Role(s)
|footnotes=
| free_text = Spiritual head of BAPS (1971–2016)<br>President of BAPS (1950–2016)
|}}
| monastic_name = Narayanswarupdas Swami
| notable_works = Global development of BAPS<br>Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar, New Delhi)<br>1,125 mandirs built<br>Initiated 1,000 swamis
| philosophy = ]
| predecessor1 = ]
| successor1 = ]
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Pramukh Swami Maharaj''' (born '''Shantilal Patel'''; ordained '''Narayanswarupdas Swami'''; 7 December 1921 – 13 August 2016) was the ] and Pramukh, or president, of the ], a major branch of the ], a Hindu denomination. BAPS regards him as the fifth spiritual successor of ], following ], ], ], and ]. He was believed by his followers to be in constant communion with Swaminarayan, and ontologically, the manifestation of Akshar, the eternal abode of ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHI7AAAAIAAJ|title=A new face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan religion|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|date=1984-03-15|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=9780521274739|language=en}}</ref>


He received initiation as a Hindu ] in 1940 from Shastriji Maharaj, the founder of BAPS, who later appointed him as President of BAPS in 1950. Yogiji Maharaj declared Pramukh Swami Maharaj to be his spiritual successor and guru of BAPS, a role he commenced in 1971.
'''Pramukh Swami Maharaj''' ({{lang-gu|પ્રમુખ સ્વામી મહારાજ}}) (born Shantilal Patel, 7 December 1921; ordained Shastri Narayanswarupdas) is the current ] and is regarded as the fifth spiritual successor of ] by the ] Swaminarayan Sanstha, an international ] socio-spiritual organization.


As president of BAPS, he had overseen the growth of BAPS from an organization centered in ], ], to one spread around the world, maintaining many Hindu ] and centers outside of India. He built more than 1,100 Hindu temples, including the ] temples in New Delhi and ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/wRSayFUvvGVDwzbPM8VUAM/Pramukh-Swami-head-of-Swaminarayan-sect-dies-at-95.html|title=Pramukh Swami, head of Swaminarayan sect, dies at 95|last=Pathak|first=Maulik|date=2016-08-14|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref> He had also spearheaded the efforts of ], which is the charitable service organization affiliated with BAPS. He was succeeded as the guru and president of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha by ].<ref name="baps.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.baps.org/Announcement/2016/Final-Darshan-and-Rites-of-Pramukh-Swami-Maharaj-9961.aspx|title=Final darshan and rites of Pramukh Swami Maharaj|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref>
He is believed by his followers to be in constant communion with ], and ontologically, the manifestation of '']'', the eternal abode of Swaminarayan.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=AHI7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA76&dq=pramukh+swami+akshar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wLXDUcPHDsa5rQG2sYH4DQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=pramukh%20swami%20akshar&f=false</ref>


==Early years== ==Early years==
]
Shantilal was born in the village of Chansad, ], on 7 December 1921. His parents, Motibhai and Diwaliben Patel, were disciples of ] and followers of the Akshar Purushottam faith.<ref>Sadhu Paramananddas, translated by Sadhu Tilakratnadas (1995?). Searching Questions and Fulfilling Answers: Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Interview. pp. ix-xi.</ref> Motibhai and Diwaliben were both involved in the Swaminarayan fellowship; Diwaliben’s family’s association with the Swaminarayan fellowship extended to the time of ].<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p. 2</ref> Shastriji Maharaj had blessed young Shantilal at birth, and had told his father, “This child is ours; when the time is ripe, please give him to us. He will lead thousands to the devotion of God. Through him, thousands will attain liberation.”<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p. 11</ref>
Shantilal was born in the village of Chansad, ], on 7 December 1921. His parents, Motibhai and Diwaliben Patel, were disciples of ] and followers of the ] faith.<ref>Sadhu Paramananddas, translated by Sadhu Tilakratnadas (1995?). Searching Questions and Fulfilling Answers: Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Interview. pp. ix-xi.</ref> Motibhai and Diwaliben were both involved in the Swaminarayan fellowship; Diwaliben's family's association with the Swaminarayan fellowship extended to the time of ].<ref name="Shantipriyadas">Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj</ref>{{rp|2}} Shastriji Maharaj had blessed young Shantilal at birth, and had told his father, "This child is ours; when the time is ripe, please give him to us. He will lead thousands to the devotion of God. Through him, thousands will attain liberation."<ref name="Shantipriyadas" />{{rp|11}}


Shantilal’s mother described him as a calm and soft-spoken, yet energetic and active child.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p. 9</ref> His childhood friends recall that Shantilal developed a reputation in the town and in school as an honest, reliable, mature, and kindhearted boy.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p. 10</ref> Even as a child, he possessed an uncommon empathy that led others to seek out and trust his opinions and judgments in matters large and small.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brahmaviharidas|first=Sadhu|title=Vicharan: Moments and Memories|year=1996|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|page=13}}</ref> Shantilal was raised in a simple home environment, as his family was of modest means. Although he excelled in his studies, in the seventeen years he spent at home before becoming a sadhu, Shantilal only had the opportunity to attend school for six years.<ref name="shelat7">{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj: A Life Dedicated to Others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust Publications|location=Ahmedabad|page=7}}</ref> As he grew older, Shantilal helped his household by doing chores on the family farm. Shantilal's mother described him as a calm and soft-spoken, yet energetic and active child.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|9}} His childhood friends recall that Shantilal developed a reputation in the town and in school as an honest, reliable, mature, and kindhearted boy.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|10}} Even as a child, he possessed an uncommon empathy that led others to seek out and trust his opinions and judgments in matters large and small.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brahmaviharidas|first=Sadhu|title=Vicharan: Moments and Memories|year=1996|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|page=13}}</ref> Shantilal was raised in a simple home environment, as his family was of modest means. Although he excelled in his studies, in the seventeen years he spent at home before becoming a swami, Shantilal only had the opportunity to attend school for six years.<ref name="shelat7">{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj: A Life Dedicated to Others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust Publications|location=Ahmedabad|page=7}}</ref> As he grew older, Shantilal helped his household by doing chores on the family farm.


===Early spiritual inclination=== ===Early spiritual inclination===
] (right) shortly after entering monastic life at BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Sarangpur (1939). .]]
Shantilal was strongly inclined towards spirituality from a young age. Upon completing his schoolwork, he would often rush off to the village’s Hanuman temple, where he and a childhood friend would listen to the discourses of a Hindu "holy man" named Haridas.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p.2</ref>
Shantilal was strongly inclined towards spirituality from a young age. Upon completing his schoolwork, he would often rush off to the village's ] temple, where he and a childhood friend would listen to the discourses of a Hindu "holy man" named Haridas.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|2}}
Shantilal’s daily “darshan”, or worship, at the Swaminarayan mandir in Chansad, and his association with Shastriji Maharaj and his disciple sadhus whenever they came to the village, further reflected Shantilal’s affinity for spirituality.<ref name="aksharvatsaldas2007">Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, translated by Sadhu Vivekjivandas (2007). Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p. xi. ISBN 81-7526-217-6.</ref> Shantilal took his meals only after having darshan at the Swaminarayan Mandir. He would often meet other sadhus who passed through the village from the holy places of pilgrimage in North India.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p.10</ref> Swaminarayan sadhus, such as Ghanshyam Swami and Balmukund Swami, frequently visited Chansad and other nearby villages; Shantilal regularly engaged in serving them during those visits.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p.7</ref>


Shantilal's daily “darshan”, or worship, at the Swaminarayan temple in Chansad, and his association with Shastriji Maharaj and his disciple swamis whenever they came to the village, further reflected Shantilal's affinity for spirituality.<ref name="aksharvatsaldas2007">Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, translated by Sadhu Vivekjivandas (2007). Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p. xi. {{ISBN|81-7526-217-6}}.</ref> Shantilal took his meals only after having darshan at the Swaminarayan temple. He used to meet other swamis who passed through the village from the holy places of pilgrimage in North India.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|10}} Swaminarayan swamis, such as Ghanshyam Swami and Balmukund Swami, frequently visited Chansad and other nearby villages; Shantilal regularly engaged in serving them during those visits.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|7}}
As a teenager, Shantilal’s bond with Shastriji Maharaj deepened, and his devoutness and intellect impressed many in the fellowship. Many felt it was only a matter of time until Shantilal would embark upon a monastic life by joining the order of Swaminarayan sadhus under Shastriji Maharaj.<ref name="shelat7"/>

As a teenager, Shantilal's bond with Shastriji Maharaj deepened, and his devoutness and intellect impressed many in the fellowship. Those close to Shantilal felt it was only a matter of time until he would embark upon a monastic life by joining the order of Swaminarayan swamis under Shastriji Maharaj.<ref name="shelat7"/>


===Entering the monastic life=== ===Entering the monastic life===
On 7 November 1939, when Shantilal was seventeen years old, he received a letter from his guru, Shastriji Maharaj, asking him to join the sadhus. His parents gave their permission and blessings, and Shantilal left home that day to join Shastriji Maharaj and his sadhus.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p.11</ref> On 7 November 1939, when Shantilal was seventeen years old, he received a letter from his guru, Shastriji Maharaj, asking him to join the swamis. His parents gave their permission and blessings, and Shantilal left home that day to join Shastriji Maharaj and his swamis.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|11}}


Shastriji Maharaj gave Shantilal primary initiation, ''parshad diksha'', at Ambli-Vadi Pol in ] on 22 November 1939, and renamed him Shanti Bhagat.<ref name="aksharvatsaldas2007"/> One of Shastriji Maharaj’s first requests to the newly-initiated Shanti Bhagat was for him to study ]; Shanti Bhagat complied with this wish, and excelled in his studies.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p.15</ref> Shastriji Maharaj gave Shantilal primary initiation, ''parshad diksha'', at Ambli-Vadi Pol in ] on 22 November 1939, and renamed him Shanti Bhagat.<ref name="aksharvatsaldas2007"/> One of Shastriji Maharaj's first requests to the newly initiated Shanti Bhagat was for him to study ]; Shanti Bhagat complied with this wish, and excelled in his studies.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|15}}


Soon thereafter, on 10 January 1940 at the Akshar Deri in ], Shanti Bhagat was given the ''bhagvati diksha'', initiated as a sadhu, and named Sadhu Narayanswarupdas (meaning “the form of Narayan”).<ref>(2007). 100 Years of BAPS. p. 170. ISBN 81-7526-377-6.</ref> Upon giving him this name, Shastriji Maharaj elaborated, “His face carries the brilliance of God, so I name him Narayanswarupdas (the servant of the form of God).”<ref>{{cite book|last=Brahmaviharidas|first=Sadhu|title=Vicharan: Moments and Memories|year=1996|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|page=14}}</ref> ] also gave Narayanswarupdasji his blessings, observing, “He will surely become great.”<ref name="shantipriyadas17">Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p.17</ref> Soon thereafter, on 10 January 1940 at the ] in ], Shanti Bhagat was given the ''bhagvati diksha'', initiated as a swami, and named Narayanswarupdas Swami (meaning "the form of Narayan").<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|170}} Upon giving him this name, Shastriji Maharaj elaborated, "His face carries the brilliance of God, so I name him Narayanswarupdas (the servant of the form of God)."<ref>{{cite book|last=Brahmaviharidas|first=Sadhu|title=Vicharan: Moments and Memories|year=1996|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|page=14}}</ref> ] also gave Narayanswarupdasji his blessings, observing, "He will surely become great."<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|17}}


Renouncing worldly pleasures, Sadhu Narayanswarupdas adopted vows of celibacy (‘’nishkam‘’), non-covetousness (‘’nirlobh‘’), non-taste (‘’nisswad‘’), non-attachment (‘’nissneh‘’) and humility (‘’nirman‘’) and committed himself to lifelong dedication and service to God and humanity.<ref>Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, translated by Sadhu Vivekjivandas (2007). Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p. xvii. ISBN 81-7526-217-6.</ref> Renouncing worldly pleasures, Shantilal adopted vows of ] (''nishkam''), non-covetousness (''nirlobh''), non-taste (''nisswad''), non-attachment (''nissneh'') and humility (''nirman'') and committed himself to lifelong dedication and service to God and humanity.<ref>Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, translated by Sadhu Vivekjivandas (2007). Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p. xvii. {{ISBN|81-7526-217-6}}.</ref> Shantilal was a ].<ref>Trivedi, Yogi. (2023). . Penguin Random House. {{ISBN|978-9354929137}}</ref>


==Early years as a Sadhu== ==Early years as a swami==
As a young sadhu, Sadhu Narayanswarupdas studied Sanskrit and the Hindu scriptures at ] and ], earning the title “Shastri” upon mastering both scripture and philosophy.<ref name="autogenerated61">Raymond Brady Williams (2001). An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0 521 654.22.</ref> In addition to his studies, Shastri Narayanswarupdas routinely engaged in a multitude of activities, including cleaning the temple compounds, cooking for sadhus and devotees, and many other duties.<ref name="shantipriyadas17"/> Shastri Narayanswarupdas also played a significant role throughout the construction of the Atladra mandir in the early 1940s. During the construction, he sustained chemical burns and blisters on his body after mixing the lime to be used in construction, yet he persisted unflinchingly in performing his service despite the injuries.<ref>Sadhu Paramananddas, translated by Sadhu Tilakratnadas (1995?). Searching Questions and Fulfilling Answers: Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Interview. pp. ix-xi. See also http://baps.org/pramukhswami/life/2.htm.</ref> Serving concurrently as Shastriji Maharaj’s personal secretary, Shastri Narayanswarupdas also gained a comprehensive understanding of BAPS’ broader affairs and activities.<ref name="autogenerated61"/> In 1946,when Shastri Narayanswarupdas was 25, Shastriji Maharaj appointed him the head, or ‘’kothari‘’, of the large BAPS mandir in Sarangpur.<ref name="autogenerated61"/> As head of the mandir, Shastri Narayanswarupdas oversaw a major expansion of the temple facilities despite considerable financial constraints. His leadership and unassuming personality in the midst of significant hardships earned him the respect of his fellow sadhus and devotees, and presaged the significant responsibility that his guru would soon entrust to him.<ref name="shelat8">{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj: A Life Dedicated to Others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust Publications|location=Ahmedabad|page=8}}</ref> As a young swami, Narayanswarupdas Swami studied Sanskrit and the Hindu scriptures at Bhadaran and ], earning the title “Shastri” upon mastering both scripture and philosophy.<ref name="Raymond2001">Raymond Brady Williams (2001). ''An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism''. ]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-65422-7}}.</ref>{{rp|61}} In addition to his studies, Shastri Narayanswarupdas routinely engaged in a multitude of activities, including cleaning the temple compounds, cooking for swamis and devotees, and many other duties.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|17}} Shastri Narayanswarupdas also played a significant role throughout the construction of the Atladra mandir in the early 1940s. During the construction, he sustained chemical burns and blisters on his body after mixing the lime to be used in construction, yet he persisted unflinchingly in performing his service despite the injuries.<ref>Sadhu Paramananddas, translated by Sadhu Tilakratnadas (1995?). Searching Questions and Fulfilling Answers: Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Interview. pp. ix-xi. See also {{cite web |url=http://baps.org/pramukhswami/life/2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102002719/http://www.baps.org/pramukhswami/life/2.htm |access-date=2011-12-01 |archive-date=2 January 2005 |df=dmy-all |title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj-Diksha }}.</ref> Serving concurrently as Shastriji Maharaj's personal secretary, Shastri Narayanswarupdas also gained a comprehensive understanding of BAPS’ broader affairs and activities.<ref name="Raymond2001"/> In 1946, when Shastri Narayanswarupdas was 25, Shastriji Maharaj appointed him the head, or "kothari", of the large BAPS temple in Salangpur.<ref name="Raymond2001"/> As head of the temple, Shastri Narayanswarupdas oversaw a major expansion of the temple facilities despite considerable financial constraints. His leadership and unassuming personality in the midst of significant hardships earned him the respect of his fellow swamis and devotees, and presaged the significant responsibility that his guru would soon entrust to him.<ref name="shelat8">{{cite book|last=Shelat|first=Kirit|title=Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj: A Life Dedicated to Others|year=2005|publisher=Shri Bhagwati Trust Publications|location=Ahmedabad|page=8}}</ref>


==President of BAPS== ==President of BAPS==


===Appointment as President=== ===Appointment as president===
]
In the early part of 1950, Shastriji Maharaj wrote several letters to 28-year-old Shastri Narayanswarupdas expressing his wish to appoint him the president of the organization. Twice Shastri Narayanswarupdas wrote back respectfully declining, citing his young age and inexperience, and the presence of many senior sadhus who would be more suited to the responsibility.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vivekjivandas|first=Sadhu|title=Pramukh Varni Din|journal=Swaminarayan Bliss|year=2000|month=June}}</ref> Shastriji Maharaj continued to insist, sending several senior devotees to convince Shastri Narayanswarupdas. Perceiving it to be his guru’s inner wish, Shastri Narayanswarupdas ultimately acquiesced.<ref name="shelat8"/>
In the early part of 1950, Shastriji Maharaj wrote several letters to 28-year-old Shastri Narayanswarupdas expressing his wish to appoint him the president of the organization. Twice Shastri Narayanswarupdas wrote back respectfully declining, citing his young age and inexperience, and the presence of many senior swamis who would be more suited to the responsibility.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vivekjivandas|first=Sadhu|title=Pramukh Varni Din|journal=Swaminarayan Bliss|date=June 2000}}</ref> Shastriji Maharaj continued to insist, sending several senior devotees to convince Shastri Narayanswarupdas. Perceiving it to be his guru's inner wish, Shastri Narayanswarupdas ultimately acquiesced.<ref name="shelat8"/>


On 21 May 1950 at Ambli-Vali Pol in Amdavad, Shastriji Maharaj appointed Shastri Narayanswarupdas, then merely 28 years of age, as the administrative president (‘’Pramukh‘’) of BAPS.<ref name="autogenerated11">Sadhu Amrutvijaydas (2007). 100 Years of BAPS. p. 11. ISBN 81-7526-377-6.</ref> Since that time, Shastri Narayanswarupdas has been widely known as “Pramukh Swami.” At the ceremony, Shastriji Maharaj placed his own shawl around Shastri Narayanswarupdas’s shoulders, and asked Yogiji Maharaj to bless him.<ref name="shantipriyadas14">Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p.14</ref> Shastri Narayanswarupdas then addressed the group, “I feel overwhelmed by the kindness and love showered upon me so lavishly here by my guru, ], and by my mentor ]. Always will this day remain sacred for me, in that I am considered worthy of so great a trust and confidence by the two most noble souls of our fellowship, and by you all despite my young age.”<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1985). The Guru in the Akshar Purushottam Branch of the Swaminarayan Hindu Sect. p. 65.</ref> Despite being appointed the president of the organization just hours before, that evening, Shastri Narayanswarupdas was found washing the cooking utensils and dishes used by the devotees who had attended the ceremony.<ref name="shantipriyadas14"/> This incident was emblematic of the humble style of servant-leadership that would characterize the next six decades of his presidency.<ref>Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas (2008). Eternal Virtues: Spiritual Attributes of Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p.251-259. ISBN 81-7526-395-4.</ref> On 21 May 1950 at Ambli-Vali Pol in ], Shastriji Maharaj appointed Shastri Narayanswarupdas, then merely 28 years of age, as the administrative president ("Pramukh") of BAPS.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11}} After that Shastri Narayanswarupdas was widely known as "Pramukh Swami." At the ceremony, Shastriji Maharaj placed his own shawl around Shastri Narayanswarupdas's shoulders, and asked Yogiji Maharaj to bless him.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|14}} Shastri Narayanswarupdas then addressed the group, "I feel overwhelmed by the kindness and love showered upon me so lavishly here by my guru, ], and by my mentor ]. Always will this day remain sacred for me, in that I am considered worthy of so great a trust and confidence by the two most noble souls of our fellowship, and by you all despite my young age."<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1985). The Guru in the Akshar Purushottam Branch of the Swaminarayan Hindu Sect. p. 65.</ref> Despite being appointed the president of the organization just hours before, that evening, Shastri Narayanswarupdas was found washing the cooking utensils and dishes used by the devotees who had attended the ceremony.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|14}} This incident was emblematic of the humble style of servant-leadership that would characterize the next six decades of his presidency.<ref>Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas (2008). ''Eternal Virtues: Spiritual Attributes of Pramukh Swami Maharaj''. p.251-259. {{ISBN|81-7526-395-4}}.</ref>


===Service under Yogiji Maharaj=== ===Service under Yogiji Maharaj===
Pramukh Swami continued to serve as the president of BAPS under guru Yogiji Maharaj after Shastriji Maharaj died in 1951. He became particularly esteemed for his aptitude as an organizer and administrator, fulfilling all of Yogiji Maharaj’s goals and dreams for the organization.<ref name="autogenerated61"/> For instance, Pramukh Swami helped Yogiji Maharaj in expanding the faith to England and East Africa in 1960 and 1970, constructing new temples, and instituting new programs within the organization. Throughout these efforts, Pramukh Swami remained unassuming in his conduct and uncomplaining during the hardships he encountered. ]
He continued to serve as the president of BAPS under guru Yogiji Maharaj after Shastriji Maharaj died in 1951. He became particularly esteemed for his aptitude as an organizer and administrator, fulfilling all of Yogiji Maharaj's goals and dreams for the organization.<ref name="Raymond2001"/> For instance, he helped Yogiji Maharaj in expanding the faith to England and East Africa in 1960 and 1970, constructing new temples, and instituting new programs within the organization. Throughout these efforts, he remained unassuming in his conduct and uncomplaining during the hardships he encountered.{{which|date=August 2016}}


Before he died in 1971, Yogiji Maharaj had explained to sadhus and devotees, “From now onwards, Pramukh Swami Maharaj will carry on my work…Pramukh Swami is my everything.”<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p. 35.</ref> With these and other sentiments, Pramukh Swami’s predecessors identified him as the spiritual leader and guide for followers of BAPS. Before dying in 1971, Yogiji Maharaj had explained to swamis and devotees, "From now onwards, Pramukh Swami Maharaj will carry on my work…Pramukh Swami is my everything".<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|35}}


==As President and Guru of BAPS== ==As president and guru of BAPS==


===Global growth=== ===Global growth===
] (2007)]]
Under Pramukh Swami Maharaj’s leadership, BAPS has rapidly grown into a global Hindu organization and has witnessed a significant expansion in many measurable parameters. Currently, BAPS encompasses over one million devotees, more than 900 sadhus, 3,300 mandirs and congregations, over 7,200 weekly assemblies, and a host of humanitarian and charitable activities.<ref>http://baps.org/introduction/index.htm</ref> Pramukh Swami accompanied Yogiji Maharaj on their spiritual tour of East Africa in 1960<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p. 291</ref> as well as in 1970, and embarked upon his first overseas visit as the ‘’guru‘’, or spiritual leader, of BAPS in 1974.<ref>Sadhu Amrutvijaydas (2007). 100 Years of BAPS. p. 74. ISBN 81-7526-377-6.</ref> In the decades that have followed, his 27 international spiritual tours have spanned over fifty countries in five continents.<ref>Sadhu Amrutvijaydas (2007). 100 Years of BAPS. p. 190. ISBN 81-7526-377-6.</ref>
Under his leadership, BAPS rapidly grew into a global Hindu organization and witnessed a significant expansion in many measurable parameters. As of 2019, BAPS encompasses over one million devotees, more than 900 swamis, 3,300 mandirs and congregations, over 7,200 weekly assemblies, and a host of humanitarian and charitable activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baps.org/About-BAPS.aspx|title=About BAPS|website=BAPS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> He accompanied Yogiji Maharaj on a tour of East Africa in 1960<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|291}} as well as in 1970, and embarked upon his first overseas visit as the guru, or spiritual leader, of BAPS in 1974.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=100 years of BAPS : foundation--formation--fruition|last=Amrutvijaydas.|date=2009|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|others=Swaminarayan Aksharpith.|isbn=978-81-7526-377-2|edition=2nd|location=Ahmedabad|oclc=748287143}}</ref>{{Rp|74}} In the following decades, his 27 international spiritual tours spanned over fifty countries in five continents.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|190}}


===Temples=== ===Temples===
] (2013)]]
On 4 June 1971, in the village of Sankari, Pramukh Swami Maharaj consecrated the first temple after Yogiji Maharaj’s death.<ref>Sadhu Amrutvijaydas (2007). 100 Years of BAPS. p. 70. ISBN 81-7526-377-6.</ref> Since then, Pramukh Swami Maharaj has inaugurated hundreds of temples and centers around the world, leading to his recognition by the Guinness Book of World Records for having consecrated the greatest number of Hindu temples.<ref>Hanna Kim (2010). Public Engagement and Personal Desires: BAPS Swaminarayan Temples and their Contribution to the Discourses on Religion. International Journal of Hindu Studies. p. 2.</ref> Outside India, such temples include ''shikharbaddha'' temples in the metropolitan areas of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>John Zavos (2010). Negotiating Minority/Majority Religious Identity: Exploring the Social Location of a Transnational Religious Organisation in Britain and India. Rindas, The Center for the Study of Contemporary India, Ryukoku University. International Symposium Series 1. p. 104.</ref> The temple in the ] metro area is currently recognized as the largest traditional Hindu temple outside the Indian subcontinent.<ref>Associated Press, Hindu Temple in Atlanta Suburbs Will Be Largest in U.S., Aug 22, 2007. Available athttp://blog.beliefnet.com/news/2007/08/hindu-temple-in-atlanta-suburb.php</ref> Within India, Pramukh Swami Maharaj is credited as the inspirer of the Swaminarayan ] complexes in ] and ], itself the world’s largest comprehensive Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-12-26/news/27689947_1_hindu-temple-akshardham-temple-spiritual-leader-and-head |title=Akshardham temple enters Guinness Book of World Records - Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2007-12-26 |accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref> In discussing BAPS’ efforts to construct traditional Hindu temples around the world, Pramukh Swami emphasizes the importance of such houses of worship in modern society and values and faith they inspire in members of the community.<ref>Guinness World Records Honors HDH Pramukh Swami Maharaj for Two World Records, http://www.swaminarayan.org/news/2000/07/guinnessbook/index.htm; Mandir Concepts, http://www.mandir.org/mandir/concepts.htm</ref>
On 4 June 1971, in the village of Sankari, he consecrated the first temple after Yogiji Maharaj's death.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|70}} After that he inaugurated hundreds of temples and centers around the world, leading to his recognition for having consecrated the greatest number of Hindu temples.<ref>Hanna Kim (2010). Public Engagement and Personal Desires: BAPS Swaminarayan Temples and their Contribution to the Discourses on Religion. International Journal of Hindu Studies. p. 2.</ref> In total. he consecrated 125 temples abroad, and 1,000 in India.<ref name=":1" /> Outside India, such temples include ''shikharbaddha'' temples in the metropolitan areas of ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>John Zavos (2010). Negotiating Minority/Majority Religious Identity: Exploring the Social Location of a Transnational Religious Organisation in Britain and India. Rindas, The Center for the Study of Contemporary India, Ryukoku University. International Symposium Series 1. p. 104.</ref> The temple in the ] metro area is currently recognized as the largest traditional Hindu temple outside the Indian subcontinent.<ref>Associated Press, Hindu Temple in Atlanta Suburbs Will Be Largest in U.S., Aug 22, 2007. Available at http://blog.beliefnet.com/news/2007/08/hindu-temple-in-atlanta-suburb.php</ref> Within India, he is credited as the inspirer of the Swaminarayan Akshardham complexes in ] and ], itself the world's largest comprehensive Hindu temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-12-26/news/27689947_1_hindu-temple-akshardham-temple-spiritual-leader-and-head |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201041846/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-12-26/news/27689947_1_hindu-temple-akshardham-temple-spiritual-leader-and-head |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2013 |title=Akshardham temple enters Guinness Book of World Records - Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2007-12-26 |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref> In discussing BAPS’ efforts to construct traditional Hindu temples around the world, Pramukh Swami emphasized the importance of such houses of worship in modern society and values and faith they inspire in members of the community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mandir.org/mandir/concepts.htm|title=Mandir Concepts - BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, London|date=2012-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523192132/http://www.mandir.org/mandir/concepts.htm|access-date=2019-12-03|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>


===Interfaith harmony=== ===Interfaith harmony===
]
In addition to meeting with and providing spiritual guidance to devotees during his international visits, Pramukh Swami has also met with other religious and civic leaders. Professor Brian Hutchinson notes that in speaking with these individuals, Pramukh Swami “consistently emphasizes what religions hold in common and advocates cooperation between them with the purpose of uplifting the moral and religious life of mankind.”<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1985). The Guru in the Akshar Purushottam Branch of the Swaminarayan Hindu Sect. pp. 65-66.</ref> The sentiments Pramukh Swami shared with world religious leaders at the 2000 Millennium World Peace Summit at the United Nations reflected a similar message. In his address, Pramukh Swami emphasized the goal of cooperation and mutual respect among religions, for “religion is that which spreads love for one another.” He also expressed a desire that all forms of organized religion be able to coexist in harmony, noting that “flourishing together is the secret of peace.” In particular, Pramukh Swami analogized every religion to a goldmine of values from which all people could draw lessons for life. Pramukh Swami also encouraged his fellow spiritual leaders to teach their followers that religion does not grow by quantity of followers, but by quality of spirituality. In his words, “a Hindu should become a better Hindu, a Jew should become a better Jew, a Christian should become a better Christian, a Muslim should become a better Muslim. If the follower of every religion becomes a better and true follower then our world will be a much better world.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/news/2000/08/peacesummit/index.htm |title=HDH Pramukh Swami Maharaj Addresses World Peace Summit, UN |publisher=Swaminarayan.org |date= |accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref>
In addition to meeting with and providing spiritual guidance to devotees during his international visits, he met with other religious and civic leaders. Brian Hutchinson notes that in speaking with these individuals, the pramukh "consistently emphasizes what religions hold in common and advocates cooperation between them with the purpose of uplifting the moral and religious life of mankind".<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1985). The Guru in the Akshar Purushottam Branch of the Swaminarayan Hindu Sect. pp. 65-66.</ref> The sentiments he shared with world religious leaders at the 2000 Millennium World Peace Summit at the United Nations reflected a similar message. In his address, he emphasized the goal of cooperation and mutual respect among religions, for "religion is that which spreads love for one another". He also expressed a desire that all forms of organized religion be able to coexist in harmony, noting that "flourishing together is the secret of peace". In particular, he analogized every religion to a goldmine of values from which all people could draw lessons for life. Pramukh Swami also encouraged his fellow spiritual leaders to teach their followers that religion does not grow by quantity of followers, but by quality of spirituality. In his words, "a Hindu should become a better Hindu, a Jew should become a better Jew, a Christian should become a better Christian, a Muslim should become a better Muslim. If the follower of every religion becomes a better and true follower then our world will be a much better world".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/news/2000/08/peacesummit/index.htm |title=HDH Pramukh Swami Maharaj Addresses World Peace Summit, UN |publisher=Swaminarayan.org |date=August 2000 |access-date=2013-04-22}}</ref>


This vision of harmony through dialogue with other religious leaders, with followers, and with self characterizes Pramukh Swami’s message both within BAPS and beyond. During the 2002 communal riots in Gujarat and the terrorist attack on the Akshardham complex in Gandhinagar, Pramukh Swami Maharaj urged the general public to maintain peace and unity.<ref>Hindu Press International, Religious Leaders Appeal for Peace in Gujarat, Sept. 26, 2002, available at http://hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/religious-leaders-appeal-for-peace-in-gujarat/2242.html; Pramukh Swami Maharaj’s Appeal & Prayer for Peace, http://www.baps.org/News/2002/Pramukh-Swami-Maharajs-Appeal--Prayer-for-Peace-1865.aspx</ref> Pramukh Swami’s response and guidance during these trying times have been commended by leaders and commentators, including the National Security commando in charge of the rescue mission during the Akshardham attack, who later asserted that “what did was unbelievable. He pieced society back together.”<ref>Ajay Umat, Akshardham Ideal Terror Response, The Times of India, Sept. 28, 2011</ref> This vision of harmony through dialogue characterized his message within BAPS and beyond. During the ] and the ] in Gandhinagar, he urged the public to maintain peace and unity.<ref>Hindu Press International, Religious Leaders Appeal for Peace in Gujarat, September 26, 2002, available at http://hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/religious-leaders-appeal-for-peace-in-gujarat/2242.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baps.org/News/2002/Pramukh-Swami-Maharajs-Appeal--Prayer-for-Peace-1865.aspx|title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj's Appeal & Prayer for Peace|website=BAPS|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> His response and guidance during those times was commended by leaders and commentators, including the National Security commando in charge of the rescue mission during the Akshardham attack, who later asserted that "what did was unbelievable. He pieced society back together".<ref>Ajay Umat, Akshardham Ideal Terror Response, The Times of India, September 28, 2011</ref>


===Celebrating Hindu culture=== ===Celebrating Hindu culture===
]
In addition, Pramukh Swami has led BAPS’ efforts in conducting a number of large-scale cultural festivals, with the aim of fostering better understanding and appreciation of Hindu traditions and promoting moral and spiritual living.<ref name="autogenerated11"/> The month-long Cultural Festival of India held in Edison, New Jersey during the summer of 1991, for instance, showcased traditional Indian arts, architecture, dance, and music as well as Hindu culture and spirituality, aiming to foster deeper intercultural and interfaith understanding to the over one million visitors who attended.<ref>Sadhu Amrutvijaydas (2007). 100 Years of BAPS. p. 110. ISBN 81-7526-377-6.</ref>
He led BAPS’ efforts in conducting a number of large-scale cultural festivals, with the aim of fostering better understanding and appreciation of Hindu traditions and promoting moral and spiritual living.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11}} The month-long Cultural Festival of India held in ] during the summer of 1991, for instance, showcased traditional Indian arts, architecture, dance, and music as well as Hindu culture and spirituality, aiming to foster deeper intercultural and interfaith understanding to the over one million visitors who attended.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|110}}


===Sadhus=== ===Swamis===
]
Beginning with his first sadhu initiation ceremony in January 1971, Pramukh Swami Maharaj has also initiated over 850 youth into the sadhu fold.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p. 292</ref> Hutchinson observes that Pramukh Swami’s “selfless love…was his most frequently and enthusiastically reported characteristic that had influenced persons to become devotees and sadhus.”<ref name="autogenerated105">Brian Hutchinson (1996). The Divine-Human Figure in the Transmission of Religious Transition. Published in Raymond Williams’ A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad. Columbia University Press. p. 105.</ref> After renouncing worldly ambitions, these sadhus are guided by Pramukh Swami in their service of God and society.<ref name="autogenerated11"/> Milestone events in this realm include the bicentenary celebrations of ] in 1981 and of ] in 1985, which saw the initiation of 200 and 173 sadhus, respectively, in a single day.<ref>Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj, p. 294</ref> Most recently, on 14 March 2012, the 91-year old spiritual leader initiated 68 youths from around the world into the monastic order during a ceremony in Sarangpur, Gujarat.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mahurkar|first=Uday|title=The Monks who abandoned Ferraris|journal=India Today|date=2 April 2012|pages=66–67|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nris-turn-into-new-age-monks-for-spirituality/1/179072.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Diksha Ceremony 2012, Sarangpur, India|url=http://www.baps.org/News/2012/Diksha-Ceremony-2012-3523.aspx|publisher=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|accessdate=16 June 2012}}</ref>
Beginning with his first swami initiation ceremony in January 1971, during his lifetime he initiated 1,000 youth into the swami fold.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|292}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Work|url=https://pramukhswami.org/work/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=pramukhswami.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Hutchinson observes that his "selfless love…was his most frequently and enthusiastically reported characteristic that had influenced persons to become devotees and swamis".<ref name="autogenerated105">Brian Hutchinson (1996) The Divine-Human Figure in the Transmission of Religious Transition. Published in Raymond Williams’ A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad. Columbia University Press. p. 105.</ref> After renouncing worldly ambitions, these swamis were guided by him in their service of God and society.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11}} Milestone events in this realm include the bicentenary celebrations of ] in 1981 and of ] in 1985, which saw the initiation of 200 and 173 swamis, respectively, in a single day.<ref name=Shantipriyadas/>{{rp|294}} On 14 March 2012, he initiated 68 youths into the monastic order during a ceremony in Sarangpur, Gujarat.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mahurkar |first=Uday |title=The Monks who abandoned Ferraris |journal=India Today |date=2 April 2012 |pages=66–67 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nris-turn-into-new-age-monks-for-spirituality/1/179072.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diksha Ceremony 2012, Sarangpur, India |url=http://www.baps.org/News/2012/Diksha-Ceremony-2012-3523.aspx |publisher=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha |access-date=16 June 2012 }}</ref>


== Death ==
===Leadership of BAPS charitable and humanitarian endeavors===
]
In conjunction with his spiritual and cultural roles, Pramukh Swami Maharaj has also spearheaded BAPS’ international humanitarian efforts through BAPS Charities. These activities have included:
He had been suffering from a ] in his last days from which he was gradually recovering. However, due to his longstanding heart problems, he died on 13 August 2016, at 6 pm at the BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir, ], ], Gujarat, India.<ref name="InEX2016">{{cite web | title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj passes away, PM Narendra Modi says will miss his presence | website=The Indian Express | date=13 August 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pramukh-swami-maharaj-passes-away-pm-narendra-modi-says-will-miss-his-presence-2973555/ | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="BAPSPS2016">{{cite web | title=PRESS RELEASE: 13 Aug 2016 | website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha | date=13 August 2016 | url=http://www.baps.org/Announcement/2016/PRESS-RELEASE-13-Aug-2016-925.aspx | language=gu | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Zee News2016">{{cite web | title=Pramukh Swami Maharaj, head of BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha, passes away in Sarangpur | website=Zee News | date=13 August 2016 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/pramukh-swami-maharaj-head-of-baps-passes-away-in-sarangpur_1918578.html | language=la | access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref> On 20 July 2012, Pramukh Swami had declared in the presence of senior swamis that ] would succeed him as the sixth guru and spiritual head of BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha.<ref name="baps.org"/>
* Assistance during natural disasters, including famine relief, cattle camps, and earthquake relief work in India, the United States, Haiti, and other nations.
* Educational endeavors, such as literacy campaigns, as well as operating nursery, primary and secondary schools as well as colleges, institutes of higher learning, and student hostels.
* Ecological projects, such as installing irrigation systems in water-scarce communities and a range of tree planting, well recharging, and recycling projects.
* Medical services, including operating charitable hospitals and hosting diagnostic camps, free medicine distributions, and blood and marrow donation drives.
* Anti-addiction campaigns, which have inspired many to abstain from or give up alcohol, tobacco, and other addictions.

Under Pramukh Swami’s leadership and vision, these and other humanitarian endeavors continue to provide lasting benefits for thousands of individuals worldwide.


==Significance in BAPS== ==Significance in BAPS==
Followers of ] believe Pramukh Swami Maharaj to be a manifestation of ‘’Akshar‘’, the form of the eternal abode of God. As Akshar he is also in constant communion with God. Accordingly, Pramukh Swami Maharaj is considered by devotees to be “the perfect servant of God, …totally filled with God and therefore worthy of reverence and worship.”<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (2001). An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87-95. ISBN 0 521 654.22.</ref> Followers of ] believed him to be a manifestation of "Akshar", the form of the eternal abode of God. As Akshar he was also in constant communion with God. Accordingly, he was considered by devotees to be "the perfect servant of God, …totally filled with God and therefore worthy of reverence and worship".<ref name="Raymond2001"/>{{rp|87–95}}


===Theological role=== ===Theological role===
]
As the current living guru, Pramukh Swami Maharaj is considered by followers of BAPS to be the ideal ‘’sadhu‘’, the perfect devotee, and the principal target for emulation by all spiritual aspirants. He is often described by followers as a personification of the sacred scriptures.<ref name="autogenerated94">Raymond Brady Williams (2001). An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. ISBN 0 521 654.22.</ref> He is viewed as “fully ‘’brahmanized‘’,” or having achieved the ultimate level of spiritual development.<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1998). The Guru-Devotee Relationship in the Experience of the Members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha. p. 151.</ref>
The living guru is considered by followers of BAPS to be the ideal swami, the perfect devotee, and the principal target for emulation by all spiritual aspirants. He was often described by followers as a personification of the sacred scriptures.<ref name="Raymond2001"/>{{rp|94}} He was viewed as "fully ''brahmanized''", or having achieved the ultimate level of spiritual development.<ref name=GDR>Brian Hutchinson (1998) ''The Guru-Devotee Relationship in the Experience of the Members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha''.</ref>{{rp|151}}


Devotees consider Pramukh Swami to exemplify all the ideals of the religion; he is viewed as the first disciple, most faithful in his observance of the commandments, most active in propagation of the religion, the best interpreter of the meaning of the scriptures, and the most effective in eradicating the ignorance that separates man from God.<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (1996). The Holy Man as the Abode of God in the Swaminarayan Religion. Published in Joanne P. Waghorne and Norman Cutler’s Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India. Columbia University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-89012-037-4.</ref> His conduct is hence considered to be that of the “ideal saint” and “perfect ‘’bhakta‘’ (devotee),” providing a tangible and graspable example for the spiritual aspirant to follow.<ref>Hanna Kim (2001). Being Swaminarayan: The Ontology and Significance of Belief in the Construction of a Gujarati Diaspora. Columbia University Press. p.354.</ref> Devotees view Pramukh Swami’s staunch respect for Shastriji Maharaj and Yogiji Maharaj as the model of devotion to one’s guru.<ref name="autogenerated1996">A.D. Brear, The Authority of Pramukh Swami within the Swaminarayan Hindu Mission (1996). DISKUS Vol.4, No.1., available at http://www.basr.ac.uk/diskus/diskus1-6/BREAR.TXT</ref> Devotees considered him to exemplify all the ideals of the religion; he was viewed as the first disciple, most faithful in his observance of the commandments, most active in propagation of the religion, the best interpreter of the meaning of the scriptures, and the most effective in eradicating the ignorance that separates man from God.<ref name="Raymond1996">Raymond Brady Williams (1996). "The Holy Man as the Abode of God in the Swaminarayan Religion". In Joanne P. Waghorne and Norman Cutler’s ''Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India''. ]. {{ISBN|0-89012-037-4}}.</ref>{{rp|153}} His conduct was hence considered to be that of the "ideal saint" and "perfect ''bhakta'' (devotee)", providing a tangible and graspable example for the spiritual aspirant to follow.<ref>Hanna Kim ''''. Columbia University Press (2001) p.354.</ref> Devotees viewed his staunch respect for Shastriji Maharaj and Yogiji Maharaj as the model of devotion to one's guru.<ref name="Brear1996">A.D. Brear, " {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731124320/http://www.basr.ac.uk/diskus/diskus1-6/BREAR.TXT |date=31 July 2013 }}" (1996). DISKUS Vol.4, No.1.</ref>
] in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.]]
His practice of carrying the '']'' of Swaminarayan before him and directing all garlands or offerings presented to him to the image was also seen as a paradigm of humility and selflessness.<ref name="Raymond1996"/>{{rp|150}} Similarly, devotees viewed his actions in September 2002, when he appealed for peace and forgiveness of Muslim militants who killed 32 people and injured dozens more in an attack on Akshardham Gandhinagar, to epitomize the Hindu tenet of ], or nonviolence.<ref>John Statton Hawley and Vasudha Narayanan (2006). ''The Life of Hinduism''. University of California Press. pp. 4-5. {{ISBN|978-0-520-24913-4}}.</ref> His personality and conduct thus served as exemplars for devotees striving to progress personally and spiritually.


Followers believed that by associating with him, they might rid themselves of their vices, baser instincts, and worldly attachments.<ref name="Raymond1996"/> Earning the grace of the guru, devotees believed, would enable them to achieve liberation in which they would escape the cycle of births and deaths and attain "Akshardham" (God's divine abode).<ref name="Raymond1996"/>{{rp|149}}
Pramukh Swami’s practice of carrying the ‘’]‘’ of Bhagwan Swaminarayan before him and directing all garlands or offerings presented to him to the image is also seen as a paradigm of humility and selflessness.<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (1996). The Holy Man as the Abode of God in the Swaminarayan Religion. Published in Joanne P. Waghorne and Norman Cutler’s Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India. Columbia University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-89012-037-4.</ref> Similarly, devotees view Pramukh Swami’s actions in September 2002, when he appealed for peace and forgiveness of Muslim militants who killed 32 people and injured dozens more in an attack on Akshardham Gandhinagar, to epitomize the Hindu tenet of ahimsa, or nonviolence.<ref>John Statton Hawley and Vasudha Narayanan (2006). The Life of Hinduism. University of California Press. pp. 4-5. ISBN 978-0-520-24913-4.</ref> Pramukh Swami’s personality and conduct thus serve as exemplars for devotees striving to progress personally and spiritually.


For a devotee of BAPS, he was considered the essential spiritual link with God.<ref name="autogenerated105"/> According to the teachings of Swaminarayan, devotees consider God (Swaminarayan) to be manifest through Pramukh Swami Maharaj.<ref name=GDR/>{{rp|149}} Thus, his followers believed that by offering devotion to Pramukh Swami, they offer it to Swaminarayan himself.<ref name=GDR />{{rp|147}}
Followers believe that by associating with Pramukh Swami Maharaj, they may rid themselves of their vices, baser instincts, and worldly attachments.<ref name="autogenerated94"/> Earning the grace of the guru, devotees believe, will enable them to achieve liberation in which they would escape the cycle of births and deaths and attain ‘’Akshardham‘’ (God’s divine abode).<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (1996). The Holy Man as the Abode of God in the Swaminarayan Religion. Published in Joanne P. Waghorne and Norman Cutler’s Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India. Columbia University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-89012-037-4.</ref>

For a devotee of BAPS, Pramukh Swami Maharaj serves as the essential spiritual link between him/herself and God.<ref name="autogenerated105"/> According to the teachings of Swaminarayan, devotees consider God (Swaminarayan) to be manifest through Pramukh Swami Maharaj.<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1998). The Guru-Devotee Relationship in the Experience of the Members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha. p. 149.</ref> Thus, his followers believe that by offering devotion to Pramukh Swami, they offer it to Swaminarayan himself.<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1998). The Guru-Devotee Relationship in the Experience of the Members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha. p. 147.</ref>


===Spiritual guide=== ===Spiritual guide===
]
Pramukh Swami is approached by many followers for guidance in all aspects of life.<ref>Brian Hutchinson (1998). The Guru-Devotee Relationship in the Experience of the Members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha. p. 144.</ref> Devotees frequently take to him matters of personal, family, and business affairs and seek his guidance.<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (1996). The Holy Man as the Abode of God in the Swaminarayan Religion. Published in Joanne P. Waghorne and Norman Cutler’s Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India. Columbia University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0-89012-037-4.</ref> This type of communication is thought to be an important aspect of the guru-disciple relationship.<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (2004). Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works. Chapter Seven: Guru as Pastoral Counselor. p. 107. ISBN 9780754638568.</ref> Accordingly, Pramukh Swami spends much time counseling devotees in person or by letters or telephone.<ref name="autogenerated11"/> Women cannot directly receive advice from Pramukh Swami due to his vows as a sadhu in the Swaminarayan tradition that prohibit him from interacting directly with females. Women have to ask male relatives to approach Pramukh Swami on their behalf, or have written messages sent to him to ask for guidance.<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (2004). Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works. Chapter Seven: Guru as Pastoral Counselor. p. 112. ISBN 9780754638568.</ref>
]

Raymond Williams reports that through such pastoral counseling, “Pramukh Swami instructs his followers to believe in God, because without belief in the inspiration of God and faith, nothing is possible.”<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (2004). Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works. Chapter Seven: Guru as Pastoral Counselor. p. 109. ISBN 9780754638568.</ref> Young devotees approaching Pramukh Swami for advice and guidance are often counseled to focus on their education.<ref name="autogenerated1996"/> Williams notes that devotees trust Pramukh Swami’s advice due to his theological role as guru and manifestation of Akshar, but also because “as a world-renouncer, he is impartial and gains no personal advantage from helping them with decisions."<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (2004). Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works. Chapter Seven: Guru as Pastoral Counselor. p. 108. ISBN 9780754638568.</ref> Pramukh Swami was approached by many followers for guidance in all aspects of life.<ref name=GDR />{{rp|144}} Devotees frequently took to him matters of personal, family, and business affairs and seek his guidance.<ref name="Raymond1996"/>{{rp|154}} This type of communication was thought to be an important aspect of the guru-disciple relationship.<ref name="Raymond2004">Raymond Brady Williams (2004). ''Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works''. Chapter Seven: Guru as Pastoral Counselor. {{ISBN|9780754638568}}.</ref>{{rp|107}} Accordingly, Pramukh Swami spent much time counseling devotees in person or by letters or telephone.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|11}} Women could not directly receive advice from Pramukh Swami due to his vows as a swami in the Swaminarayan tradition that prohibit him from interacting directly with females. Women had to ask male relatives to approach Pramukh Swami on their behalf, or had written messages sent to him to ask for guidance.<ref name="Raymond2004"/>{{rp|112}}

Pramukh Swami Maharaj has said that the purpose of his providing advice on such a range of matters is not to establish the devotees in business or to enable them to become wealthy, but to relieve them of anxieties about mundane affairs so they can attend to their spiritual progress.<ref>Raymond Brady Williams (2004). Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works. Chapter Seven: Guru as Pastoral Counselor. p. 110. ISBN 9780754638568.</ref>

On March 6, 2013, Pramukh Swami Maharaj appointed Sadhu Keshavjivandas, also known as Mahant Swami, to answer questions and provide guidance to the follower-devotees of the faith, citing health issues and old age as preventing him from meeting devotees in person.<ref>March 6, 2013 Open Letter from Pramukh Swami Maharaj, available at </ref>


Raymond Williams reports that through such pastoral counseling, "Pramukh Swami instructs his followers to believe in God, because without belief in the inspiration of God and faith, nothing is possible".<ref name="Raymond2004"/>{{rp|109}} Young devotees approaching Pramukh Swami for advice and guidance were often counseled to focus on their education.<ref name="Raymond1996"/> Williams notes that devotees trust Pramukh Swami's advice due to his theological role as guru and manifestation of Akshar, but also because "as a world-renouncer, he is impartial and gains no personal advantage from helping them with decisions."<ref name="Raymond2004"/>{{rp|108}}


Pramukh Swami had said that the purpose of his providing advice on such a range of matters was not to establish the devotees in business or to enable them to become wealthy, but to relieve them of anxieties about mundane affairs so they could attend to their spiritual progress.<ref name="Raymond2004"/>{{rp|110}}
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading== ==Further reading==
* APJ Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari, '']'' (2015), HarperCollins India. {{ISBN|978-93-5177-405-1}}
* Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, Eternal Virtues: Spiritual Attributes of Pramukh Swami Maharaj (2011), ISBN 978-8175262171, available at http://www.amazon.com/Eternal-Virtues-Spiritual-Attributes-Pramukh/dp/8175264381/.
* A.D. Brear, The Authority of Pramukh Swami within the Swaminarayan Hindu Mission (1996). DISKUS Vol.4, No.1., pp.&nbsp;23–33, available at http://www.basr.ac.uk/diskus/diskus1-6/BREAR.TXT.
* Prof. Brian Hutchinson, The Guru-Devotee Relationship in the Experience of Members of the Akshar-Purushottam Sampradaya (1988).
* Prof. Hanna Kim, Being Swaminarayan: The Ontology and Significance of Belief in the Construction of a Gujarati Diaspora, Columbia University Press (2001), available at http://en.scientificcommons.org/48403746.


==External links== ==External links==
*{{commons category inline|Pramukh Swami Maharaj}} *{{commons category inline|Pramukh Swami Maharaj}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}


{{BAPS}} {{BAPS}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=61197919}} {{Authority control}}


{{Persondata
| NAME =Maharaj, Pramukh Swami
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1921-12-07
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Chansad, ], ]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Pramukh Swami}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Pramukh Swami}}
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 23:32, 21 October 2024

Indian guru (1921–2016)

Pramukh Swami Maharaj
Pramukh Swami Maharaj
Preceded byYogiji Maharaj
Succeeded byMahant Swami Maharaj
Personal life
BornShantilal Patel
7 December 1921
Chansad, Gujarat, India
Died13 August 2016(2016-08-13) (aged 94)
Sarangpur, Gujarat, India
Notable work(s)Global development of BAPS
Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar, New Delhi)
1,125 mandirs built
Initiated 1,000 swamis
Religious life
ReligionHinduism
DenominationSwaminarayan Sampradaya, BAPS
PhilosophyAkshar-Purushottam Darshan
Monastic nameNarayanswarupdas Swami
Part of a series on
Hindu philosophy
Orthodox
Heterodox
Sub-schools
Smartist
Vaishnavite
Shaivite
Neo-Vedanta
Teachers (Acharyas)
Nyaya
Mīmāṃsā
Advaita (Mayavada)
Vishishtadvaita
Dvaita (Tattvavada)
Shuddhadvaita
Achintya Bheda Abheda
Svabhavika Bhedabheda
Mahanubhava
Ekasarana Dharma
Akshar Purushottam Darshan
Neo-Vedanta
Others
Samkhya
Yoga
Vaisheshika
Secular
Major texts
Vedas
Upanishads
Other scriptures
Shastras and Sutras
Secular ethics

Pramukh Swami Maharaj (born Shantilal Patel; ordained Narayanswarupdas Swami; 7 December 1921 – 13 August 2016) was the guru and Pramukh, or president, of the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS), a major branch of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, a Hindu denomination. BAPS regards him as the fifth spiritual successor of Swaminarayan, following Gunatitanand Swami, Bhagatji Maharaj, Shastriji Maharaj, and Yogiji Maharaj. He was believed by his followers to be in constant communion with Swaminarayan, and ontologically, the manifestation of Akshar, the eternal abode of Swaminarayan.

He received initiation as a Hindu Swami in 1940 from Shastriji Maharaj, the founder of BAPS, who later appointed him as President of BAPS in 1950. Yogiji Maharaj declared Pramukh Swami Maharaj to be his spiritual successor and guru of BAPS, a role he commenced in 1971.

As president of BAPS, he had overseen the growth of BAPS from an organization centered in Gujarat, India, to one spread around the world, maintaining many Hindu mandirs and centers outside of India. He built more than 1,100 Hindu temples, including the Swaminarayan Akshardham temples in New Delhi and Gandhinagar, Gujarat. He had also spearheaded the efforts of BAPS Charities, which is the charitable service organization affiliated with BAPS. He was succeeded as the guru and president of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha by Mahant Swami Maharaj.

Early years

Sketch of Shantilal Patel (Pramukh Swami Maharaj) as a child.

Shantilal was born in the village of Chansad, Gujarat, on 7 December 1921. His parents, Motibhai and Diwaliben Patel, were disciples of Shastriji Maharaj and followers of the Akshar Purushottam faith. Motibhai and Diwaliben were both involved in the Swaminarayan fellowship; Diwaliben's family's association with the Swaminarayan fellowship extended to the time of Bhagatji Maharaj. Shastriji Maharaj had blessed young Shantilal at birth, and had told his father, "This child is ours; when the time is ripe, please give him to us. He will lead thousands to the devotion of God. Through him, thousands will attain liberation."

Shantilal's mother described him as a calm and soft-spoken, yet energetic and active child. His childhood friends recall that Shantilal developed a reputation in the town and in school as an honest, reliable, mature, and kindhearted boy. Even as a child, he possessed an uncommon empathy that led others to seek out and trust his opinions and judgments in matters large and small. Shantilal was raised in a simple home environment, as his family was of modest means. Although he excelled in his studies, in the seventeen years he spent at home before becoming a swami, Shantilal only had the opportunity to attend school for six years. As he grew older, Shantilal helped his household by doing chores on the family farm.

Early spiritual inclination

Pramukh Swami Maharaj (left) with his Guru Shastriji Maharaj (right) shortly after entering monastic life at BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Sarangpur (1939). .

Shantilal was strongly inclined towards spirituality from a young age. Upon completing his schoolwork, he would often rush off to the village's Hanuman temple, where he and a childhood friend would listen to the discourses of a Hindu "holy man" named Haridas.

Shantilal's daily “darshan”, or worship, at the Swaminarayan temple in Chansad, and his association with Shastriji Maharaj and his disciple swamis whenever they came to the village, further reflected Shantilal's affinity for spirituality. Shantilal took his meals only after having darshan at the Swaminarayan temple. He used to meet other swamis who passed through the village from the holy places of pilgrimage in North India. Swaminarayan swamis, such as Ghanshyam Swami and Balmukund Swami, frequently visited Chansad and other nearby villages; Shantilal regularly engaged in serving them during those visits.

As a teenager, Shantilal's bond with Shastriji Maharaj deepened, and his devoutness and intellect impressed many in the fellowship. Those close to Shantilal felt it was only a matter of time until he would embark upon a monastic life by joining the order of Swaminarayan swamis under Shastriji Maharaj.

Entering the monastic life

On 7 November 1939, when Shantilal was seventeen years old, he received a letter from his guru, Shastriji Maharaj, asking him to join the swamis. His parents gave their permission and blessings, and Shantilal left home that day to join Shastriji Maharaj and his swamis.

Shastriji Maharaj gave Shantilal primary initiation, parshad diksha, at Ambli-Vadi Pol in Ahmedabad on 22 November 1939, and renamed him Shanti Bhagat. One of Shastriji Maharaj's first requests to the newly initiated Shanti Bhagat was for him to study Sanskrit; Shanti Bhagat complied with this wish, and excelled in his studies.

Soon thereafter, on 10 January 1940 at the Akshar Deri in Gondal, Shanti Bhagat was given the bhagvati diksha, initiated as a swami, and named Narayanswarupdas Swami (meaning "the form of Narayan"). Upon giving him this name, Shastriji Maharaj elaborated, "His face carries the brilliance of God, so I name him Narayanswarupdas (the servant of the form of God)." Yogiji Maharaj also gave Narayanswarupdasji his blessings, observing, "He will surely become great."

Renouncing worldly pleasures, Shantilal adopted vows of celibacy (nishkam), non-covetousness (nirlobh), non-taste (nisswad), non-attachment (nissneh) and humility (nirman) and committed himself to lifelong dedication and service to God and humanity. Shantilal was a lacto-vegetarian.

Early years as a swami

As a young swami, Narayanswarupdas Swami studied Sanskrit and the Hindu scriptures at Bhadaran and Khambhat, earning the title “Shastri” upon mastering both scripture and philosophy. In addition to his studies, Shastri Narayanswarupdas routinely engaged in a multitude of activities, including cleaning the temple compounds, cooking for swamis and devotees, and many other duties. Shastri Narayanswarupdas also played a significant role throughout the construction of the Atladra mandir in the early 1940s. During the construction, he sustained chemical burns and blisters on his body after mixing the lime to be used in construction, yet he persisted unflinchingly in performing his service despite the injuries. Serving concurrently as Shastriji Maharaj's personal secretary, Shastri Narayanswarupdas also gained a comprehensive understanding of BAPS’ broader affairs and activities. In 1946, when Shastri Narayanswarupdas was 25, Shastriji Maharaj appointed him the head, or "kothari", of the large BAPS temple in Salangpur. As head of the temple, Shastri Narayanswarupdas oversaw a major expansion of the temple facilities despite considerable financial constraints. His leadership and unassuming personality in the midst of significant hardships earned him the respect of his fellow swamis and devotees, and presaged the significant responsibility that his guru would soon entrust to him.

President of BAPS

Appointment as president

Depiction of the ceremony at Ambli Vali Pol in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where Pramukh Swami Maharaj was appointed president of BAPS in 1951.

In the early part of 1950, Shastriji Maharaj wrote several letters to 28-year-old Shastri Narayanswarupdas expressing his wish to appoint him the president of the organization. Twice Shastri Narayanswarupdas wrote back respectfully declining, citing his young age and inexperience, and the presence of many senior swamis who would be more suited to the responsibility. Shastriji Maharaj continued to insist, sending several senior devotees to convince Shastri Narayanswarupdas. Perceiving it to be his guru's inner wish, Shastri Narayanswarupdas ultimately acquiesced.

On 21 May 1950 at Ambli-Vali Pol in Ahmedabad, Shastriji Maharaj appointed Shastri Narayanswarupdas, then merely 28 years of age, as the administrative president ("Pramukh") of BAPS. After that Shastri Narayanswarupdas was widely known as "Pramukh Swami." At the ceremony, Shastriji Maharaj placed his own shawl around Shastri Narayanswarupdas's shoulders, and asked Yogiji Maharaj to bless him. Shastri Narayanswarupdas then addressed the group, "I feel overwhelmed by the kindness and love showered upon me so lavishly here by my guru, Shastriji Maharaj, and by my mentor Yogiji Maharaj. Always will this day remain sacred for me, in that I am considered worthy of so great a trust and confidence by the two most noble souls of our fellowship, and by you all despite my young age." Despite being appointed the president of the organization just hours before, that evening, Shastri Narayanswarupdas was found washing the cooking utensils and dishes used by the devotees who had attended the ceremony. This incident was emblematic of the humble style of servant-leadership that would characterize the next six decades of his presidency.

Service under Yogiji Maharaj

Pramukh Swami Maharaj (right) with Yogiji Maharaj (left), then the spiritual head of BAPS, in the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Gondal, Gujarat.

He continued to serve as the president of BAPS under guru Yogiji Maharaj after Shastriji Maharaj died in 1951. He became particularly esteemed for his aptitude as an organizer and administrator, fulfilling all of Yogiji Maharaj's goals and dreams for the organization. For instance, he helped Yogiji Maharaj in expanding the faith to England and East Africa in 1960 and 1970, constructing new temples, and instituting new programs within the organization. Throughout these efforts, he remained unassuming in his conduct and uncomplaining during the hardships he encountered.

Before dying in 1971, Yogiji Maharaj had explained to swamis and devotees, "From now onwards, Pramukh Swami Maharaj will carry on my work…Pramukh Swami is my everything".

As president and guru of BAPS

Global growth

Swaminarayan Akshardham, New Delhi (2007)

Under his leadership, BAPS rapidly grew into a global Hindu organization and witnessed a significant expansion in many measurable parameters. As of 2019, BAPS encompasses over one million devotees, more than 900 swamis, 3,300 mandirs and congregations, over 7,200 weekly assemblies, and a host of humanitarian and charitable activities. He accompanied Yogiji Maharaj on a tour of East Africa in 1960 as well as in 1970, and embarked upon his first overseas visit as the guru, or spiritual leader, of BAPS in 1974. In the following decades, his 27 international spiritual tours spanned over fifty countries in five continents.

Temples

BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Chino Hills, California (2013)

On 4 June 1971, in the village of Sankari, he consecrated the first temple after Yogiji Maharaj's death. After that he inaugurated hundreds of temples and centers around the world, leading to his recognition for having consecrated the greatest number of Hindu temples. In total. he consecrated 125 temples abroad, and 1,000 in India. Outside India, such temples include shikharbaddha temples in the metropolitan areas of Houston, Atlanta, Chicago, London, Toronto, and Nairobi. The temple in the Atlanta metro area is currently recognized as the largest traditional Hindu temple outside the Indian subcontinent. Within India, he is credited as the inspirer of the Swaminarayan Akshardham complexes in Gandhinagar and New Delhi, itself the world's largest comprehensive Hindu temple. In discussing BAPS’ efforts to construct traditional Hindu temples around the world, Pramukh Swami emphasized the importance of such houses of worship in modern society and values and faith they inspire in members of the community.

Interfaith harmony

Pramukh Swami Maharaj addressing the United Nations Millennium World Peace Summit in New York (2000).

In addition to meeting with and providing spiritual guidance to devotees during his international visits, he met with other religious and civic leaders. Brian Hutchinson notes that in speaking with these individuals, the pramukh "consistently emphasizes what religions hold in common and advocates cooperation between them with the purpose of uplifting the moral and religious life of mankind". The sentiments he shared with world religious leaders at the 2000 Millennium World Peace Summit at the United Nations reflected a similar message. In his address, he emphasized the goal of cooperation and mutual respect among religions, for "religion is that which spreads love for one another". He also expressed a desire that all forms of organized religion be able to coexist in harmony, noting that "flourishing together is the secret of peace". In particular, he analogized every religion to a goldmine of values from which all people could draw lessons for life. Pramukh Swami also encouraged his fellow spiritual leaders to teach their followers that religion does not grow by quantity of followers, but by quality of spirituality. In his words, "a Hindu should become a better Hindu, a Jew should become a better Jew, a Christian should become a better Christian, a Muslim should become a better Muslim. If the follower of every religion becomes a better and true follower then our world will be a much better world".

This vision of harmony through dialogue characterized his message within BAPS and beyond. During the 2002 communal riots in Gujarat and the terror attack on the Akshardham complex in Gandhinagar, he urged the public to maintain peace and unity. His response and guidance during those times was commended by leaders and commentators, including the National Security commando in charge of the rescue mission during the Akshardham attack, who later asserted that "what did was unbelievable. He pieced society back together".

Celebrating Hindu culture

Cultural Festival of India in Edison, NJ (1991)

He led BAPS’ efforts in conducting a number of large-scale cultural festivals, with the aim of fostering better understanding and appreciation of Hindu traditions and promoting moral and spiritual living. The month-long Cultural Festival of India held in Edison, New Jersey during the summer of 1991, for instance, showcased traditional Indian arts, architecture, dance, and music as well as Hindu culture and spirituality, aiming to foster deeper intercultural and interfaith understanding to the over one million visitors who attended.

Swamis

BAPS swamis with Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Sarangpur, Gujarat, India (2016)

Beginning with his first swami initiation ceremony in January 1971, during his lifetime he initiated 1,000 youth into the swami fold. Hutchinson observes that his "selfless love…was his most frequently and enthusiastically reported characteristic that had influenced persons to become devotees and swamis". After renouncing worldly ambitions, these swamis were guided by him in their service of God and society. Milestone events in this realm include the bicentenary celebrations of Swaminarayan in 1981 and of Gunatitanand Swami in 1985, which saw the initiation of 200 and 173 swamis, respectively, in a single day. On 14 March 2012, he initiated 68 youths into the monastic order during a ceremony in Sarangpur, Gujarat.

Death

Shrine erected at the place of cremation, Sarangpur

He had been suffering from a chest infection in his last days from which he was gradually recovering. However, due to his longstanding heart problems, he died on 13 August 2016, at 6 pm at the BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir, Sarangpur, Botad district, Gujarat, India. On 20 July 2012, Pramukh Swami had declared in the presence of senior swamis that Mahant Swami Maharaj would succeed him as the sixth guru and spiritual head of BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha.

Significance in BAPS

Followers of BAPS believed him to be a manifestation of "Akshar", the form of the eternal abode of God. As Akshar he was also in constant communion with God. Accordingly, he was considered by devotees to be "the perfect servant of God, …totally filled with God and therefore worthy of reverence and worship".

Theological role

BAPS devotees in an assembly in the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

The living guru is considered by followers of BAPS to be the ideal swami, the perfect devotee, and the principal target for emulation by all spiritual aspirants. He was often described by followers as a personification of the sacred scriptures. He was viewed as "fully brahmanized", or having achieved the ultimate level of spiritual development.

Devotees considered him to exemplify all the ideals of the religion; he was viewed as the first disciple, most faithful in his observance of the commandments, most active in propagation of the religion, the best interpreter of the meaning of the scriptures, and the most effective in eradicating the ignorance that separates man from God. His conduct was hence considered to be that of the "ideal saint" and "perfect bhakta (devotee)", providing a tangible and graspable example for the spiritual aspirant to follow. Devotees viewed his staunch respect for Shastriji Maharaj and Yogiji Maharaj as the model of devotion to one's guru.

Prayer assembly after the 2002 terrorist attack at Swaminarayan Akshardham in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.

His practice of carrying the murti of Swaminarayan before him and directing all garlands or offerings presented to him to the image was also seen as a paradigm of humility and selflessness. Similarly, devotees viewed his actions in September 2002, when he appealed for peace and forgiveness of Muslim militants who killed 32 people and injured dozens more in an attack on Akshardham Gandhinagar, to epitomize the Hindu tenet of ahimsa, or nonviolence. His personality and conduct thus served as exemplars for devotees striving to progress personally and spiritually.

Followers believed that by associating with him, they might rid themselves of their vices, baser instincts, and worldly attachments. Earning the grace of the guru, devotees believed, would enable them to achieve liberation in which they would escape the cycle of births and deaths and attain "Akshardham" (God's divine abode).

For a devotee of BAPS, he was considered the essential spiritual link with God. According to the teachings of Swaminarayan, devotees consider God (Swaminarayan) to be manifest through Pramukh Swami Maharaj. Thus, his followers believed that by offering devotion to Pramukh Swami, they offer it to Swaminarayan himself.

Spiritual guide

Pramukh Swami Maharaj writing letters to devotees in Gujarat, India.
Pramukh Swami Maharaj counseling a young devotee in Gujarat, India.

Pramukh Swami was approached by many followers for guidance in all aspects of life. Devotees frequently took to him matters of personal, family, and business affairs and seek his guidance. This type of communication was thought to be an important aspect of the guru-disciple relationship. Accordingly, Pramukh Swami spent much time counseling devotees in person or by letters or telephone. Women could not directly receive advice from Pramukh Swami due to his vows as a swami in the Swaminarayan tradition that prohibit him from interacting directly with females. Women had to ask male relatives to approach Pramukh Swami on their behalf, or had written messages sent to him to ask for guidance.

Raymond Williams reports that through such pastoral counseling, "Pramukh Swami instructs his followers to believe in God, because without belief in the inspiration of God and faith, nothing is possible". Young devotees approaching Pramukh Swami for advice and guidance were often counseled to focus on their education. Williams notes that devotees trust Pramukh Swami's advice due to his theological role as guru and manifestation of Akshar, but also because "as a world-renouncer, he is impartial and gains no personal advantage from helping them with decisions."

Pramukh Swami had said that the purpose of his providing advice on such a range of matters was not to establish the devotees in business or to enable them to become wealthy, but to relieve them of anxieties about mundane affairs so they could attend to their spiritual progress.

References

  1. Williams, Raymond Brady (15 March 1984). A new face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan religion. CUP Archive. ISBN 9780521274739.
  2. Pathak, Maulik (14 August 2016). "Pramukh Swami, head of Swaminarayan sect, dies at 95". Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  3. ^ "Final darshan and rites of Pramukh Swami Maharaj". BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  4. Sadhu Paramananddas, translated by Sadhu Tilakratnadas (1995?). Searching Questions and Fulfilling Answers: Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Interview. pp. ix-xi.
  5. ^ Sadhu Shantipriyadas, Pramukh Swami Maharaj
  6. Brahmaviharidas, Sadhu (1996). Vicharan: Moments and Memories. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 13.
  7. ^ Shelat, Kirit (2005). Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj: A Life Dedicated to Others. Ahmedabad: Shri Bhagwati Trust Publications. p. 7.
  8. ^ Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, translated by Sadhu Vivekjivandas (2007). Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p. xi. ISBN 81-7526-217-6.
  9. ^ Amrutvijaydas. (2009). 100 years of BAPS : foundation--formation--fruition. Swaminarayan Aksharpith. (2nd ed.). Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. ISBN 978-81-7526-377-2. OCLC 748287143.
  10. Brahmaviharidas, Sadhu (1996). Vicharan: Moments and Memories. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. p. 14.
  11. Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas, translated by Sadhu Vivekjivandas (2007). Portrait of Inspiration: Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p. xvii. ISBN 81-7526-217-6.
  12. Trivedi, Yogi. (2023). In Love, At Ease: Everyday Spirituality with Pramukh Swami. Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-9354929137
  13. ^ Raymond Brady Williams (2001). An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65422-7.
  14. Sadhu Paramananddas, translated by Sadhu Tilakratnadas (1995?). Searching Questions and Fulfilling Answers: Pramukh Swami Maharaj in Interview. pp. ix-xi. See also "Pramukh Swami Maharaj-Diksha". Archived from the original on 2 January 2005. Retrieved 1 December 2011..
  15. ^ Shelat, Kirit (2005). Yug Purush Pujya Pramukh Swami Maharaj: A Life Dedicated to Others. Ahmedabad: Shri Bhagwati Trust Publications. p. 8.
  16. Vivekjivandas, Sadhu (June 2000). "Pramukh Varni Din". Swaminarayan Bliss.
  17. Brian Hutchinson (1985). The Guru in the Akshar Purushottam Branch of the Swaminarayan Hindu Sect. p. 65.
  18. Sadhu Aksharvatsaldas (2008). Eternal Virtues: Spiritual Attributes of Pramukh Swami Maharaj. p.251-259. ISBN 81-7526-395-4.
  19. "About BAPS". BAPS. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  20. Hanna Kim (2010). Public Engagement and Personal Desires: BAPS Swaminarayan Temples and their Contribution to the Discourses on Religion. International Journal of Hindu Studies. p. 2.
  21. ^ "Work". pramukhswami.org. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  22. John Zavos (2010). Negotiating Minority/Majority Religious Identity: Exploring the Social Location of a Transnational Religious Organisation in Britain and India. Rindas, The Center for the Study of Contemporary India, Ryukoku University. International Symposium Series 1. p. 104.
  23. Associated Press, Hindu Temple in Atlanta Suburbs Will Be Largest in U.S., Aug 22, 2007. Available at http://blog.beliefnet.com/news/2007/08/hindu-temple-in-atlanta-suburb.php
  24. "Akshardham temple enters Guinness Book of World Records - Economic Times". Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. 26 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  25. "Mandir Concepts - BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, London". 23 May 2012. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  26. Brian Hutchinson (1985). The Guru in the Akshar Purushottam Branch of the Swaminarayan Hindu Sect. pp. 65-66.
  27. "HDH Pramukh Swami Maharaj Addresses World Peace Summit, UN". Swaminarayan.org. August 2000. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  28. Hindu Press International, Religious Leaders Appeal for Peace in Gujarat, September 26, 2002, available at http://hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/religious-leaders-appeal-for-peace-in-gujarat/2242.html
  29. "Pramukh Swami Maharaj's Appeal & Prayer for Peace". BAPS. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  30. Ajay Umat, Akshardham Ideal Terror Response, The Times of India, September 28, 2011
  31. ^ Brian Hutchinson (1996) The Divine-Human Figure in the Transmission of Religious Transition. Published in Raymond Williams’ A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad. Columbia University Press. p. 105.
  32. Mahurkar, Uday (2 April 2012). "The Monks who abandoned Ferraris". India Today: 66–67.
  33. "Diksha Ceremony 2012, Sarangpur, India". BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  34. "Pramukh Swami Maharaj passes away, PM Narendra Modi says will miss his presence". The Indian Express. 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  35. "PRESS RELEASE: 13 Aug 2016". BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha (in Gujarati). 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  36. "Pramukh Swami Maharaj, head of BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha, passes away in Sarangpur". Zee News (in Latin). 13 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  37. ^ Brian Hutchinson (1998) The Guru-Devotee Relationship in the Experience of the Members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha.
  38. ^ Raymond Brady Williams (1996). "The Holy Man as the Abode of God in the Swaminarayan Religion". In Joanne P. Waghorne and Norman Cutler’s Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-89012-037-4.
  39. Hanna Kim Being Swaminarayan: The Ontology and Significance of Belief in the Construction of a Gujarati Diaspora. Columbia University Press (2001) p.354.
  40. A.D. Brear, "The Authority of Pramukh Swami within the Swaminarayan Hindu Mission Archived 31 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine" (1996). DISKUS Vol.4, No.1.
  41. John Statton Hawley and Vasudha Narayanan (2006). The Life of Hinduism. University of California Press. pp. 4-5. ISBN 978-0-520-24913-4.
  42. ^ Raymond Brady Williams (2004). Williams on South Asian Religions and Immigration: Collected Works. Chapter Seven: Guru as Pastoral Counselor. ISBN 9780754638568.

Further reading

External links

Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha
Temples
Monuments
Temples
Spiritual Leaders
Scriptures and philosophy
Associate Organizations
Categories: