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{{short description|Intergovernmental organization}}
The '''International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea''' is an ] created by the mandate of the ]. It was established by the ], signed at ], on ], ]. It went into effect on ], ], and established an international framework for law over "all ocean space, its uses and resources". The Tribunal delegated responsibility for the seabed to the ], and retained authority over "]<nowiki></nowiki>, the ]<nowiki></nowiki>, the ]<nowiki></nowiki>, the ]<nowiki></nowiki> and the ]." The Tribunal has the power to settle disputes between member ]s (there are currently 148), including ].
{{use list-defined references|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
| native_name = {{native name|fr|Tribunal international du droit de la mer|fontsize=68%}}
| linking_name = the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
| symbol_type = Official logo
| image_symbol = ITLOS logo.svg
| symbol_width = 150px
| map_width = 240px
| map_caption = <div style="white-space:nowrap;">
{{unbulleted list
| Dark blue: States with judges in the ITLOS
| Dark green: States formerly with judges in the ITLOS
| Light green: ]
}}
</div>
| org_type =
| membership_type = Judges from
| membership = 21 nations
| admin_center_type = Location
| admin_center = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Germany}} ], ]}}
| languages_type = ]s
| languages = {{unbulleted list |]|]}}
| leader_title1 = President
| leader_name1 = {{flagicon|Iceland}} Judge Tomas Heidar
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = {{flagicon|India}} Judge Neeru Chadha
| established_event1 = {{nowrap|] adopted}}
| established_date1 = 10 December 1982
| established_event2 = UNCLOS in force
| established_date2 = 16 November 1994
| official_website = https://www.itlos.org/
}}
], close to the River ]]]

The '''International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea''' ('''ITLOS''') is an ] created by the mandate of the ]. It was established by the ], signed at ], on December&nbsp;10, 1982. The Convention entered into force on November&nbsp;16, 1994, and established an international framework for law over all ocean space, its uses and resources. The ITLOS is one of four ] listed in Article 287 of the UNCLOS.<ref name="best"/> Although the Tribunal was established by a United Nations convention, it is not an "organ" of the United Nations. Even so, it maintains close links with the United Nations and in 1997 the Tribunal concluded an Agreement on Cooperation and Relationship between the United Nations and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, which establishes a mechanism for cooperation between the two institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Relationship with the United Nations |url=https://www.itlos.org/en/main/the-tribunal/relationship-with-the-united-nations/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=ITLOS}}</ref>

The Tribunal is based in ], Germany. The Convention also established the ], with responsibility for the regulation of ] beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, that is beyond the limits of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental shelf. As of July 2024, there are currently 157 signatories, 169 States plus the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en#1 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=treaties.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> {{As of|December 2022}}, holdouts included the ]<ref name="hf" /> and ].<ref name="tw"/>


==Composition== ==Composition==
According to its founding statute, the Tribunal has a set of 21 rotating ]s from a variety of member states in three primary bodies: According to its founding statute, the Tribunal has a set of 21 judges who serve from a variety of states parties, "according to a method that intends to assure an ] geographical representation".<ref name="gr" />

*The Chamber of Summary Procedure
At the request of ] and the European Union, the Tribunal set up a special chamber composed of five judges to deal with the ''Case concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile/European Community)''.{{fact|date=December 2022}}
*The Chamber for Fisheries Disputes

*The Chamber for Marine Environment Disputes
By agreement of the parties ] and ], the Tribunal formed a special chamber composed of five judges to deal with the ''Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean (Ghana/Côte d'Ivoire)''.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

By agreement of the parties ] and ], the Tribunal formed a special chamber of seven permanent judges and two ''ad hoc'' judges to deal with the ''Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius/Maldives)''.<ref name="pr" />

==Seats==
Disputes referred to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or one of its chambers can be heard in ]<ref name="itlos" /> or in ].<ref name="singapore" /><ref name="disputes" /> So far, no case has been heard outside Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Seat |url=https://www.itlos.org/en/main/general-information/seat-of-the-tribunal/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.itlos.org}}</ref>

==Current judges==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Judges of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
|-
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Inauguration
!scope="col"|President
!scope="col"|Vice president
|-
|{{flagicon|Cabo Verde}} ]
|scope="row"|]
|1999
|2008–2011
|
|-
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Poland}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2005 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2023 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2023 ||||
|-
|{{flagicon|South Africa}} ]
|scope="row"|]
|2023 ||
|
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Algeria}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2008 || ||2014–2017
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2023||
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Malta}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2011 || ||2017–2020
|-
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2011 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} ]
|scope="row"| ]||2023 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Iceland}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2014 ||2023–present ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2017 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2017 || ||2023-present
|-
|{{flagicon|Thailand}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2017 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2017 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2017 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Chile}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2020 || ||
|-2020–present
|{{flagicon|Jamaica}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2020 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2020 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Cameroon}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2020 || ||
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2020 || ||
|}

==Former judges==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Former judges of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
|-
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Inauguration
!scope="col"|Until
|-
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2011
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2008
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2016 ||2016
|-
|{{flagicon|Croatia}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2005
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2008
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2009 ||2023
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2002 ||2020
|-
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2005
|-
|{{flagicon|Grenada}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2014
|-
|{{flagicon|Belize}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2001
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2008 ||2020
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2001 ||2007
|-
|{{flagicon|Iceland}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2002
|-
|{{flagicon|Austria}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2005 ||2014
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2011
|-
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2017
|-
|{{flagicon|Tanzania}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2008
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2011 ||2020
|-
|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2002 ||2003
|-
|{{flagicon|Senegal}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2020
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2000
|-
|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2003 ||2020
|-
|{{flagicon|Cameroon}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2008
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2017
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2017
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2005
|-
|{{flagicon|Ghana}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2005
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2011
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||1996 ||2015
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} ]
|scope="row"| ] ||2008 ||2017
|}

==Cases==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Cases of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
|-
!scope="col" | Name
!scope="col" | Applicant
!scope="col" | Respondent
!scope="col" | Case began
!scope="col" | Case ended
!scope="col" | Disposition
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Saiga Case No. 1|''The M/V "Saiga" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Guinea}}
| {{Dts|13 November 1997}}
| {{Dts|4 December 1997}}
| Judgment on prompt release
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Saiga Case No. 2|''The M/V "Saiga" (No. 2) Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Guinea}}
| {{Dts|13 January 1998}}
| {{Dts|1 July 1999}}
| Judgment on merits
|-
|scope="row" rowspan="2" | '']''
| align="center" | {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" | {{Flag|Japan}}
| rowspan="2" | {{Dts|30 July 1999}}
| rowspan="2" | {{Dts|27 August 1999}}
| rowspan="2" | Order on provisional measures
|-
| align="center" | {{Flag|Australia}}
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Camouco|''The "Camouco" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Panama}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|France}}
| {{Dts|17 January 2000}}
| {{Dts|7 February 2000}}
| Judgment on prompt release
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Monte Confurco|''The "Monte Confurco" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Seychelles}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|France}}
| {{Dts|27 November 2000}}
| {{Dts|18 December 2000}}
| Judgment on prompt release
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean|''Case concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean''}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{Flag|Chile}}&nbsp;/ {{Flag|European Union}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|The European Union replaced and succeeded the {{Flag|European Economic Community|name=European Community}} as a party to the case on 1 December 2009.}}
| {{Dts|19 December 2000}}
| {{Dts|16 December 2009}}
| Terminated at request of parties
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Grand Prince|''The "Grand Prince" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Belize}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|France}}
| {{Dts|21 March 2001}}
| {{Dts|20 April 2001}}
| Judgment on prompt release
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Chaisiri Reefer 2|''The "Chaisiri Reefer 2" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Panama}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Yemen}}
| {{Dts|3 July 2001}}
| {{Dts|13 July 2001}}
| Terminated at request of parties
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Mox Plant|'']''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Ireland}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| {{Dts|9 November 2001}}
| {{Dts|3 December 2001}}
| Order on provisional measures
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Volga|''The "Volga" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Russia}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Australia}}
| {{Dts|2 December 2002}}
| {{Dts|23 December 2002}}
| Judgment on prompt release
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Land Reclamation by Singapore in and Around the Straits of Johor|''Case concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore in and Around the Straits of Johor''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Malaysia}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Singapore}}
| {{Dts|5 September 2003}}
| {{Dts|8 October 2003}}
| Order on provisional measures
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Juno Trader|''The "Juno Trader" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
| {{Dts|18 November 2004}}
| {{Dts|18 December 2004}}
| Judgment on prompt release
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Hoshinmaru|''The "Hoshinmaru" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Japan}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Dts|6 July 2007}}
| {{Dts|6 August 2007}}
| Judgment on prompt release
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Tomimaru|''The "Tomimaru" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Japan}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Dts|6 July 2007}}
| {{Dts|6 August 2007}}
| Judgment on prompt release
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal|''Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal''}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{Flag|Bangladesh}}&nbsp;/ {{Flag|Myanmar}}
| {{Dts|14 December 2009}}
| {{Dts|14 March 2012}}
| Judgment on merits
|-
|scope="row"| ''Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area''
| colspan="2" align="center" | ]
| {{Dts|14 May 2010}}
| {{Dts|1 February 2011}}
| Advisory opinion
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Louisa|''The M/V "Louisa" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Spain}}
| {{Dts|24 November 2010}}
| {{Dts|28 May 2013}}
| Judgment on merits
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Virginia G|''The M/V "Virginia G" Case''}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{Flag|Panama}}&nbsp;/ {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
| {{Dts|4 July 2011}}
| {{Dts|14 April 2014}}
| Judgment on merits
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Libertad|''The "]" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Argentina}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Ghana}}
| {{Dts|14 November 2012}}
| {{Dts|15 December 2012}}
| Order on provisional measures
|-
|scope="row"| ''Request for an Advisory Opinion submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC)''
| colspan="2" align="center" | Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission
| {{Dts|28 March 2013}}
| {{Dts|2 April 2015}}
| Advisory opinion
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Arctic Sunrise|''The "]" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Dts|21 October 2013}}
| {{Dts|22 November 2013}}
| Order on provisional measures
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean|''Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean''}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{Flag|Ghana}}&nbsp;/ {{Flag|Ivory Coast}}
| {{Dts|3 December 2014}}
| {{Dts|23 September 2017}}
| Judgment on merits
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Enrica Lexie|'']''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Italy}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|India}}
| {{Dts|21 July 2015}}
| {{Dts|24 August 2015}}
| Order on provisional measures
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Norstar|''The M/V "Norstar" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Panama}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Italy}}
| {{Dts|17 December 2015}}
| {{Dts|10 April 2019}}
| Judgment on merits
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Detention of 03 Ukrainian Naval Vessels|'']''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Dts|16 April 2019}}
| {{Dts|25 May 2019}}
| Order on provisional measures
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|San Padre Pio|''The M/T "San Padre Pio" Case''}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| {{Dts|21 May 2019}}
| {{Dts|6 July 2019}}
| Order on provisional measures
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean|''Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean''}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{Flag|Mauritius}}&nbsp;/ {{Flag|Maldives}}
| {{Dts|24 September 2019}}
| ''Ongoing''
|
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|San Padre Pio|''The M/T "San Padre Pio" (No. 2) Case''}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{Flag|Switzerland}}&nbsp;/ {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| {{Dts|17 December 2019}}
| {{Dts|29 December 2021}}
| Terminated at request of parties
|-
|scope="row"| {{Sort|Heroic Idun|''The M/T "Heroic Idun"'' Case}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Marshall Islands}}
| align="center" | {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| {{Dts|10 November 2022}}
| {{Dts|15 November 2022}}
| Terminated at request of applicant
|-
|scope="row"| ''Request for an Advisory Opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law''
| colspan="2" align="center" | Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law
| {{Dts|12 December 2022}}
| 21 May 2024
| Advisory Opinion
|-
|''The M/T "Heroic Idun" (No. 2) Case''
| colspan="2" align="center" |{{Flag|Marshall Islands}}&nbsp;/ {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|27 April 2023
|''Ongoing''
|
|-
|''The “Zheng He” Case''
| align="center" |{{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| align="center" |{{Flag|Mexico}}
|3 June 2024
|''Ongoing''
|
|}
{{Notelist|group=upper-alpha|close}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="best">{{cite journal |author1=SM Mitchell |author2=EJ Powell |title=Forum Shopping for the Best Adjudicator: Conflict Management and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (Itlos) |url=http://www.saramitchell.org/pmunclos.pdf |journal=APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper |publisher=American Political Science Association}}</ref>
<ref name="disputes">{{Cite web|last=Auto|first=Hermes|date=2020-06-11|title=Law of the sea disputes can now be heard in Singapore under signed agreement {{!}} The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/law-of-the-sea-disputes-can-now-be-heard-in-singapore-under-signed-agreement|access-date=2022-02-02|website=straitstimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="gr">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/yiel/yvx077|title=3. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)|year=2016|last1=García-Revillo|first1=Miguel G.|journal=Yearbook of International Environmental Law|volume=27|pages=424–426}}</ref>
<ref name="hf">{{cite news |last=Groves |first=Steven |title=Accession to U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Would Expose the U.S. to Baseless Climate Change Lawsuits |url=https://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/accession-to-un-convention-on-the-law-of-the-sea |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314044246/https://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/accession-to-un-convention-on-the-law-of-the-sea |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="itlos">{{Cite web|title=International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Seat|url=https://www.itlos.org/en/main/general-information/seat-of-the-tribunal/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=ITLOS}}</ref>
<ref name="pr">{{cite web |url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/press_releases_english/PR_293_en.pdf |title=Press release |date=27 September 2019 |website=ITLOS |format=PDF|access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref>
<ref name="singapore">{{Cite web|last=ITLOS|title=ITLOS AND SINGAPORE SIGN MODEL AGREEMENT TO ENABLE THE TRIBUNAL TO SIT IN SINGAPORE|url=https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/press_releases_english/PR_303_E.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="tw">{{cite news |title=Iran strikes in Strait of Hormuz as Middle East tanker tensions explode |url=https://www.tradewindsnews.com/tankers/iran-strikes-in-strait-of-hormuz-as-middle-east-tanker-tensions-explode/2-1-641469 |publisher=Trade Winds |date=22 July 2019}}</ref>
}}


==External links==
In addition, at the request of ] and the ], the Tribunal has also formed a special chamber to deal with the case concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile/European Community).
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official}}
*
* "", ITLOS


{{Portalbar|Law|Oceans|Politics}}
It is seated in ], ].
{{coord|53|33|04|N|9|51|03|E|region:DE-HH_type:landmark|display=title}}


{{Authority control}}
==External link==


]
{{Poli-stub}}
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 11:35, 23 October 2024

Intergovernmental organization

International Tribunal for the Law of the SeaTribunal international du droit de la mer (French)
Official logo of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Official logo
LocationGermany Hamburg, Germany
Working languages
Judges from21 nations
Leaders
• President Iceland Judge Tomas Heidar
• Vice President India Judge Neeru Chadha
Establishment
• UNCLOS adopted 10 December 1982
• UNCLOS in force 16 November 1994
Website
https://www.itlos.org/
A large building with trees in front
ITLOS seen from Elbchaussee, close to the River Elbe

The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) is an intergovernmental organization created by the mandate of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. It was established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, signed at Montego Bay, Jamaica, on December 10, 1982. The Convention entered into force on November 16, 1994, and established an international framework for law over all ocean space, its uses and resources. The ITLOS is one of four dispute resolution mechanisms listed in Article 287 of the UNCLOS. Although the Tribunal was established by a United Nations convention, it is not an "organ" of the United Nations. Even so, it maintains close links with the United Nations and in 1997 the Tribunal concluded an Agreement on Cooperation and Relationship between the United Nations and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, which establishes a mechanism for cooperation between the two institutions.

The Tribunal is based in Hamburg, Germany. The Convention also established the International Seabed Authority, with responsibility for the regulation of seabed mining beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, that is beyond the limits of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental shelf. As of July 2024, there are currently 157 signatories, 169 States plus the European Union. As of December 2022, holdouts included the United States and Iran.

Composition

According to its founding statute, the Tribunal has a set of 21 judges who serve from a variety of states parties, "according to a method that intends to assure an equitable geographical representation".

At the request of Chile and the European Union, the Tribunal set up a special chamber composed of five judges to deal with the Case concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile/European Community).

By agreement of the parties Ghana and Ivory Coast, the Tribunal formed a special chamber composed of five judges to deal with the Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean (Ghana/Côte d'Ivoire).

By agreement of the parties Mauritius and Maldives, the Tribunal formed a special chamber of seven permanent judges and two ad hoc judges to deal with the Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius/Maldives).

Seats

Disputes referred to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or one of its chambers can be heard in Germany or in Singapore. So far, no case has been heard outside Germany.

Current judges

Judges of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Country Name Inauguration President Vice president
Cape Verde Cabo Verde José Luís Jesus 1999 2008–2011
Poland Poland Stanisław Pawlak 2005
Japan Japan Hidehisa Horinouchi 2023
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Osman Keh Kamara 2023
South Africa South Africa Thembile Elphus Joyini 2023
Algeria Algeria Boualem Bouguetaia 2008 2014–2017
South Korea South Korea Zha Hyoung Rhee 2023
Malta Malta David Attard 2011 2017–2020
Ukraine Ukraine Markiyan Kulyk 2011
Argentina Argentina Frida Maria Armas Pfirter 2023
Iceland Iceland Tomas Heiðar 2014 2023–present
Paraguay Paraguay Óscar Cabello Sarubbi 2017
India India Neeru Chadha 2017 2023-present
Thailand Thailand Kriangsak Kittichaisaree 2017
Russia Russia Roman Kolodkin 2017
Netherlands Netherlands Liesbeth Lijnzaad 2017
Chile Chile María Teresa Infante Caffi 2020
Jamaica Jamaica Kathy-Ann Brown 2020
Italy Italy Ida Caracciolo 2020
Cameroon Cameroon Maurice Kamga 2020
China China Duan Jielong 2020

Former judges

Former judges of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Country Name Inauguration Until
Bulgaria Bulgaria Alexander Yankov 1996 2011
Russia Russia Anatoly Kolodkin 1996 2008
Brazil Brazil Antonio Cachapuz de Medeiros 2016 2016
Croatia Croatia Budislav Vukas 1996 2005
South Korea South Korea Choon-ho Park 1996 2008
South Korea South Korea Paik Jin-hyun 2009 2023
France France Jean-Pierre Cot 2002 2020
United Kingdom United Kingdom David Heywood Anderson 1996 2005
Grenada Grenada Dolliver Nelson 1996 2014
Belize Belize Edward Arthur Laing 1996 2001
China China Gao Zhiguo 2008 2020
China China Xu Guangjian 2001 2007
Iceland Iceland Guðmundur Eiríksson 1996 2002
Austria Austria Helmut Türk 2005 2014
Argentina Argentina Hugo Caminos 1996 2011
Lebanon Lebanon Joseph Akl 1996 2017
Tanzania Tanzania Joseph Warioba 1996 2008
Argentina Argentina Elsa Kelly 2011 2020
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Lennox Fitzroy Ballah 2002 2003
Senegal Senegal Tafsir Malick Ndiaye 1996 2020
China China Zhao Lihai 1996 2000
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Anthony Lucky 2003 2020
Cameroon Cameroon Paul Engo 1996 2008
India India P. Chandrasekhara Rao 1996 2017
Germany Germany Rüdiger Wolfrum 1996 2017
Japan Japan Soji Yamamoto 1996 2005
Ghana Ghana Thomas Mensah 1996 2005
Italy Italy Tullio Treves 1996 2011
Brazil Brazil Vicente Marotta Rangel 1996 2015
Russia Russia Vladimir Golitsyn 2008 2017

Cases

Cases of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Name Applicant Respondent Case began Case ended Disposition
The M/V "Saiga" Case  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Guinea 13 November 1997 4 December 1997 Judgment on prompt release
The M/V "Saiga" (No. 2) Case  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Guinea 13 January 1998 1 July 1999 Judgment on merits
Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases  New Zealand  Japan 30 July 1999 27 August 1999 Order on provisional measures
 Australia
The "Camouco" Case  Panama  France 17 January 2000 7 February 2000 Judgment on prompt release
The "Monte Confurco" Case  Seychelles  France 27 November 2000 18 December 2000 Judgment on prompt release
Case concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean  Chile /  European Union 19 December 2000 16 December 2009 Terminated at request of parties
The "Grand Prince" Case  Belize  France 21 March 2001 20 April 2001 Judgment on prompt release
The "Chaisiri Reefer 2" Case  Panama  Yemen 3 July 2001 13 July 2001 Terminated at request of parties
The MOX Plant Case  Ireland  United Kingdom 9 November 2001 3 December 2001 Order on provisional measures
The "Volga" Case  Russia  Australia 2 December 2002 23 December 2002 Judgment on prompt release
Case concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore in and Around the Straits of Johor  Malaysia  Singapore 5 September 2003 8 October 2003 Order on provisional measures
The "Juno Trader" Case  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Guinea-Bissau 18 November 2004 18 December 2004 Judgment on prompt release
The "Hoshinmaru" Case  Japan  Russia 6 July 2007 6 August 2007 Judgment on prompt release
The "Tomimaru" Case  Japan  Russia 6 July 2007 6 August 2007 Judgment on prompt release
Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal  Bangladesh /  Myanmar 14 December 2009 14 March 2012 Judgment on merits
Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area International Seabed Authority 14 May 2010 1 February 2011 Advisory opinion
The M/V "Louisa" Case  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Spain 24 November 2010 28 May 2013 Judgment on merits
The M/V "Virginia G" Case  Panama /  Guinea-Bissau 4 July 2011 14 April 2014 Judgment on merits
The "ARA Libertad" Case  Argentina  Ghana 14 November 2012 15 December 2012 Order on provisional measures
Request for an Advisory Opinion submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission 28 March 2013 2 April 2015 Advisory opinion
The "Arctic Sunrise" Case  Netherlands  Russia 21 October 2013 22 November 2013 Order on provisional measures
Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean  Ghana /  Ivory Coast 3 December 2014 23 September 2017 Judgment on merits
The "Enrica Lexie" Incident  Italy  India 21 July 2015 24 August 2015 Order on provisional measures
The M/V "Norstar" Case  Panama  Italy 17 December 2015 10 April 2019 Judgment on merits
Case concerning the Detention of Three Ukrainian Naval Vessels  Ukraine  Russia 16 April 2019 25 May 2019 Order on provisional measures
The M/T "San Padre Pio" Case   Switzerland  Nigeria 21 May 2019 6 July 2019 Order on provisional measures
Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean  Mauritius /  Maldives 24 September 2019 Ongoing
The M/T "San Padre Pio" (No. 2) Case   Switzerland /  Nigeria 17 December 2019 29 December 2021 Terminated at request of parties
The M/T "Heroic Idun" Case  Marshall Islands  Equatorial Guinea 10 November 2022 15 November 2022 Terminated at request of applicant
Request for an Advisory Opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law 12 December 2022 21 May 2024 Advisory Opinion
The M/T "Heroic Idun" (No. 2) Case  Marshall Islands /  Equatorial Guinea 27 April 2023 Ongoing
The “Zheng He” Case  Luxembourg  Mexico 3 June 2024 Ongoing
  1. The European Union replaced and succeeded the  European Community as a party to the case on 1 December 2009.

References

  1. SM Mitchell; EJ Powell. "Forum Shopping for the Best Adjudicator: Conflict Management and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (Itlos)" (PDF). APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper. American Political Science Association.
  2. "International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Relationship with the United Nations". ITLOS. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  3. "United Nations Treaty Collection". treaties.un.org. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  4. Groves, Steven (12 March 2012). "Accession to U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea Would Expose the U.S. to Baseless Climate Change Lawsuits". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
  5. "Iran strikes in Strait of Hormuz as Middle East tanker tensions explode". Trade Winds. 22 July 2019.
  6. García-Revillo, Miguel G. (2016). "3. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)". Yearbook of International Environmental Law. 27: 424–426. doi:10.1093/yiel/yvx077.
  7. "Press release" (PDF). ITLOS. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  8. "International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Seat". ITLOS. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  9. ITLOS. "ITLOS AND SINGAPORE SIGN MODEL AGREEMENT TO ENABLE THE TRIBUNAL TO SIT IN SINGAPORE" (PDF).
  10. Auto, Hermes (11 June 2020). "Law of the sea disputes can now be heard in Singapore under signed agreement | The Straits Times". straitstimes.com. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  11. "International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Seat". www.itlos.org. Retrieved 29 July 2024.

External links

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