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{{short description| |
{{short description|4th letter of the Latin alphabet}} | ||
{{About|the letter of the alphabet}} | {{About|the letter of the alphabet}} | ||
⚫ | {{pp-move-indef}} | ||
⚫ | {{pp|small=yes}} | ||
{{Technical reasons|D#|D-sharp|D♯ (disambiguation)}} | {{Technical reasons|D#|D-sharp|D♯ (disambiguation)}} | ||
{{Technical reasons|:D|the keyboard symbol|List of emoticons}} | {{Technical reasons|:D|the keyboard symbol|List of emoticons}} | ||
⚫ | {{pp-move-indef}} | ||
⚫ | {{pp|small=yes}} | ||
{{Infobox grapheme | {{Infobox grapheme | ||
|name = D | |name = D | ||
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|typedesc=ic | |typedesc=ic | ||
|language=] | |language=] | ||
|phonemes={{grid list||||]]|| |
|phonemes={{grid list||||]]||||]]|{{IPAc-en|d|iː}}}} | ||
|unicode=U+0044, U+0064 | |unicode=U+0044, U+0064 | ||
|alphanumber=4 | |alphanumber=4 | ||
Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
|fam5=] | |fam5=] | ||
|fam6=] | |fam6=] | ||
|usageperiod=~ |
|usageperiod=~−700 – present | ||
|children={{grid list|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]}} | |children={{grid list|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]|]}} | ||
|sisters={{grid list|]|]|]|]|]|]|]}} | |sisters={{grid list|]|]|]|]|]|]|]}} | ||
|equivalents= | |equivalents= | ||
|associates=] | |associates=] | ||
|direction=Left-to- |
|direction=Left-to-right | ||
|image=File:Latin_letter_D.svg}} | |||
⚫ | |||
{{Latin letter info|d}} | {{Latin letter info|d}} | ||
'''D''', or '''d''', is the fourth ] |
'''D''', or '''d''', is the fourth ] of the ], used in the ], the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ] (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|d|iː}}), plural ''dees''.<ref>"D" ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); '']'s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "dee", ''op. cit.''</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
|- style="background-color:#EEEEEE; text-align:center;" | |- style="background-color:#EEEEEE; text-align:center;" | ||
! Egyptian hieroglyph <br>door, fish | ! Egyptian hieroglyph <br>door, fish | ||
! Phoenician <br/> |
! Phoenician <br/>]h | ||
! |
! Western Greek<br/>] | ||
! Etruscan <br/>D | ! Etruscan <br/>D | ||
! |
! Latin <br/>D | ||
|- style="background-color:white; text-align:center;" | |- style="background-color:white; text-align:center;" | ||
|<hiero>O31</hiero><hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero> | |<hiero>O31</hiero><hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero> | ||
| ] | | ] | ||
| ] | | ] | ||
| ] | | ] | ||
| ] | | ] | ||
|} | |} | ||
The ] letter ] may have developed from the ] for a fish or a door.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The letter D|url=https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|access-date=2021-07-06|website=issuu|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194452/https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are many different ]s that might have inspired this. In Semitic, ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Definition of DELTA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/delta |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> and ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Alphabet |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155729/http://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> the letter represented {{IPA|/d/}}; in the ]<ref>Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 ''𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions''</ref> the letter was archaic |
The ] letter ] may have developed from the ] for a fish or a door.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The letter D|url=https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|access-date=2021-07-06|website=issuu|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194452/https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are many different ]s that might have inspired this. In Semitic, ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Definition of DELTA |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/delta |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref> and ],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latin Alphabet |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226155729/http://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> the letter represented {{IPA|/d/}}; in the ]<ref>Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 ''𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions''</ref> the letter was archaic but still retained. The equivalent ] is delta, ].<ref name=":0" /> | ||
⚫ | The ] (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left ] and a ]. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the ] (capital) form 'D', and is now composed as a stem with a full ] to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a ] at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Old English |url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/engol |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=The Linguistics Research Center}}</ref> | ||
==Architecture== | |||
⚫ | The ] (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left ] and a ]. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the ] (capital) form 'D', and |
||
==Use in writing systems== | ==Use in writing systems== | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | |||
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|d}} by language | |||
! Orthography | |||
! Phonemes | |||
|- | |||
! {{nwr|]}} (]) | |||
| {{IPAslink|t}} | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| {{IPAslink|d̥}} | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| {{IPAslink|d}} | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| {{IPAslink|d}}, silent | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|t}} | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| {{IPAslink|d}} | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| {{IPAslink|d}} | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| {{IPAslink|d}} | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| {{IPAslink|z}}, {{IPAslink|j}} | |||
⚫ | |} | ||
===English=== | |||
In ], {{angbr|d}} generally represents the ] {{IPA|/d/}}. | |||
D is the ] in the English language. | |||
===Other languages=== | |||
] for "]"), on a ] at the border between Austria and Germany.]] | ] for "]"), on a ] at the border between Austria and Germany.]] | ||
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet |
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, {{angbr|d}} generally represents the ] or ] {{IPA|/d/}}. | ||
In the ], it represents the sound {{IPA|/z/}} in northern dialects or {{IPA|/j/}} in southern dialects. In ], it represents a ] stop {{IPA|/ⁿd/}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pacific languages: an introduction |first=John |last=Lynch |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYfV1jN3whUC&q=d+fijian+prenasalized&pg=PA97 |year=1998 |publisher=] |isbn=0-8248-1898-9 }}</ref> | |||
In some languages where ]less ] stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, {{angbr|d}} represents an unaspirated {{IPA|/t/}}, while {{angbr|t}} represents an aspirated {{IPA|/tʰ/}}. Examples of such languages include ], ], ] and the ] transliteration of ]. | |||
===Other systems=== | |||
In the ], {{angbr|d}} represents the ] {{IPA|/d/}}. | |||
==Other uses== | ==Other uses== | ||
{{Main article|D (disambiguation)}} | |||
⚫ | * In the ] (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in ] (base 10) counting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hexadecimal Number System {{!}} There are Many Ways to Write Numbers |url=https://u.osu.edu/storageofdata/hexadecimal-number-system/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=u.osu.edu}}</ref> | ||
* The ] D represents the number ].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord | url-access=registration | quote=roman numerals. | title=Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy | publisher=] | date=1983 | access-date=3 October 2015 | author=Gordon, Arthur E. | pages=| isbn=9780520038981 }}</ref> | * The ] D represents the number ].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord | url-access=registration | quote=roman numerals. | title=Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy | publisher=] | date=1983 | access-date=3 October 2015 | author=Gordon, Arthur E. | pages=| isbn=9780520038981 }}</ref> | ||
* ] d, meaning one tenth. | |||
* D is the grade below C but above E in the ]. | |||
* D is the |
* D is the grade below C but above E/F in the ]. | ||
* D is the ] for ] (also ] as its ]). | |||
* In ]: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in |
* In ]: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in early computer systems, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent {{lang|yue|啲}} ({{Literal translation|a little}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2011 |title=The Roman Alphabet in Cantonese |url=https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3045 |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=]}}</ref> | ||
* In the ] for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the ] tradition, either ] or ]. | * In the ] for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the ] tradition, either ] or ]. | ||
* d. is the standard abbreviation for the ] (from {{ |
* d. is the standard abbreviation for the ] (from {{langx|la|]}}) | ||
==Related characters== | ==Related characters== | ||
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===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== | ===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== | ||
*Ɖ ɖ : ] | * Ɖ ɖ : ] | ||
*Ð ð : ] | * Ð ð : ] | ||
*D with ]s: ] ]<ref name="L219179">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190943/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-13 |url-status=live|title=L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish|date=2019-05-26|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Chris|last2=Lilley}}</ref> ] ] ] ] ] ] ] | * D with ]s: ] ]<ref name="L219179">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190943/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-13 |url-status=live|title=L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish|date=2019-05-26|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Chris|last2=Lilley}}</ref> ] ] ] ] ] ] ] | ||
*Phonetic symbols related to D: | * Phonetic symbols related to D: | ||
** Symbols related to D used in the ]: {{IPA link|ɖ}} {{IPA link|ɗ}} | ** Symbols related to D used in the ]: {{IPA link|ɖ}} {{IPA link|ɗ}} | ||
** Symbols related to D used in the ]: {{not a typo|ᴅ ᴰ ᵈ}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819185337/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|author-link1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal}}</ref> | ** Symbols related to D used in the ]: {{not a typo|ᴅ ᴰ ᵈ}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819185337/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS|date=2002-03-20|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|author-link1=Michael Everson|display-authors=etal}}</ref> | ||
** ]: 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730010133/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-30 |url-status=live|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}</ref> | ** ]: 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730010133/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-30 |url-status=live|date=2020-11-08|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Michael|last2=Ashby}}</ref> | ||
** Other phonetic symbols related to D: ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01347-n2366r.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819124737/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01347-n2366r.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2001-09-20|first1=Richard|last1=Cook|first2=Michael|last2=Everson}}</ref> ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819204725/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> ]<ref name="L204132">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819114855/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> ]<ref name="L204132"/> | ** Other phonetic symbols related to D: ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01347-n2366r.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819124737/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01347-n2366r.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2001-09-20|first1=Richard|last1=Cook|first2=Michael|last2=Everson}}</ref> ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819204725/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> ]<ref name="L204132">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819114855/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> ]<ref name="L204132"/> | ||
*Ƌ ƌ : ] | * Ƌ ƌ : ] | ||
*𝼥 : D with mid-height left hook |
* 𝼥 : D with mid-height left hook – Used by the ] in the early 20th century for ] of the ] language.<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907191404/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf |archive-date=2021-09-07 |url-status=live|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref> | ||
*Ꝺ ꝺ : ] D is used in various phonetic contexts<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06266-n3122-insular.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819182322/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06266-n3122-insular.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS|date=2006-08-06|first=Michael|last=Everson}}</ref> | * Ꝺ ꝺ : ] D is used in various phonetic contexts<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06266-n3122-insular.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819182322/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06266-n3122-insular.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-19 |url-status=live|title=L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS|date=2006-08-06|first=Michael|last=Everson}}</ref> | ||
===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== | ===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== | ||
*𐤃 : ] letter ], from which the following symbols originally derive | * 𐤃 : ] letter ], from which the following symbols originally derive: | ||
**Δ δ : ] letter ], from which the following symbols originally derive | ** Δ δ : ] letter ], from which the following symbols originally derive: | ||
***{{Script|Copt|Ⲇ ⲇ}} : ] letter Delta | *** {{Script|Copt|Ⲇ ⲇ}} : ] letter Delta | ||
***Д д : ] letter ] | *** Д д : ] letter ] | ||
***𐌃 : ] D, the ancestor of modern Latin D | *** 𐌃 : ] D, the ancestor of modern Latin D | ||
****{{Script|Runr|ᛞ}} : ] letter ], which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic D | **** {{Script|Runr|ᛞ}} : ] letter ], which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic D | ||
****{{Script|Runr|ᚦ}} Runic letter ], another possible descendant of Old Italic D | **** {{Script|Runr|ᚦ}} Runic letter ], another possible descendant of Old Italic D | ||
***{{Script|Goth|𐌳}} : ] letter daaz, which derives from Greek Delta | *** {{Script|Goth|𐌳}} : ] letter daaz, which derives from Greek Delta | ||
===Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations=== | ===Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations=== | ||
*₫ : ] | * ₫ : ] | ||
*ⅆ : Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol | * ⅆ : Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol | ||
*∂ : ], <math>\partial</math> | * ∂ : ], <math>\partial</math> | ||
⚫ | == |
||
These are the ]s for the forms of the letter in various systems | |||
{{charmap | |||
| 0044 | 0064 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter D | name2 = Latin Small Letter D | |||
| map1 = ] family | map1char1 = C4 | map1char2 = 84 | |||
| map2 = ] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 44 | map2char2 = 64 | |||
}} | |||
: <sup>1</sup> {{midsize|Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.}} | |||
==Other representations== | ==Other representations== | ||
⚫ | ===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>=== | ||
The Latin letters {{angbr|D}} and {{angbr|d}} have ] encodings {{unichar|0044}} and {{unichar|0064}}. These are the same ]s as those used in ] and ]. There are also ] encodings for {{angbr|D}} and {{angbr|d}} with diacritics, for most of those listed ]; the remainder are produced using ]s. | |||
Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the ] in mathematics and science, ] sounds in linguistics and ] for legacy ] font compatibility. | |||
===Other=== | |||
{{Letter other reps | {{Letter other reps | ||
|NATO=Delta | |NATO=Delta | ||
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In ] (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand. | In ] (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand. | ||
==Use as a number== | |||
⚫ | In the ] (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in ] (base 10) counting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hexadecimal Number System {{!}} There are Many Ways to Write Numbers |url=https://u.osu.edu/storageofdata/hexadecimal-number-system/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=u.osu.edu |
||
{{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
== |
==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{Commons |
{{Commons}} | ||
*{{Wiktionary-inline|D}} | *{{Wiktionary-inline|D}} | ||
*{{Wiktionary-inline|d}} | *{{Wiktionary-inline|d}} |
Latest revision as of 17:23, 25 October 2024
4th letter of the Latin alphabet This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see D (disambiguation). For technical reasons, "D#" redirects here. For D-sharp, see D♯ (disambiguation). For technical reasons, ":D" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, see List of emoticons.
D | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D d | |||||||
Usage | |||||||
Writing system | Latin script | ||||||
Type | Alphabetic | ||||||
Language of origin | Latin language | ||||||
Sound values | |||||||
In Unicode | U+0044, U+0064 | ||||||
Alphabetical position | 4 Numerical value: 4 | ||||||
History | |||||||
Development |
| ||||||
Time period | ~−700 – present | ||||||
Descendants | |||||||
Sisters | |||||||
Other | |||||||
Associated graphs | d(x) | ||||||
Associated numbers | 4 | ||||||
Writing direction | Left-to-right | ||||||
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
ISO basic Latin alphabet |
---|
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz |
D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced /ˈdiː/), plural dees.
History
Egyptian hieroglyph door, fish |
Phoenician daleth |
Western Greek Delta |
Etruscan D |
Latin D | ||||||
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The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek and Latin, the letter represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was archaic but still retained. The equivalent Greek letter is delta, Δ.
The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left bowl and a stem ascender. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the majuscule (capital) form 'D', and is now composed as a stem with a full lobe to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.
Use in writing systems
Orthography | Phonemes |
---|---|
Standard Chinese (Pinyin) | /t/ |
Dungan | /d̥/ |
English | /d/ |
French | /d/, silent |
German | /d/, /t/ |
Portuguese | /d/ |
Spanish | /d/ |
Turkish | /d/ |
Vietnamese | /z/, /j/ |
English
In English, ⟨d⟩ generally represents the voiced alveolar plosive /d/.
D is the tenth most frequently used letter in the English language.
Other languages
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨d⟩ generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive /d/.
In the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound /z/ in northern dialects or /j/ in southern dialects. In Fijian, it represents a prenasalized stop /ⁿd/.
In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, ⟨d⟩ represents an unaspirated /t/, while ⟨t⟩ represents an aspirated /tʰ/. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo and the pinyin transliteration of Mandarin.
Other systems
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨d⟩ represents the voiced alveolar plosive /d/.
Other uses
Main article: D (disambiguation)- In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in decimal (base 10) counting.
- The Roman numeral D represents the number 500.
- Unit prefix d, meaning one tenth.
- D is the grade below C but above E/F in the school grading system.
- D is the international vehicle registration code for Germany (also .de as its top-level domain).
- In Cantonese: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in early computer systems, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent 啲 (lit. 'a little').
- In the Gregory-Aland system for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the Western text-type tradition, either Codex Bezae or Codex Claromontanus.
- d. is the standard abbreviation for the Penny (British pre-decimal coin) (from Latin: denarius)
Related characters
Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet
- Ɖ ɖ : African D
- Ð ð : Latin letter Eth
- D with diacritics: Đ đ Ꟈ ꟈ Ɗ ɗ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ď ď Ḏ ḏ
- Phonetic symbols related to D:
- Symbols related to D used in the IPA: ɖ ɗ
- Symbols related to D used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet: ᴅ ᴰ ᵈ
- Superscript IPA letters: 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍
- Other phonetic symbols related to D: ȡ ᵭ ᶁ ᶑ
- Ƌ ƌ : D with topbar
- 𝼥 : D with mid-height left hook – Used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.
- Ꝺ ꝺ : Insular D is used in various phonetic contexts
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤃 : Semitic letter Dalet, from which the following symbols originally derive:
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ₫ : Đồng sign
- ⅆ : Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol
- ∂ : the partial derivative symbol,
Other representations
Computing
The Latin letters ⟨D⟩ and ⟨d⟩ have Unicode encodings U+0044 D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D and U+0064 d LATIN SMALL LETTER D. These are the same code points as those used in ASCII and ISO 8859. There are also precomposed character encodings for ⟨D⟩ and ⟨d⟩ with diacritics, for most of those listed above; the remainder are produced using combining diacritics.
Variant forms of the letter have unique code points for specialist use: the alphanumeric symbols set in mathematics and science, plosive sounds in linguistics and halfwidth and fullwidth forms for legacy CJK font compatibility.
Other
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Delta |
▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) | British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) | Braille dots-145 Unified English Braille |
In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand.
References
- "D" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "dee", op. cit.
- "The letter D". issuu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ "Definition of DELTA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- "Latin Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-26.
- Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions
- "Introduction to Old English". The Linguistics Research Center. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- Lynch, John (1998). Pacific languages: an introduction. University of Hawaii Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-8248-1898-9.
- "Hexadecimal Number System | There are Many Ways to Write Numbers". u.osu.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
roman numerals.
- "The Roman Alphabet in Cantonese". University of Pennsylvania. March 23, 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- Everson, Michael; Lilley, Chris (2019-05-26). "L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-13.
- Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-30.
- Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (2021-07-16). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-07.
- Everson, Michael (2006-08-06). "L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
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