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{{ about|the Royal Canal, the original name of the Dnieper–Bug Canal, in Belarus|the Royal Canal, located in Ireland|Royal Canal}} {{Short description|Inland ship canal in Belarus}}
{{About|the Royal Canal, the original name of the Dnieper–Bug Canal, in Belarus |the Royal Canal, located in Ireland|Royal Canal}}
{{Under construction}}
{{Infobox canal {{Infobox canal
|name = <small>{{lang-be|Дняпроўска-Бугскі канал}}</small><br/>Dnieper–Bug Canal | name = Dnieper–Bug Canal<br/><small>{{langx|be|Дняпроўска-Бугскі канал}}</small>
| image = Селішча._Дняпроўска-Бугскі_канал._Водападзел_(15).jpg
|image =
|caption = | image_caption =
|company = | original_owner =
|engineer = | engineer =
| other_engineer =
|a_engineer =
|date_act = | date_act =
|date_const = 1775 | date_began = 1775
|date_use = | date_use =
|date_comp = 1784 | date_completed = 1784
| date_extended =
|date_ext =
|date_closed = | date_closed =
| date_restored =
|date_rest =
|length = 105 | length_km = 105
|start = ] River near<br/>], ] | start_point = ] near<br/>], ]
|end = ] near<br/>], ] | end_point = ] near<br/>], ]
|join = | connects_to =
|locks = 20 | locks = 20
|o_locks = | original_num_locks =
|lock_note = | lock_note =
|elev = | elev =
|elev_note = | elev_note =
|status = Open | status = Open
|nav = | navigation_authority =
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=7 |height=250 | stroke-width=1.5 |coord {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}} }}
⚫ {{commonscat|Dnieper–Bug Canal}}
] ]

'''Dnieper–Bug Canal''' (alternately spelled '''Dnepr-Bug Canal'''), or the '''Dneprovsko-Bugsky Canal''' is the longest inland ] in ] that connects the ], a tributary of the ], and the ], a tributary of the ]. Originally it was named '''Royal Canal''' ({{lang-pl|Królewski Canal}}), after the Polish king, since he was the initiator of the project. It is an important part of the transportation artery linking the ] and the ]. The total length of the canal system from ] to ] is 196&nbsp;km, including the artificial waterway 105&nbsp;km long. The canal system comprises the western slope from ] to ], a 64&nbsp;km stretch of the ] River with regulated water level, a 58&nbsp;km summit ], the eastern slope, 47&nbsp;km stretch of the canal, a 27&nbsp;km stretch of the ] with regulated water level. The ] of the canal system totals 8.5 thousand km².<ref name=univ_1>{{Citation |title= Belarusian Polesye: Tourist Transeuropean Water Mains |last= Meshechko |first=Ye.N.| last2= Gorbatsky |first2=A.A. |year=2005 |publisher=] |location= Minsk}}</ref>
The '''Dnieper–Bug Canal''' (alternatively the '''Dnepr-Bug Canal'''), or the '''Dneprovsko-Bugsky Canal''' is the longest inland ] in ]. It connects the ] (a tributary of the ]) and the ] (a tributary of the ]). It is managed by ].
__NOTOC__

The canal was originally named the '''Royal Canal''' ({{langx|pl|Kanał Królewski}}), after the ] ] ({{reign | 1764 | 1795}}), who initiated its construction. It forms an important part of the transportation artery linking the ] and the ]. The total length of the canal system from ] to ] is {{convert|196|km|mi|abbr=on}}, including the {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} long artificial waterway. The canal system comprises:

* the western slope from ] to ]
* a {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of the ] River with regulated water-level
* a {{convert|58|km|mi|abbr=on}} summit ]
* the eastern slope, {{convert|47|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of the canal
* a {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of the ] with regulated water-level

The ] of the canal system totals {{convert|8,500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="univ_1">{{Citation
| title= Belarusian Polesye: Tourist Transeuropean Water Mains
| last= Meshechko |first= Ye.N.
| last2= Gorbatsky |first2= A.A.
| year= 2005 |publisher=]
| location= Minsk
}}
</ref>


==History== ==History==
'''Origins'''<br/> === Origins ===
Canal building flourished in the ] in the late 18th century. Yet many of the early canals are no longer in active service, having been superseded by railroads and highways. The Dnieper–Bug Canal after several enlargements is still providing a convenient inland waterway. Till the 18th century there was a ] between ] and ] as it was a part of the important long-distance ] from the ] to the ]. The names of the Voloka River and the village of Mukhovloki near ] remind of the ancient portage.<ref name=tat_1>{{Citation|title=POLESYE from the Bug to the Ubort |last=Khvagina |first=T.A. |year=2005 |publisher= ] |location=Minsk |isbn=985-06-1153-7}}</ref> People settled along the ] route since ancient times (]). Canal building flourished in the ] in the late 18th century. Yet many of the early canals are no longer in active service, having been superseded by railroads and highways. The Dnieper–Bug Canal after several enlargements still provides a convenient inland waterway. Until the 18th century there was a ] between ] and ] as it was a part of the important long-distance ] from the ] to the ]. The names of the Voloka River and the village of Mukhovloki near ] reflect the existence of the ancient portage.<ref name="tat_1">{{Citation|title=POLESYE from the Bug to the Ubort |last=Khvagina |first=T.A. |year=2005 |publisher= ] |location=Minsk |isbn=985-06-1153-7}}</ref> People have settled along the ] route since ancient times due to the importance of the (]).


'''Proposal and Design (1650–1770)'''<br/> === Proposal and design ===
In the mid-17th century, ], Crown Court Treasurer of the ] was the first to suggest the idea of upgrading the ] to a ] with locks.<ref name="univ_1"/> Yet the work started only 120 years later. In 1770, the canal was planned by the prominent cartographer ].<ref name="tat_1"/> In the mid-17th century, ], Crown Court Treasurer of the ] was the first to suggest the idea of upgrading the ] to a ] with locks.<ref name="univ_1"/> The work started 120 years later. In 1770, the canal was planned by the prominent cartographer ].<ref name="tat_1"/>


'''Construction and Operation (1775–1850)'''<br/> === Construction and operation ===
It was built in 1775-1784 during the reign of ], the last king of the ]. Originally it was named ''Królewski Canal'' (en:Royal Canal), after the Polish king, since he was the initiator of the project. Additional work was carried out starting in 1837 by Russian Empire and completed around 1846-1848. To supply the canal system with water, mainly the ], Beloozerski and Orekhovski ]s were started in 1839 and completed in 1843.The number of movable ]s between ] and ] reached 22. As a result, the canal became navigable for bigger vessels, ] at any time from spring till autumn. In 1847, the Królewski Canal was renamed into the ''Dneprovo-Bugski Canal''.<ref name=univ_1>{{Citation |title= Belarusian Polesye: Tourist Transeuropean Water Mains |last= Meshechko |first=Ye.N.| last2= Gorbatsky |first=A.A. |year=2005 |publisher=] |location= Minsk}}</ref> The canal was built in 1775-1784 during the reign of ], the last king of the ]. Originally it was named Kanał Królewski ({{langx|en|Royal Canal}}), after the Polish king, since he was the initiator of the project. Additional work was carried out starting in 1837 by the Russian Empire and completed around 1846–1848. To supply the canal system with water, mainly the ], Beloozerski and Orekhovski ]s were started in 1839 and completed in 1843. The number of movable ]s between ] and ] reached 22. As a result, the canal became navigable for bigger vessels, in particular ], at any time from spring till autumn. In 1847, the Kanał Królewski was renamed the ''Dneprovo-Bugski Canal''.<ref name="univ_1"/>


'''Decline and Abandonment (1850–1920)'''<br/> === Decline and abandonment ===
After the construction of the railway along the canal in the late 19th century the canal was used mostly for ] ], exported to western countries. During World War 1 the canal was not in use. After the construction of the railway along the canal in the late 19th century the canal was used mostly for ] ], exported to western countries. During World War I, the canal was not in use.


=== Reconstruction ===
] in 1940]]
⚫ During the 1920s, it was partly rebuilt anew for the ] ({{langx|pl|Flotylla Rzeczna Marynarki Wojennej}}), better known as the ''Pinsk Flotilla''. The Flotilla was the inland branch of the ] operating in the area of the ] between the ] and ]. During the 1920s, two locks were built.
'''Reconstruction and Rebirth (1920–1970)'''<br/>
⚫ During the 1920s it was partly rebuilt anew for the ] ({{lang-pl|Flotylla Rzeczna Marynarki Wojennej}}), better known as the ''Pinsk Flotilla''. The Flotilla was the inland branch of the ] operating in the area of the ] between the ] and ]. During the 1920s 2 locks were built.


In 1940, the Soviet authorities initiated a large-scale reconstruction of the canal. A 23&nbsp;km long stretch of the canal was built near ] to straighten the old canal. 8 locks were built replacing movable ]s. In 1940, the Soviet authorities initiated a large-scale reconstruction of the canal. A {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}} long stretch of the canal was built near ] to straighten the old canal. Eight locks were built replacing movable ]s.


Navigation on the Dnieper–Bug Canal is interrupted by ]s on the rivers ] and ] near ], the border town. That is the only place that makes impossible, for the time being, the navigation from Western Europe to ] and ] through inland waterways. The waterways from the German-Polish border (], through the ], ] and ] rivers, ], ], ], ]) once used to link the Belarus and Ukrainian inland waterways via ], Dnieper–Bug Canal, ] and ]), thus connecting north-western Europe with the Black Sea. Navigation on the Dnieper–Bug Canal is interrupted by ]s on the rivers ] and ] near ], the border town. That is the only place that, for the time being, makes the navigation from Western Europe to ] and ] through inland waterways impossible. The waterways from the German-Polish border (], through the ], ] and ] rivers, ], ], ], ]) once used to link the Belarus and Ukrainian inland waterways via ], Dnieper–Bug Canal, ] and ]), thus connecting north-western Europe with the Black Sea.


'''Decline and Renewal (1970–Present)'''<br/> === Decline and renewal ===
Recently the dam in the Bug, making it impossible for ships to pass, has led to a considerable neglect of the most western part of the Mukhavets; some of the locks have been filled in and Brest Harbor can only be reached by vessels approaching from the east.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.noordersoft.com/ | title=] | publisher=NoorderSoft | work=PC-Navigo 2011 | year=2011 | accessdate=May 2, 2011}}</ref> Recently the dam in the Bug, making it impossible for ships to pass, has led to considerable neglect of the most western part of the Mukhavets; some of the locks have been filled in and Brest Harbor can only be reached by vessels approaching from the east.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.noordersoft.com/ | title=NoorderSoft Waterways Database | publisher=NoorderSoft | work=PC-Navigo 2011 | year=2011 | access-date=May 2, 2011}}</ref>


More recently efforts have been undertaken to restore the canal to a class IV inland waterway of international importance. In 2003 the Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted the inland water transport and sea transport development program to rebuild the Dnieper–Bug Canal shipping locks to meet the standards of a class Va European waterway. According to the Belarus government (see report below), four sluice dams and one shipping lock have been rebuilt which allow for the passage of vessels 110 meters long, 12 meters wide with a draught of 2.2 meters. It is expected that reconstruction will continue over the next few years. More recently efforts have been undertaken to restore the canal to a class IV inland waterway of international importance. In 2003 the Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted an inland water transport and sea transport development program to rebuild the Dnieper–Bug Canal shipping locks to meet the standards of a class Va European waterway. According to the Belarus government,<ref>{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} </ref> four sluice dams and one shipping lock have been rebuilt which allow for the passage of vessels {{convert|110|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long, {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide with a draught of {{convert|2.2|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}. It is expected that reconstruction will continue over the next few years.{{when|date=December 2022}}


==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
⚫ {{Commons category|Dnieper–Bug Canal}}
*
* *
* *


{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Belarus}}
{{Coord|52|03|26|N|25|39|06|E|region:BY-BR_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Dnieper-Bug Canal}}
] ]
] ]
]

]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 20:18, 26 October 2024

Inland ship canal in Belarus This article is about the Royal Canal, the original name of the Dnieper–Bug Canal, in Belarus. For the Royal Canal, located in Ireland, see Royal Canal.
Dnieper–Bug Canal
Belarusian: Дняпроўска-Бугскі канал
Specifications
Length105 km (65 miles)
Locks20
StatusOpen
History
Construction began1775
Date completed1784
Geography
Start pointBug River near
Brest, Belarus
End pointPripyat River near
Sapotskin, Belarus
Dnieper-Bug Canal

The Dnieper–Bug Canal (alternatively the Dnepr-Bug Canal), or the Dneprovsko-Bugsky Canal is the longest inland ship canal in Belarus. It connects the Mukhavets River (a tributary of the Bug River) and the Pina River (a tributary of the Pripyat River). It is managed by Dneprobugvodput.

The canal was originally named the Royal Canal (Polish: Kanał Królewski), after the King of Poland Stanisław August Poniatowski (r. 1764–1795), who initiated its construction. It forms an important part of the transportation artery linking the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. The total length of the canal system from Brest to Pinsk is 196 km (122 mi), including the 105 km (65 mi) long artificial waterway. The canal system comprises:

  • the western slope from Brest to Kobrin
  • a 64 km (40 mi) stretch of the Mukhavets River with regulated water-level
  • a 58 km (36 mi) summit pound
  • the eastern slope, 47 km (29 mi) stretch of the canal
  • a 27 km (17 mi) stretch of the Pina River with regulated water-level

The drainage area of the canal system totals 8,500 km (3,300 sq mi).

History

Origins

Canal building flourished in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Yet many of the early canals are no longer in active service, having been superseded by railroads and highways. The Dnieper–Bug Canal after several enlargements still provides a convenient inland waterway. Until the 18th century there was a portage between Kobrin and Pinsk as it was a part of the important long-distance trade route from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. The names of the Voloka River and the village of Mukhovloki near Kobrin reflect the existence of the ancient portage. People have settled along the portage route since ancient times due to the importance of the (Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks).

Proposal and design

In the mid-17th century, Jerzy Ossoliński, Crown Court Treasurer of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was the first to suggest the idea of upgrading the portage to a canal with locks. The work started 120 years later. In 1770, the canal was planned by the prominent cartographer Franciszek Florian Czaki.

Construction and operation

The canal was built in 1775-1784 during the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Originally it was named Kanał Królewski (English: Royal Canal), after the Polish king, since he was the initiator of the project. Additional work was carried out starting in 1837 by the Russian Empire and completed around 1846–1848. To supply the canal system with water, mainly the canal pound, Beloozerski and Orekhovski watercourses were started in 1839 and completed in 1843. The number of movable weirs between Brest and Pinsk reached 22. As a result, the canal became navigable for bigger vessels, in particular steamers, at any time from spring till autumn. In 1847, the Kanał Królewski was renamed the Dneprovo-Bugski Canal.

Decline and abandonment

After the construction of the railway along the canal in the late 19th century the canal was used mostly for rafting lumber, exported to western countries. During World War I, the canal was not in use.

Reconstruction

During the 1920s, it was partly rebuilt anew for the Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy (Polish: Flotylla Rzeczna Marynarki Wojennej), better known as the Pinsk Flotilla. The Flotilla was the inland branch of the Polish Navy operating in the area of the Pinsk Marshes between the Polish-Bolshevik War and World War II. During the 1920s, two locks were built.

In 1940, the Soviet authorities initiated a large-scale reconstruction of the canal. A 23 km (14 mi) long stretch of the canal was built near Kobrin to straighten the old canal. Eight locks were built replacing movable weirs.

Navigation on the Dnieper–Bug Canal is interrupted by weirs on the rivers Mukhavets and Bug near Brest, Belarus, the border town. That is the only place that, for the time being, makes the navigation from Western Europe to Belarus and Ukraine through inland waterways impossible. The waterways from the German-Polish border (Oder River, through the Warta, Brda and Noteć rivers, Bydgoszcz Canal, Vistula River, Narew River, Bug River) once used to link the Belarus and Ukrainian inland waterways via Mukhavets River, Dnieper–Bug Canal, Pripyat River and Dnieper River), thus connecting north-western Europe with the Black Sea.

Decline and renewal

Recently the dam in the Bug, making it impossible for ships to pass, has led to considerable neglect of the most western part of the Mukhavets; some of the locks have been filled in and Brest Harbor can only be reached by vessels approaching from the east.

More recently efforts have been undertaken to restore the canal to a class IV inland waterway of international importance. In 2003 the Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted an inland water transport and sea transport development program to rebuild the Dnieper–Bug Canal shipping locks to meet the standards of a class Va European waterway. According to the Belarus government, four sluice dams and one shipping lock have been rebuilt which allow for the passage of vessels 110 meters (360 feet) long, 12 meters (39 feet) wide with a draught of 2.2 meters (7.2 feet). It is expected that reconstruction will continue over the next few years.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Meshechko, Ye.N.; Gorbatsky, A.A. (2005), Belarusian Polesye: Tourist Transeuropean Water Mains, Minsk: Four Quarters
  2. ^ Khvagina, T.A. (2005), POLESYE from the Bug to the Ubort, Minsk: Vysheysha shkola, ISBN 985-06-1153-7
  3. "NoorderSoft Waterways Database". PC-Navigo 2011. NoorderSoft. 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  4. Report regarding rebuilding Canal Archived version

External links

52°03′26″N 25°39′06″E / 52.05722°N 25.65167°E / 52.05722; 25.65167

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