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{{short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 752 to 757}}
{{hatnote|In sources prior to the 1960s, this Pope is sometimes called ''Stephen III'' and Pope-elect Stephen is sometimes called ''Stephen II''. See ] for a detailed explanation.}}
{{Pope Stephen ToP Dab|II}}


{{Infobox Christian leader | type = Pope {{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
|honorific-prefix=Pope | honorific-prefix = ]
|name=Stephen II | name = Stephen II
| title = ]
|image=La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg
| church = ]
⚫ |image_size=220px
| image =
⚫ |term_start=March 26, 752
⚫ | image_size = 220px
⚫ |term_end=April 26, 757
| caption = ] of Stephen II
|predecessor=]
⚫ | term_start = 26 March 752
⚫ |successor=]
⚫ | term_end = 26 April 757
⚫ |cardinal=before 750
|created_cardinal_by=] | predecessor = ]
⚫ | successor = ]
⚫ |birth_date=
⚫ | cardinal = before 750
⚫ |birth_place=], ]
| created_cardinal_by = ]
⚫ |death_date=April 26, 757 (aged 43)
⚫ | birth_date = 714
⚫ |death_place= ], ]
⚫ | birth_place = ], ]
|previous_post=Cardinal-Deacon (before 750-752)
⚫ | death_date = 26 April 757 (aged 43)
⚫ |other=Stephen}}
⚫ | death_place = Rome, ]
⚫ | other = Stephen
}}


'''Pope Stephen II''' ({{lang-la|Stephanus II}} (or III); 714-26 April 757<ref>Biagia Catanzaro, Francesco Gligora, ''Breve Storia dei papi, da San Pietro a Paolo VI'', Padova 1975, p. 84</ref> a Roman aristocrat<ref>Norwich, J. J. "The Popes: A History", p. 756. 2011</ref> was ] from 26 March 752 to his death in 757. He succeeded ] following the death of ] (sometimes called Stephen II). Stephen II marks the historical delineation between the ] and the ]. '''Pope Stephen II''' ({{langx|la|Stephanus II}}; 714 – 26 April 757) was born a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family. Stephen was the ] from 26 March 752 to his death. Stephen II marks the historical delineation between the ] and the ]. During Stephen's pontificate, ] was facing invasion by the ] when Stephen II went to Paris to seek assistance from ]. Pepin defeated the Lombards and made ] to the pope, eventually leading to the establishment of the ].


==Election==
The safety of Rome was facing invasion by the ]. Pope Stephen II traveled all the way to Paris to seek assistance against the Lombard threat from ]. Pepin had been anointed a first time in 751 in Soissons by ], archbishop of Mainz, but named his price. With the Frankish nobles agreeing to campaign in Lombardy, the Pope consecrated Pepin a second time in a lavish ceremony at the ] in 754, bestowing upon him the additional title of ''Patricius Romanorum'' (Latin for "Patrician of the Romans") in the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a Pope. Pepin defeated the Lombards – taking control of northern Italy – and made a gift (called the ]) of the properties formerly constituting the Exarchate of Ravenna to the pope, eventually leading to the establishment of the ].
In 751, the ] king ] captured the ], and turned his attention to the ].<ref name="ce"> Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 September 2017</ref> Stephen, a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family,<ref>Norwich, J. J. "The Popes: A History", p. 756. 2011</ref><ref>George L. Williams, ''Papal Genealogy'', (McFarland & Company, 2004), 215.</ref> was ] on 26 March 752 to succeed ] following the recent death of ].


==Lombard threat==
==Allegiance to Constantinople==
In 751, the ] king ] captured the ], and turned his attention to the ].<ref name="ce"> Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 September 2017</ref> Relations were very strained in the mid-8th century between the ] and the ] over the support of the ] for ]. Likewise, maintaining political control over Rome became untenable as the ] itself was beset by the ] to the south and ] to the northwest. Constantinople could send no troops, and Emperor ], in answer to the repeated requests for help of the new pope, Stephen II, could only offer him the advice to act in accordance with the ancient policy of Rome, to pit some other Germanic tribe against the Lombards.<ref> Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 September 2017</ref>


⚫ Stephen turned to ], the ] who had recently defeated the Muslim ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=David Gress|title=From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and Its Opponents|date=11 May 2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=Preface|isbn=9781439119013|quote=He transferred his political allegiance from the empire to the king of the Franks, who lived north of the Alps, who had recently defeated the Muslims who were invading from Spain...}}</ref> He traveled to ] to plead for help in person against the surrounding Lombard and Muslim threats.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter O'Brien|title=European Perceptions of Islam and America from Saladin to George W. Bush|date=23 Dec 2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230617803|page=24}}</ref> On 6 January 754, Stephen re-consecrated Pepin as king. In return, Pepin assumed the role of ordained protector of the Church and set his sights on the Lombards, as well as addressing the threat of Islamic ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sampie Terreblanche|title=Western Empires, Christianity and the Inequalities between the West and the Rest|date=30 Sep 2014|publisher=Penguin UK|location=Europes industrialisation|isbn=9780143531555|quote=To address the threat of an Islamic empire settled in south-western Europe, Pope Stephen II crowned Pippin (the son of Charles Martel) as king of the Frankish dynasty...}}</ref> Pepin invaded Italy twice to settle the Lombard problem and delivered the territory between ] and ] to the papacy, but left the Lombard kings in possession of their kingdom.
Relations were very strained in the mid-8th century between the ] and the ] over the support of the ] for ]. Likewise, maintaining political control over Rome became untenable as the ] itself was beset by the ] to the south and ] to the northwest. Byzantium could send no troops, and Emperor Constantine V Copronymus, in answer to the repeated requests for help of the new pope, Stephen II, could only offer him the advice to act in accordance with the ancient policy of Byzantium, to pit some other Germanic tribe against the Lombards.<ref> Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 September 2017</ref>

==Alliance with the Franks==
⚫ Stephen turned to ], the recently crowned ] (who had also recently defeated the Muslim ]),<ref>{{cite book|author1=David Gress|title=From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and Its Opponents|date=11 May 2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=Preface|isbn=9781439119013|quote=He transferred his political allegiance from the empire to the king of the Franks, who lived north of the Alps, who had recently defeated the Muslims who were invading from Spain...}}</ref> and even traveled to ] to plead for help in person against the surrounding Lombard and Muslim threats.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter O'Brien|title=European Perceptions of Islam and America from Saladin to George W. Bush|date=23 Dec 2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230617803|page=24}}</ref> On 6 January 754, Stephen re-consecrated Pepin as king. In return, Pepin assumed the role of ordained protector of the Church and set his sights on the Lombards, as well as addressing the threat of Islamic ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sampie Terreblanche|title=Western Empires, Christianity and the Inequalities between the West and the Rest|date=30 Sep 2014|publisher=Penguin UK|location=Europes industrialisation|isbn=9780143531555|quote=To address the threat of an Islamic empire settled in south-western Europe, Pope Stephen II crowned Pippin (the son of Charles Martel) as king of the Frankish dynasty...}}</ref>

Pepin invaded Italy twice to settle the Lombard problem and delivered the territory between ] and ] to the papacy, but left the Lombard kings in possession of their kingdom.


==Duchy of Rome and the Papal States== ==Duchy of Rome and the Papal States==
]
Prior to Stephen's alliance with Pepin, Rome had constituted the central city of the ], which composed one of two districts within the ], along with Ravenna itself. At ] the Frankish nobles finally gave their consent to a campaign in Lombardy.<ref name="ce"/> Roman Catholic tradition asserts that then and there Pepin executed in writing a promise to give to the Church certain territories that were to be wrested from the Lombards, and which would be referred to later as the ]. Known as the ], no actual document has been preserved, but later 8th century sources quote from it. Prior to Stephen II's alliance with Pepin, Rome had constituted the central city of the ], which composed one of two districts within the ], along with Ravenna itself. At ] the Frankish nobles finally gave their consent to a campaign in Lombardy.<ref name="ce"/> ] asserts that then and there Pepin executed in writing a promise to give to the Church certain territories that were to be wrested from the Lombards, and which would be referred to later as the ]. Known as the ], no actual document has been preserved, but later 8th century sources quote from it.


⚫ Stephen anointed Pepin as king of the Franks<ref name="ce"/> at ] in a memorable ceremony that was evoked in the ] until the end of the '']'' in 1789. In return, in 756, Pepin and his Frankish army forced the Lombard king to surrender his conquests, and Pepin officially conferred upon the pope the territories belonging to Ravenna, even cities such as ] with their hinterlands, laying the Donation of Pepin upon the ], according to traditional later accounts. The gift included Lombard conquests in the ] and in the duchies of ] and ], and the ] in the ] (the "five cities" of ], ], ], ] and ]). For the first time, the Donation made the pope a temporal ruler over a strip of territory that extended diagonally across Italy from the ] to the ]. Over these extensive and mountainous territories the medieval popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty, given the pressures of the times, and the new Papal States preserved the old Lombard heritage of many small counties and marquisates, each centered upon a fortified '']''.
Stephen anointed Pepin as King of the Franks<ref name="ce"/> at ] in a memorable ceremony that was evoked in the ] of French kings until the end of the ] in 1789.


⚫ Pepin confirmed his Donation in Rome in 756, and in 774 ] confirmed the donation of his father.<ref>Pierre Riche, ''The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe'', transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 97.</ref> Stephen II died on 26 April 757 and was succeeded by his brother ].<ref>Biagia Catanzaro, Francesco Gligora, ''Breve Storia dei papi, da San Pietro a Paolo VI'', Padova 1975, p. 84</ref>
⚫ In return, in 756, Pepin and his Frankish army forced the Lombard king to surrender his conquests, and Pepin officially conferred upon the pope the territories belonging to Ravenna, even cities such as ] with their hinterlands, laying the Donation of Pepin upon the ], according to traditional later accounts. The gift included Lombard conquests in the ] and in the duchies of ] and ], and the ] in the ] (the "five cities" of ], ], ], ] and ]). For the first time, the Donation made the pope a temporal ruler over a strip of territory that extended diagonally across Italy from the ] to the ]. Over these extensive and mountainous territories the medieval popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty, given the pressures of the times, and the new Papal States preserved the old Lombard heritage of many small counties and marquisates, each centered upon a fortified '']''.

⚫ Pepin confirmed his Donation in Rome in 756, and in 774 ] confirmed the donation of his father.<ref>Pierre Riche, ''The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe'', transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 97.</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}} {{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
*'']'' *'']''
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


== Literature == == Sources ==
* {{EnciclopediaDeiPapi|Verfasser=Paolo Delogu|ID=stefano-ii_(Enciclopedia_dei_Papi)/|Lemma=Stefano II|Band=1|SeiteVon=660|SeiteBis=665|Kommentar=|kurz=}}. * {{EnciclopediaDeiPapi|Verfasser=Paolo Delogu|ID=stefano-ii_(Enciclopedia_dei_Papi)/|Lemma=Stefano II|Band=1|SeiteVon=660|SeiteBis=665|Kommentar=|kurz=}}.
* {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629104500/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/s/s4/stephan_ii_p.shtml |autor=Ekkart Sauser|artikel=Stephan II. (III.)|band=10|spalten=1351–1354}} * {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629104500/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/s/s4/stephan_ii_p.shtml |autor=Ekkart Sauser|artikel=Stephan II. (III.)|band=10|spalten=1351–1354}}
* {{LexMA|8|116|117|Stephan II|]}} * {{LexMA|8|116|117|Stephan II|]}}

==External links== ==External links==
{{commons category|Stephanus III|Pope Stephen III}} {{commons category|Stephanus II}}
*: Papal States, section 3: Collapse of the Byzantine Power in Central Italy *: Papal States, section 3: Collapse of the Byzantine Power in Central Italy
* *
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Latest revision as of 19:30, 25 October 2024

Head of the Catholic Church from 752 to 757 In sources prior to the 1960s, this pope is called Stephen III and Pope-elect Stephen is called Stephen II; see Pope-elect Stephen for a detailed explanation.
Pope
Stephen II
Bishop of Rome
ChurchCatholic Church
Papacy began26 March 752
Papacy ended26 April 757
PredecessorZachary
SuccessorPaul I
Orders
Created cardinalbefore 750
by Zachary
Personal details
Born714
Rome, Byzantine Empire
Died26 April 757 (aged 43)
Rome, Papal States
Other popes named Stephen

Pope Stephen II (Latin: Stephanus II; 714 – 26 April 757) was born a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family. Stephen was the bishop of Rome from 26 March 752 to his death. Stephen II marks the historical delineation between the Byzantine Papacy and the Frankish Papacy. During Stephen's pontificate, Rome was facing invasion by the Lombards when Stephen II went to Paris to seek assistance from Pepin the Short. Pepin defeated the Lombards and made a gift of land to the pope, eventually leading to the establishment of the Papal States.

Election

In 751, the Lombard king Aistulf captured the Exarchate of Ravenna, and turned his attention to the Duchy of Rome. Stephen, a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family, was selected on 26 March 752 to succeed Pope Zachary following the recent death of Pope-elect Stephen.

Lombard threat

Relations were very strained in the mid-8th century between the papacy and the Eastern Roman emperors over the support of the Isaurian dynasty for iconoclasm. Likewise, maintaining political control over Rome became untenable as the Eastern Roman Empire itself was beset by the Abbasid Caliphate to the south and Bulgars to the northwest. Constantinople could send no troops, and Emperor Constantine V Copronymus, in answer to the repeated requests for help of the new pope, Stephen II, could only offer him the advice to act in accordance with the ancient policy of Rome, to pit some other Germanic tribe against the Lombards.

Stephen turned to Pepin the Short, the king of the Franks who had recently defeated the Muslim Umayyad invasion of Gaul. He traveled to Paris to plead for help in person against the surrounding Lombard and Muslim threats. On 6 January 754, Stephen re-consecrated Pepin as king. In return, Pepin assumed the role of ordained protector of the Church and set his sights on the Lombards, as well as addressing the threat of Islamic Al-Andalus. Pepin invaded Italy twice to settle the Lombard problem and delivered the territory between Rome and Ravenna to the papacy, but left the Lombard kings in possession of their kingdom.

Duchy of Rome and the Papal States

Painting depicting Abbot Fulrad giving Pepin's written guarantee to Stephen II

Prior to Stephen II's alliance with Pepin, Rome had constituted the central city of the Duchy of Rome, which composed one of two districts within the Exarchate of Ravenna, along with Ravenna itself. At Quiercy the Frankish nobles finally gave their consent to a campaign in Lombardy. Catholic tradition asserts that then and there Pepin executed in writing a promise to give to the Church certain territories that were to be wrested from the Lombards, and which would be referred to later as the Papal States. Known as the Donation of Pepin, no actual document has been preserved, but later 8th century sources quote from it.

Stephen anointed Pepin as king of the Franks at Saint-Denis in a memorable ceremony that was evoked in the coronation rites of French kings until the end of the ancien régime in 1789. In return, in 756, Pepin and his Frankish army forced the Lombard king to surrender his conquests, and Pepin officially conferred upon the pope the territories belonging to Ravenna, even cities such as Forlì with their hinterlands, laying the Donation of Pepin upon the tomb of Saint Peter, according to traditional later accounts. The gift included Lombard conquests in the Romagna and in the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento, and the Pentapolis in the Marche (the "five cities" of Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia and Ancona). For the first time, the Donation made the pope a temporal ruler over a strip of territory that extended diagonally across Italy from the Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic. Over these extensive and mountainous territories the medieval popes were unable to exercise effective sovereignty, given the pressures of the times, and the new Papal States preserved the old Lombard heritage of many small counties and marquisates, each centered upon a fortified rocca.

Pepin confirmed his Donation in Rome in 756, and in 774 Charlemagne confirmed the donation of his father. Stephen II died on 26 April 757 and was succeeded by his brother Paul I.

See also

References

  1. ^ Mann, Horace. "Pope Stephen (II) III." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 September 2017
  2. Norwich, J. J. "The Popes: A History", p. 756. 2011
  3. George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy, (McFarland & Company, 2004), 215.
  4. Schnürer, Gustav. "States of the Church." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 12 September 2017
  5. David Gress (11 May 2010). From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and Its Opponents. Preface: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439119013. He transferred his political allegiance from the empire to the king of the Franks, who lived north of the Alps, who had recently defeated the Muslims who were invading from Spain...
  6. Peter O'Brien (23 Dec 2008). European Perceptions of Islam and America from Saladin to George W. Bush. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24. ISBN 9780230617803.
  7. Sampie Terreblanche (30 Sep 2014). Western Empires, Christianity and the Inequalities between the West and the Rest. Europes industrialisation: Penguin UK. ISBN 9780143531555. To address the threat of an Islamic empire settled in south-western Europe, Pope Stephen II crowned Pippin (the son of Charles Martel) as king of the Frankish dynasty...
  8. Pierre Riche, The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe, transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 97.
  9. Biagia Catanzaro, Francesco Gligora, Breve Storia dei papi, da San Pietro a Paolo VI, Padova 1975, p. 84

Sources

External links

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