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{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1300 BC to 1201 BC}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{redirect|1200s BC|the decade|1200s BC (decade)}}

{{Centurybox|-13}} {{Centurybox|-13}}
⚫ ]
⚫ ] wine vessel, ], 13th century BC, ].]]


⚫ ] wine vessel, ], 13th century BC, ]]]
The '''13th century BC''' was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC. The '''13th century BC''' was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC.


==The world in the 13th century BC==
⚫ ==Events==
*]: ] comes to an end.
*]: End of the ], start of the ].
*]: ], legendary ], dies after a nominal reign of 25 years. He reportedly only reigned in ] while ] and the rest of ] were under the control of an alliance of ] led by his uncle ] (son of ] of Athens) and his sons (including in some accounts ]). His four sons lead a successful military campaign to regain the throne. ] becomes ], ] reigns in ], ] in ] and ] in southern ].
*(May 31), ]: ] becomes leader of ].
*]: ] dies, 1 year after his son, ] is crowned.
*]: The ] in ]. ] and ] sign the earliest known ] at the end of the Battle of Kadesh.
*]: ], king of ], and ], king of the ], sign the earliest known ].
*(September 7), ]: A ] on this date might mark the birth of legendary ] at ].
*]: ] ] of ] to ].
*]: The ] at ] is constructed (comparable with Hittite architecture).
*]: ], legendary ], receives a false message that his designated heir ], his son by ] of ]a, is dead. ] had been sent to his overlord ] of ] as an offering to the ]. ], ]' only other son (by ] of ]), had been ]d in ] and would become legendary ancestor to the ]. Believing himself without heirs the ] commits ] after a reign of 48 years. He is succeeded by ], who actually still lives. The ] is reportedly named in his honor.
*]: ] ] defeats a ]n invasion.
*]: ], legendary ], is deposed and succeeded by ], great-grandson of ] and second cousin of ]' father ]. ] is reportedly assisted by ] of ], who want to reclaim their sister ] from her first husband ]. The latter seeks refuge in ], whose King ] is an old friend and ally. ], however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to ] him (though other accounts place these events a decade later, in the ]).
*]: Death of Egyptian ] ].
*]: Pharaoh ] claims a victory over the people of ].
*]: Approximate starting date of ], a period of ], unrest and destruction in the eastern ] and ].
*]: ], legendary ], is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by ], great-grandson of ] and second cousin of ]' father ]. ] is reportedly assisted by ] of ], who want to reclaim their sister ] from her first husband ]. ] seeks refuge in ], whose King ] is an old friend and ally. ], however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds ] him. (Other accounts place these events a decade earlier. See ].)
*c. ]: ] that survived exists in ].
*c. 1200 BC: ]s appear in Ancient China.
*c. 1200 BC: Start of ] in ], eastern ], and ].
*c. 1200 BC: Collapse of ] power in ] with the destruction of their capital ].
*c. 1200 BC: Massive migrations of people around the Mediterranean and the Middle-East. See ] for more information.
*c. 1200 BC: ] nomads and ] become a big threat to the former ] and ].
*c. 1200 BC: Migration and expansion of ]. Destruction of Mycenaean city ].
*c. 1200 BC: The proto-Scythian ] expands from the lower ] region to cover the whole of the North ] area.
*c. 1200 BC: The ] start settling the steppes of southern ]? (Undocumented conjecture).
*c. 1200 BC: ] culture starts and thrives in ].
*c. 1200 BC: ] starts to flourish.
*c. 1200 BC: ] civilization in ].
*c. 1200 BC: Possible battle in the ] River Valley of northern Germany.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13469861</ref>


⚫ ]
==Significant persons==
Although many human societies were literate in this period, some individual persons mentioned in this article ought to be considered ]ary rather than historical.


⚫ ==Events==
*]—A lunar eclipse might mark the birth of ]
===Asia===
*c. ]—Birth of legendary ] to King ] of ] and his wife ]
* c. 1300–1046 BC: in China, the ] flourishes as it settles its capital, ], near ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Tan Koon |last=San |title=Dynastic China |publisher=The Other Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-983-9541-88-5 |page=17}}</ref> Chinese settlers swarm in compact groups to create new clearing areas towards the ] basin in the south, the ] terraces in the northwest and the ] valley. The Shang then seem to frequently wage war with the still non-Sinicized populations who inhabit the ] valley. Graves in the form of cruciform pits have been discovered in Anyang containing ] with their yokes, numerous bronze vases and the remains of human sacrifices, as well as the first ] on ]s (''Jiaguwen'') or bronze vases.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Michel |last=Soutif |title=L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-7598-0125-1 |page=33}}</ref> China's Shang armies are organized into infantry and archers in companies of one hundred men, supporting sections of five chariots.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |title=The Great Armies of Antiquity |publisher=] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-275-97809-9 |page=143}}</ref>
*]—Death of ] of ]
* c. 1300 BC: the ]s dominate northwest India as far as the ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Alain |last=Daniélou |title=Histoire de l'Inde |publisher=] |year=1983 |isbn=978-2-213-63953-6 |page=223}}</ref> The ] mention the '']s'' (slaves) as their enemies. Dasas are interpreted as being a North ], Dahae. The Aryans are organized in tribal monarchies headed by a ] (king), who shares power with two councils or assemblies that will differentiate over time, the sabhā (court of justice) and the samiti (council of war).<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Paul |last1=Masson-Oursel |first2=Philippe |last2=Stern |first3=H |last3=de Willman-Grabowska |title=L'Inde antique et la civilisation indienne |publisher=] |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-226-26086-4 |page=88}}</ref> Only one raja is named in the ]: ] of the ], a tribe established on the upper reaches of the Sarasvatî. He is described as the victor of the coalition of ten kings, the most powerful of which was Pûru. Subsequently, the Kurus take control of the Bharatas.<ref name="Boivin">{{Cite book |first=Michel |last=Boivin |title=Histoire de l'Inde |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2015 |isbn=978-2-13-073032-3 |page=8}}</ref>
*], ] of the ] of ] (]–])
* c. 1260 BC: ] pottery discovered at the Bourewa site southwest of ] dates back to this period.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jeffrey L. |last=Gross |title=Waipi'O Valley |volume=1 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5245-3905-4 |page=221}}</ref>
*], ] of the ] of ] (]–])
*] of ]


===Middle East===
<!--==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==-->
* c. 1350–1210 BC: the Igihalkid dynasty in ]. They resume the title of "Kings of Anshan and Susa".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Louis Vanden |last=Berghe |title=Reliefs rupestres de l'Irān ancien : Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, 26 octobre 1983-29 janvier 1984 |publisher=Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire |year=1983 |page=25}}</ref>
* c. 1306–1186 BC: the ]. ], then ], are the capitals of the ].<ref name="Margueron">{{Cite book |first=Jean-Claude |last=Margueron |title=Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques |publisher=Hachette Éducation Technique |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-01-140096-3 |page=384}}</ref> It is a period of relative prosperity. During the reign of ], the construction of the ] of the temples of ], the ] and the temples of ] are completed.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Xavier |last=Barral I Altet |title=Histoire de l'art |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=2013 |isbn=978-2-13-062338-0 |page=19}}</ref>
* 1307–1275 BC: the first Assyrian mention of the ''Ahlamu'', proto-] people, during the reign of ], in the region of the north of the Euphrates. The Aramaeans, a Semitic people reported from the 14th century BC by the ] of ] and then ], settled in North ], then in ] (now ]) and ] where they formed kingdoms in the ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Juliet |last=Clutton-Brock |title=The Walking Larder : Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation |publisher=] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-59838-1 |page=133}}</ref> The biblical tradition of the sons of Jacob, apparently originating from the Aram Naharayim or "Aram of the two rivers", in the loop of the Euphrates, around the towns of ] and Nahur, seems to confirm that this region was populated by Proto-Aramaic pastors around the 13th century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/les_arameens_un_peuple_une_langue_une_ecriture_au_dela_des_empires.asp |title=Les Araméens, un peuple, une langue, une écriture, au-delà des empires |first=André |last=Lemaire |website=www.clio.fr}}</ref>
* 1274 BCE: the Egyptian and Hittite Empires clash in the ], with heavy losses to each side but no decisive outcome.
* ]: ] repels attacks by northern invaders (the "]") in the 8th year of his reign, according to the ]. ] closely links this event with the beginning of the ].<ref>]. , 2016, 1h10'17. See 5'41-6'19 for the invasion of the Sea People in the 5th yr of ]'s reign and the 8th year of ]'s, and 4'30 for the start of the ] "on either side of 1200 BC".</ref>


===Europe===
==Decades and years==
* c. 1300–1200 BC: ] in ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Claude |last=Baurain |title=Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque |publisher=] |year=1997 |page=60}}</ref> The ] and the ] are built in ]. It is a time of peace and prosperity in the ]. Mycenaean imports to the Levant peak. A ] found on the southern coast of ] contained ingots of copper, tin, ivory, Syrian, Cypriot and Mycenaean vases, and pieces of elephant and hippo ivory. The ] is developed: towards the end of the century, a ] four to six meters thick, known as the “pelasgic wall” (''Pelargikon''), is constructed, as well as a well to supply the citadel with water.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Roland |last=Étienne |title=Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire |publisher=] |year=2004 |isbn=978-2-01-181444-9 |page=23}}</ref> ] tablets are created in ].<ref>{{Cite book |title=L'Europe au temps d'Ulysse. |publisher=RMN - Grand Palais |year=1999 |isbn=978-2-7118-6293-1 |page=234}}</ref>
{{Empty section|date=June 2012}}
*c. 1300–1200 BC: approximately 4,000 men fight a ] in Northern Germany, the largest known prehistoric battle north of the Alps.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Curry|first1=Andrew|title=Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/slaughter-bridge-uncovering-colossal-bronze-age-battle|website=Science|access-date=11 March 2017|date=24 March 2016}}</ref>
* c. 1300–500 BC: the ] in ], parts of the ] and ], eastern ] and northern ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=T. Douglas |last=Price |title=Ancient Scandinavia |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-023198-9 |page=212}}</ref>
* c. 1250–850 BC: the ], characterized by vast cemeteries housing urns with the ashes of the deceased and offerings, marks the Late Bronze Age in Western Europe.<ref name="Gimbutas">{{Cite book |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |author-link=Marija Gimbutas |title=Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe |publisher=] |year=1965 |isbn=978-3-11-166814-7 |page=245}}</ref>
* c. 1250–1000 BC: the culture of ] develops inland in ].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Robert |last=Leighton |title=Sicily Before History: An Archaeological Survey from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age |publisher=] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8014-8585-5 |page=150}}</ref>
* 1225–1190 BC: ] in mainland Greece.<ref name="Brunet">{{Cite book |first=Olivier |last=Brunet |title=Les marqueurs archéologiques du pouvoir |publisher=Publications de la Sorbonne |year=2016 |isbn=979-10-351-0005-6 |page=28}}</ref> The perimeters of the defense systems of the Mycenaean palaces (], ], ]) are widely extended, a sign that insecurity is increasing. The end of the period was marked by widespread destruction on most sites: Mycenae, Tyrinth, Midéa, ], ], ], and ], whose unfortified palaces have not been rebuilt.<ref name="Demoule">{{Cite book |language=fr |first1=Jean-Paul |last1=Demoule |first2=Dominique |last2=Garcia |first3=Alain |last3=Schnapp |title=Une histoire des civilisations |publisher=La Découverte |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-7071-8878-6 |page=319}}</ref>

==Sovereign states==
* ].


== References == == References ==
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{{Decades and years}} {{Decades and years}}
{{Centuries}} {{Centuries}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:13th Century Bc}} {{DEFAULTSORT:13th Century Bc}}
⚫ ]
] ]
⚫ ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 22:27, 23 October 2024

One hundred years, from 1300 BC to 1201 BC "1200s BC" redirects here. For the decade, see 1200s BC (decade).
Millennium
2nd millennium BC
Centuries
Timelines
State leaders
Decades
Categories:
Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments
Chinese ritual bronze wine vessel, Shang dynasty, 13th century BC, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

The 13th century BC was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC.

The world in the 13th century BC

Map of the Eastern Hemisphere in 1300 BC

Events

Asia

  • c. 1300–1046 BC: in China, the Shang dynasty flourishes as it settles its capital, Yin, near Anyang. Chinese settlers swarm in compact groups to create new clearing areas towards the Yangtze basin in the south, the Shanxi terraces in the northwest and the Wei River valley. The Shang then seem to frequently wage war with the still non-Sinicized populations who inhabit the Huai River valley. Graves in the form of cruciform pits have been discovered in Anyang containing chariots with their yokes, numerous bronze vases and the remains of human sacrifices, as well as the first Chinese inscriptions on oracle bones (Jiaguwen) or bronze vases. China's Shang armies are organized into infantry and archers in companies of one hundred men, supporting sections of five chariots.
  • c. 1300 BC: the Aryans dominate northwest India as far as the Sarasvati River. The Vedas mention the Dasas (slaves) as their enemies. Dasas are interpreted as being a North Iranian tribe, Dahae. The Aryans are organized in tribal monarchies headed by a raja (king), who shares power with two councils or assemblies that will differentiate over time, the sabhā (court of justice) and the samiti (council of war). Only one raja is named in the Rigveda: Sudas of the Bharatas, a tribe established on the upper reaches of the Sarasvatî. He is described as the victor of the coalition of ten kings, the most powerful of which was Pûru. Subsequently, the Kurus take control of the Bharatas.
  • c. 1260 BC: Lapita pottery discovered at the Bourewa site southwest of Viti Levu dates back to this period.

Middle East

Europe

Sovereign states

References

  1. San, Tan Koon (2014). Dynastic China. The Other Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-983-9541-88-5.
  2. Soutif, Michel (2012). L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques. EDP Sciences. p. 33. ISBN 978-2-7598-0125-1.
  3. Gabriel, Richard A. (2002). The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-275-97809-9.
  4. Daniélou, Alain (1983). Histoire de l'Inde. Fayard. p. 223. ISBN 978-2-213-63953-6.
  5. Masson-Oursel, Paul; Stern, Philippe; de Willman-Grabowska, H (2012). L'Inde antique et la civilisation indienne. Éditions Albin Michel. p. 88. ISBN 978-2-226-26086-4.
  6. Boivin, Michel (2015). Histoire de l'Inde. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 8. ISBN 978-2-13-073032-3.
  7. Gross, Jeffrey L. (2017). Waipi'O Valley. Vol. 1. Xlibris Corporation. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-5245-3905-4.
  8. Berghe, Louis Vanden (1983). Reliefs rupestres de l'Irān ancien : Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, 26 octobre 1983-29 janvier 1984. Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire. p. 25.
  9. Margueron, Jean-Claude (2012). Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques. Hachette Éducation Technique. p. 384. ISBN 978-2-01-140096-3.
  10. Barral I Altet, Xavier (2013). Histoire de l'art. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 19. ISBN 978-2-13-062338-0.
  11. Clutton-Brock, Juliet (2014). The Walking Larder : Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-317-59838-1.
  12. Lemaire, André. "Les Araméens, un peuple, une langue, une écriture, au-delà des empires". www.clio.fr.
  13. Cline, Eric. 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed , 2016, 1h10'17. See 5'41-6'19 for the invasion of the Sea People in the 5th yr of Merneptah's reign and the 8th year of Ramses III's, and 4'30 for the start of the Late Bronze Age collapse "on either side of 1200 BC".
  14. Baurain, Claude (1997). Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque. Presses universitaires de France. p. 60.
  15. Étienne, Roland (2004). Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire. Hachette. p. 23. ISBN 978-2-01-181444-9.
  16. L'Europe au temps d'Ulysse. RMN - Grand Palais. 1999. p. 234. ISBN 978-2-7118-6293-1.
  17. Curry, Andrew (24 March 2016). "Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle". Science. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  18. Price, T. Douglas (2015). Ancient Scandinavia. Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-19-023198-9.
  19. Gimbutas, Marija (1965). Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe. De Gruyter. p. 245. ISBN 978-3-11-166814-7.
  20. Leighton, Robert (1999). Sicily Before History: An Archaeological Survey from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age. Cornell University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-8014-8585-5.
  21. Brunet, Olivier (2016). Les marqueurs archéologiques du pouvoir. Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 28. ISBN 979-10-351-0005-6.
  22. Demoule, Jean-Paul; Garcia, Dominique; Schnapp, Alain (2018). Une histoire des civilisations (in French). La Découverte. p. 319. ISBN 978-2-7071-8878-6.
Decades and years
13th century BC
15th century BC ← 14th century BC ← ↔ → 12th century BC → 11th century BC
1300s BC 1309 BC 1308 BC 1307 BC 1306 BC 1305 BC 1304 BC 1303 BC 1302 BC 1301 BC 1300 BC
1290s BC 1299 BC 1298 BC 1297 BC 1296 BC 1295 BC 1294 BC 1293 BC 1292 BC 1291 BC 1290 BC
1280s BC 1289 BC 1288 BC 1287 BC 1286 BC 1285 BC 1284 BC 1283 BC 1282 BC 1281 BC 1280 BC
1270s BC 1279 BC 1278 BC 1277 BC 1276 BC 1275 BC 1274 BC 1273 BC 1272 BC 1271 BC 1270 BC
1260s BC 1269 BC 1268 BC 1267 BC 1266 BC 1265 BC 1264 BC 1263 BC 1262 BC 1261 BC 1260 BC
1250s BC 1259 BC 1258 BC 1257 BC 1256 BC 1255 BC 1254 BC 1253 BC 1252 BC 1251 BC 1250 BC
1240s BC 1249 BC 1248 BC 1247 BC 1246 BC 1245 BC 1244 BC 1243 BC 1242 BC 1241 BC 1240 BC
1230s BC 1239 BC 1238 BC 1237 BC 1236 BC 1235 BC 1234 BC 1233 BC 1232 BC 1231 BC 1230 BC
1220s BC 1229 BC 1228 BC 1227 BC 1226 BC 1225 BC 1224 BC 1223 BC 1222 BC 1221 BC 1220 BC
1210s BC 1219 BC 1218 BC 1217 BC 1216 BC 1215 BC 1214 BC 1213 BC 1212 BC 1211 BC 1210 BC
1200s BC 1209 BC 1208 BC 1207 BC 1206 BC 1205 BC 1204 BC 1203 BC 1202 BC 1201 BC 1200 BC
1190s BC 1199 BC 1198 BC 1197 BC 1196 BC 1195 BC 1194 BC 1193 BC 1192 BC 1191 BC 1190 BC
Centuries and millennia
Millennium Century
BC (BCE)
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3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st
2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th
1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
AD (CE)
1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th
3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th
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