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{{Short description|Brazilian Portuguese accent of Minas Gerais}} {{Short description|Brazilian Portuguese accent of Minas Gerais}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2022}}
{{other uses}} {{other uses}}
{{Infobox language {{Infobox language
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| familycolor = Indo-European | familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = ] | fam2 = ]
| fam3 = ] | fam3 = ]
| fam4 = ]
| fam4 = ] | fam5 = ]
| fam5 = ] | fam6 = ]
| fam6 = ] | fam7 = ]
| fam7 = ] | fam8 = ]
| fam8 = ] | fam9 = ]
| fam9 = ] | fam10 = ]
| isoexception = dialect | isoexception = dialect
| ietf = pt-u-sd-brmg | ietf = pt-u-sd-brmg
}} }}


'''Mineiro''' ({{IPA-pt|miˈnejɾu|-|Br-Mineiro.ogg}}){{efn|feminine: {{lang|pt|Mineira}} {{IPA-pt|miˈnejɾɐ|}}}}, '''Mineirês''', or the '''Brazilian mountain dialect''' ({{lang-pt|montanhês}}), is the ] term for the characteristic accent spoken in the heart of the Brazilian state of ], and also in its capital, ], and its historical cities (], ], ], ], ], ] etc.). Ten million people, about half of the state's population, speak it. '''Mineiro''' ({{IPA|pt|miˈnejɾu|-|Br-Mineiro.ogg}}){{efn|feminine: {{lang|pt|Mineira}} {{IPA|pt|miˈnejɾɐ|}}}}, '''Mineirês''', or the '''Brazilian mountain accent''' ({{langx|pt|montanhês}}) is the ] term for the accent spoken in the Center, East and Southeast regions of the state of ].

⚫ This dialect is often hard to understand for people outside the region where it is spoken due to heavy assimilation and elision.

⚫ The first scientific study of the dialect was the ''Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais'' (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". The work was done in 1977 by the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardoso |first1=Suzana Alice |last2=Mota |first2=Jacyra Andrade |date=2012-12-18 |title=Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil: antecedentes e estágio atual |url=https://periodicos.fclar.unesp.br/alfa/article/view/4924 |journal=ALFA: Revista de Linguística |language=pt |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=855–870 |doi=10.1590/S1981-57942012000300006 |issn=1981-5794|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paes |first=Maria Helena Soares |date=2014-11-11 |title=A variável (R) em coda silábica medial no Bairro Várzea, em Lagoa Santa/MG |url=https://repositorio.ufmg.br/handle/1843/MGSS-9PMP7T}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
The term is also the ] of Minas Gerais. The term is also the ] of Minas Gerais.


==Demography== ==Demography==
It is notable for being spoken in its capital, ], and its historical cities: ] (capital from 1720 until 1897), ] (first major town in Minas Gerais, founded in 1696), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] etc.


Ten million people, about half of the state's population, speak it.
⚫ ], 1977.]]The dialect is spoken in four ] of the state:


=== Linguistic geography ===
⚫ * ],
The dialect is mainly spoken in four ] of the state. The four regions have a great population density.


* ], * ] (center)


* ], * ] (east)


* ]. * ] (southeast)


* ] (south-center)
The four regions have a great population density.


=== Most populous cities which speak Mineiro (population>50 000) === ==== Most populous cities which speak Mineiro (population>50 000) ====
* Greater than 700 000: ] (2 530 701). * Greater than 700 000: ] (2 530 701).


Line 53: Line 52:


* Between 300 000 and 400 000: ]. * Between 300 000 and 400 000: ].
⚫ ], 1977. The green zone speaks the ]. The yellow zone speaks the ] dialect.|332x332px]]

* Between 250 000 and 300 000: ]; ]. * Between 250 000 and 300 000: ].


* Between 200 000 and 250 000: ], ]. * Between 200 000 and 250 000: ], ].
Line 62: Line 61:
* Between 100 000 and 150 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. * Between 100 000 and 150 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


* Between 75 000 and 100 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], * Between 75 000 and 100 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],


* Between 50 000 and 75 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]. * Between 50 000 and 75 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].

=== Linguistic geography of other accents in Minas Gerais ===

==== Caipira dialect ====
The ] is spoken in the following regions of the state:

* ] (mostly; minor: mineiro dialect)
* ] (mostly; minor: geraizeiro dialect)
* ]
* ]
* ]
⚫ * ]
Cities where caipira is spoken are: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].

==== Geraizeiro dialect ====
The ] dialect is spoken in the following regions of the state:

* ]
* ] (mostly; minor: mineiro dialect)
* ] (mostly; minor: mineiro dialect)
Cities where geraizeiro is spoken are: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


==History== ==History==
Line 71: Line 91:
Minas Gerais was settled during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by a mix of recent Portuguese immigrants ({{lang|pt|reinóis}} or {{lang|pt|emboabas}}), mainly from ], and earlier colonists that came from São Paulo ({{lang|pt|paulistas}}). There was an intense rivalry between the two groups, fighting over the gold mines (from which the name of the province was taken, ''Minas Gerais'' means "General Mines"). These conflicts required the intervention of the Portuguese Crown after a serious uprisal developed into civil war (]) with the final defeat of the ''paulistas'' in 1708. Minas Gerais was settled during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by a mix of recent Portuguese immigrants ({{lang|pt|reinóis}} or {{lang|pt|emboabas}}), mainly from ], and earlier colonists that came from São Paulo ({{lang|pt|paulistas}}). There was an intense rivalry between the two groups, fighting over the gold mines (from which the name of the province was taken, ''Minas Gerais'' means "General Mines"). These conflicts required the intervention of the Portuguese Crown after a serious uprisal developed into civil war (]) with the final defeat of the ''paulistas'' in 1708.


In the 19th century, the state was being forgotten due to the decline of gold mining. Due to this isolation, the state was influenced by the dialect of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast, while the south and the '']'' region, began to speak the rustic dialect of São Paulo (]). The central region of Minas Gerais, however, developed their own dialect, which is known as Mineiro or mountain dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendes |first=Gláucia |date=2018-10-23 |title=Diversidade da fala mineira é tema de pesquisa na UFLA |url=https://ufla.br/noticias/pesquisa/12378-diversidade-da-fala-mineira-e-tema-de-pesquisa-na-ufla |website=Federal University of Lavras |language=Portuguese}}</ref> This dialect is also present in cities of the center and southest{{Clarify|date=August 2015}} of the state, which is surrounded by mountains and mines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pseudolinguista: Mapa dos sotaques em Minas Gerais |url=https://pseudolinguista.blogspot.com/2014/03/mapa-dos-sotaques-em-minas-gerais.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Pseudolinguista}}</ref> In the 19th century, the state was being forgotten due to the decline of gold mining. Due to this isolation, the state was influenced by the dialect of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast, while the south and the '']'' region, began to speak the rustic dialect of São Paulo (]). The central region of Minas Gerais, however, developed their own dialect, which is known as Mineiro or mountain dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendes |first=Gláucia |date=2018-10-23 |title=Diversidade da fala mineira é tema de pesquisa na UFLA |url=https://ufla.br/noticias/pesquisa/12378-diversidade-da-fala-mineira-e-tema-de-pesquisa-na-ufla |website=Federal University of Lavras |language=Portuguese}}</ref> This dialect is also present in cities of the center and southeast of the state, which is surrounded by mountains and mines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pseudolinguista: Mapa dos sotaques em Minas Gerais |url=https://pseudolinguista.blogspot.com/2014/03/mapa-dos-sotaques-em-minas-gerais.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Pseudolinguista}}</ref>


Recently, the influence of ''mineiro'' has been increasing and spreading, due to local pride and rejection of other accents{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}}. Recently, the influence of ''mineiro'' has been increasing and spreading, due to local pride and rejection of other accents{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}}.

=== History of linguistic study ===
⚫ The first scientific study of the dialect was the ''Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais'' (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". The work was done in 1977 by the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardoso |first1=Suzana Alice |last2=Mota |first2=Jacyra Andrade |date=2012-12-18 |title=Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil: antecedentes e estágio atual |url=https://periodicos.fclar.unesp.br/alfa/article/view/4924 |journal=ALFA: Revista de Linguística |language=pt |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=855–870 |doi=10.1590/S1981-57942012000300006 |issn=1981-5794 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paes |first=Maria Helena Soares |date=2014-11-11 |title=A variável (R) em coda silábica medial no Bairro Várzea, em Lagoa Santa/MG |url=https://repositorio.ufmg.br/handle/1843/MGSS-9PMP7T}}</ref> Until today, it is the most important linguistic study about the state.


==Accent characteristics== ==Accent characteristics==
Line 88: Line 111:
* Loss of initial "e" in words beginning with "es": {{lang|pt|esporte}} becomes {{IPA|}}.{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}} * Loss of initial "e" in words beginning with "es": {{lang|pt|esporte}} becomes {{IPA|}}.{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}}
* {{lang|pt|Mineiro}} also lacks notable features of other accents, including the retroflex R (]), palatalization of S (]), strong dental R (]), or "singsong" '']'' intonation.{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}} * {{lang|pt|Mineiro}} also lacks notable features of other accents, including the retroflex R (]), palatalization of S (]), strong dental R (]), or "singsong" '']'' intonation.{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}}
⚫ This dialect is often hard to understand for people outside the region where it is spoken due to heavy assimilation and elision.


==See also== ==See also==
Line 93: Line 117:
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]


==Notes== ==Notes==

Latest revision as of 21:49, 1 November 2024

Brazilian Portuguese accent of Minas Gerais For other uses, see Mineiro (disambiguation).
Mineiro dialect
Mineiro
Mineirês
Native toMinas Gerais
Language familyIndo-European
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
IETFpt-u-sd-brmg
Minas Gerais

Mineiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [miˈnejɾu] ), Mineirês, or the Brazilian mountain accent (Portuguese: montanhês) is the Brazilian Portuguese term for the accent spoken in the Center, East and Southeast regions of the state of Minas Gerais.

Etymology

The term is also the demonym of Minas Gerais.

Demography

It is notable for being spoken in its capital, Belo Horizonte, and its historical cities: Ouro Preto (capital from 1720 until 1897), Mariana (first major town in Minas Gerais, founded in 1696), Santa Bárbara, Sabará, Diamantina, Tiradentes, São João del-Rei, Congonhas, Serro, Caeté, Itabira etc.

Ten million people, about half of the state's population, speak it.

Linguistic geography

The dialect is mainly spoken in four geographic regions of the state. The four regions have a great population density.

Most populous cities which speak Mineiro (population>50 000)

  • Between 400 000 and 500 000: Betim.
Linguistic map of Minas Gerais, according to the scientific study Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". UFJF, 1977. The green zone speaks the caipira dialect. The yellow zone speaks the geraizeiro dialect.

Linguistic geography of other accents in Minas Gerais

Caipira dialect

The caipira dialect is spoken in the following regions of the state:

Cities where caipira is spoken are: Uberlândia, Uberaba, Araguari, Ituiutaba, Delta, Frutal, Iturama, Divinópolis, Nova Serrana, Itaúna, Pará de Minas, Luz, Bom Despacho, Abaeté, Bambuí, Formiga, Patos de Minas, Araxá, Patrocínio, Sacramento, São Gotardo, Poços de Caldas, Pouso Alegre, Varginha, Passos, Lavras, Campo Belo, Arcos, Três Pontas, Boa Esperança, Capitólio, Campanha, Elói Mendes, Alfenas, Três Corações, Itajubá, São Lourenço, Caxambu, Muzambinho, Extrema, Camanducaia.

Geraizeiro dialect

The geraizeiro dialect is spoken in the following regions of the state:

Cities where geraizeiro is spoken are: Montes Claros, Governador Valadares, Teófilo Otoni, Paracatu, Unaí, João Pinheiro, Pirapora, Buritizeiro, São Francisco, Januária, Janaúba, Bocaiúva, Várzea da Palma, Espinosa, Salinas, Nanuque, Almenara, Capelinha, Araçuaí, Jequitinhonha, Grão Mogol, Medina, Águas Vermelhas, Itacambira, Itamarandiba, Matias Cardoso, Manga, Malacacheta, Água Boa, Jacinto.

History

Further information: Minas Gerais

Minas Gerais was settled during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by a mix of recent Portuguese immigrants (reinóis or emboabas), mainly from Minho, and earlier colonists that came from São Paulo (paulistas). There was an intense rivalry between the two groups, fighting over the gold mines (from which the name of the province was taken, Minas Gerais means "General Mines"). These conflicts required the intervention of the Portuguese Crown after a serious uprisal developed into civil war (Guerra dos Emboabas) with the final defeat of the paulistas in 1708.

In the 19th century, the state was being forgotten due to the decline of gold mining. Due to this isolation, the state was influenced by the dialect of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast, while the south and the Triangulo Mineiro region, began to speak the rustic dialect of São Paulo (caipira). The central region of Minas Gerais, however, developed their own dialect, which is known as Mineiro or mountain dialect. This dialect is also present in cities of the center and southeast of the state, which is surrounded by mountains and mines.

Recently, the influence of mineiro has been increasing and spreading, due to local pride and rejection of other accents.

History of linguistic study

The first scientific study of the dialect was the Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". The work was done in 1977 by the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. Until today, it is the most important linguistic study about the state.

Accent characteristics

  • Reduction (and often loss) of final and initial unstressed vowels, especially with e, i and u: parte () ("part") becomes *partch (with soft affricate T). Common to most of Brazil.
  • Assimilation of consecutive vowels: o urubu ("the vulture") becomes *u rubu .
  • Debuccalization (and usual loss) of final /r/ and /s/: cantar ("to sing") becomes *cantá and os livros ("the books") becomes *us lívru . Common to most of Brazil.
  • Soft pronunciation of "r": rato ("mouse") is pronounced . Very common in other parts of Brazil.
  • Loss of the plural ending -s in adjectives and nouns, retained only in articles and verbs: meus filhos ("my children") becomes (sometimes; most of the time in the capital, Belo Horizonte) *meus filho , (most of the time) *meus fii OR *meus fiu (see below).
  • Realization of most /ʎ/ as [j]: alho ("garlic") becomes homophonous with aio ("hired tutor"); see yeísmo in Spanish. Probably the most characteristic feature of the Mineiro accent, though it is less present in Belo Horizonte.
  • Replacement of some diphthongs with long vowels: fio (thread) becomes fii , pouco (few) becomes poco .
  • Apocope of final syllables. -lho becomes (filho → *fii'), -inho becomes *-im' (pinho → *pim').
  • Diphthongization of stressed vowels: mas ("but") becomes *mais and três ("three") becomes *treis Common in other parts of Brazil, particularly Rio de Janeiro.
  • Intense elision: abra as asas ("spread your wings") becomes *abrazaza . Para onde nós estamos indo? ("Where are we going?") becomes Pronoistamuíno? . However, see : this is far from being the most common usage.
  • Loss of initial "e" in words beginning with "es": esporte becomes .
  • Mineiro also lacks notable features of other accents, including the retroflex R (caipira), palatalization of S (carioca), strong dental R (gaucho), or "singsong" nordestino intonation.

This dialect is often hard to understand for people outside the region where it is spoken due to heavy assimilation and elision.

See also

Notes

  1. feminine: Mineira [miˈnejɾɐ]

References

  1. Mendes, Gláucia (2018-10-23). "Diversidade da fala mineira é tema de pesquisa na UFLA". Federal University of Lavras (in Portuguese).
  2. "Pseudolinguista: Mapa dos sotaques em Minas Gerais". Pseudolinguista. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  3. Cardoso, Suzana Alice; Mota, Jacyra Andrade (2012-12-18). "Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil: antecedentes e estágio atual". ALFA: Revista de Linguística (in Portuguese). 56 (3): 855–870. doi:10.1590/S1981-57942012000300006. ISSN 1981-5794.
  4. Paes, Maria Helena Soares (2014-11-11). "A variável (R) em coda silábica medial no Bairro Várzea, em Lagoa Santa/MG". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Rodrigues Meireles, Alexsandro (2011). "Tipologia rítmica de dialetos do português brasileiro". Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Prosódia (in Portuguese) – via Federal University of Minas Gerais.
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