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{{Short description|Brazilian Portuguese accent of Minas Gerais}}
'''Mineiro''' (feminine, ''Mineira'') is the ] term for the inhabitants of the Brazilian state of ] and also the characteristic dialect spoken in the heart of that state.
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Mineiro dialect
| map = Minas Gerais in Brazil.svg
| mapcaption = ]
| nativename = {{lang|pt-BR|Mineiro<br/>Mineirês}}
|states= ]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = ]
| fam3 = ]
| fam4 = ]
| fam5 = ]
| fam6 = ]
| fam7 = ]
| fam8 = ]
| fam9 = ]
| fam10 = ]
| isoexception = dialect
| ietf = pt-u-sd-brmg
}}

'''Mineiro''' ({{IPA|pt|miˈnejɾu|-|Br-Mineiro.ogg}}){{efn|feminine: {{lang|pt|Mineira}} {{IPA|pt|miˈnejɾɐ|}}}}, '''Mineirês''', or the '''Brazilian mountain accent''' ({{langx|pt|montanhês}}) is the ] term for the accent spoken in the Center, East and Southeast regions of the state of ].

== Etymology ==
The term is also the ] of Minas Gerais.

==Demography==
It is notable for being spoken in its capital, ], and its historical cities: ] (capital from 1720 until 1897), ] (first major town in Minas Gerais, founded in 1696), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] etc.

Ten million people, about half of the state's population, speak it.

=== Linguistic geography ===
The dialect is mainly spoken in four ] of the state. The four regions have a great population density.

* ] (center)

* ] (east)

* ] (southeast)

* ] (south-center)

==== Most populous cities which speak Mineiro (population>50 000) ====
* Greater than 700 000: ] (2 530 701).

* Between 600 000 and 700 000: ].

* Between 500 000 and 600 000: ].

* Between 400 000 and 500 000: ].

* Between 300 000 and 400 000: ].
], 1977. The green zone speaks the ]. The yellow zone speaks the ] dialect.|332x332px]]
* Between 250 000 and 300 000: ].

* Between 200 000 and 250 000: ], ].

* Between 150 000 and 200 000: ].

* Between 100 000 and 150 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].

* Between 75 000 and 100 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ],

* Between 50 000 and 75 000: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].

=== Linguistic geography of other accents in Minas Gerais ===

==== Caipira dialect ====
The ] is spoken in the following regions of the state:

* ] (mostly; minor: mineiro dialect)
* ] (mostly; minor: geraizeiro dialect)
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
Cities where caipira is spoken are: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].

==== Geraizeiro dialect ====
The ] dialect is spoken in the following regions of the state:

* ]
* ] (mostly; minor: mineiro dialect)
* ] (mostly; minor: mineiro dialect)
Cities where geraizeiro is spoken are: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ].


==History== ==History==
:''(Main article: ])'' {{further|Minas Gerais}}

Minas Gerais was settled during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by a mix of recent Portuguese immigrants ({{lang|pt|reinóis}} or {{lang|pt|emboabas}}), mainly from ], and earlier colonists that came from São Paulo ({{lang|pt|paulistas}}). There was an intense rivalry between the two groups, fighting over the gold mines (from which the name of the province was taken, ''Minas Gerais'' means "General Mines"). These conflicts required the intervention of the Portuguese Crown after a serious uprisal developed into civil war (]) with the final defeat of the ''paulistas'' in 1708.

In the 19th century, the state was being forgotten due to the decline of gold mining. Due to this isolation, the state was influenced by the dialect of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast, while the south and the '']'' region, began to speak the rustic dialect of São Paulo (]). The central region of Minas Gerais, however, developed their own dialect, which is known as Mineiro or mountain dialect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendes |first=Gláucia |date=2018-10-23 |title=Diversidade da fala mineira é tema de pesquisa na UFLA |url=https://ufla.br/noticias/pesquisa/12378-diversidade-da-fala-mineira-e-tema-de-pesquisa-na-ufla |website=Federal University of Lavras |language=Portuguese}}</ref> This dialect is also present in cities of the center and southeast of the state, which is surrounded by mountains and mines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pseudolinguista: Mapa dos sotaques em Minas Gerais |url=https://pseudolinguista.blogspot.com/2014/03/mapa-dos-sotaques-em-minas-gerais.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Pseudolinguista}}</ref>


Recently, the influence of ''mineiro'' has been increasing and spreading, due to local pride and rejection of other accents{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}}.
Minas Gerais was settled during the late XVII and early XVIII century by a mix of recent Portuguese immigrants (''reinóis'') and colonists that had settled since the XVI century in present-day São Paulo (''paulistas''). There was an intense rivalry between the two groups, fighting over the gold mines (from which the name of the province was taken, ''Minas Gerais'' meaning "Mines of the Realm") but neither was successful in displacing the other. Portuguese settlers were usually better armed, but paulistas spoke ] (therefore being able to communicate with the natives) and had better knowledge of the land.


=== History of linguistic study ===
The distinctive character of Mineiro dialect appeared during the XIX century, after the decadence of gold mining, when the state was largely forgotten, with its access to sea hardened by thick forest and high mountains. Because of this isolation and the relative unimportance of the state ever since the early 1800s it was under the influence of its neighbours, this being the reason why most of its South-East part speaks a dialect that is much closer to ], while the far west and the south is closely related to ].
The first scientific study of the dialect was the ''Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais'' (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". The work was done in 1977 by the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cardoso |first1=Suzana Alice |last2=Mota |first2=Jacyra Andrade |date=2012-12-18 |title=Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil: antecedentes e estágio atual |url=https://periodicos.fclar.unesp.br/alfa/article/view/4924 |journal=ALFA: Revista de Linguística |language=pt |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=855–870 |doi=10.1590/S1981-57942012000300006 |issn=1981-5794 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paes |first=Maria Helena Soares |date=2014-11-11 |title=A variável (R) em coda silábica medial no Bairro Várzea, em Lagoa Santa/MG |url=https://repositorio.ufmg.br/handle/1843/MGSS-9PMP7T}}</ref> Until today, it is the most important linguistic study about the state.


==Accent characteristics==
However, in recent times, the influence of mineiro has been spreading, due to local pride, rejection to the influence of Rio de Janeiro and the power of radio and TV.
* ] (and often loss) of final and initial unstressed vowels, especially with {{lang|pt|e}}, {{lang|pt|i}} and {{lang|pt|u}}: {{lang|pt|parte}} ({{IPA|}}) ("part") becomes {{lang|pt|*partch}} {{IPA|}} (with soft affricate T). Common to most of Brazil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodrigues Meireles |first=Alexsandro |date=2011 |title=Tipologia rítmica de dialetos do português brasileiro |url=http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/anais_coloquio/article/download/1198/1347 |journal=Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Prosódia |language=Portuguese |via=Federal University of Minas Gerais}}</ref>
* ] of consecutive vowels: {{lang|pt|o urubu}} {{IPA|}} ("the vulture") becomes {{lang|pt|*u rubu}} {{IPA|}}.
* ] (and usual loss) of final /r/ and /s/: {{lang|pt|cantar}} {{IPA|}} ("to sing") becomes {{lang|pt|*cantá}} {{IPA|}} and {{lang|pt|os livros}} ("the books") {{IPA|}} becomes {{lang|pt|*us lívru}} {{IPA|}}. Common to most of Brazil.
* Soft pronunciation of "r": {{lang|pt|rato}} {{IPA|}} ("mouse") is pronounced {{IPA|}}. Very common in other parts of Brazil.
* Loss of the plural ending {{lang|pt|-s}} in adjectives and nouns, retained only in articles and verbs: {{lang|pt|meus filhos}} {{IPA|}} ("my children") becomes (sometimes; most of the time in the capital, Belo Horizonte) {{lang|pt|*meus filho}} {{IPA|}}, (most of the time) {{lang|pt|*meus fii}} {{IPA|}} OR {{lang|pt|*meus fiu}} {{IPA|}} (see below).
* Realization of most {{IPA|/ʎ/}} as {{IPAblink|j}}: {{lang|pt|alho}} {{IPA|}} ("garlic") becomes homophonous with {{lang|pt|aio}} {{IPA|}} ("hired tutor"); see ] in Spanish. Probably the most characteristic feature of the Mineiro accent, though it is less present in Belo Horizonte.
* Replacement of some diphthongs with long vowels: {{lang|pt|fio}} {{IPA|}} (thread) becomes {{lang|pt|fii}} {{IPA|}}, {{lang|pt|pouco}} {{IPA|}} (few) becomes {{lang|pt|poco}} {{IPA|}}.
* ] of final syllables. {{lang|pt|-lho}} {{IPA|}} becomes {{IPA|}} ({{lang|pt|filho}} → {{lang|pt|*fii'}}), {{lang|pt|-inho}} becomes {{lang|pt|*-im'}} {{IPA|}} ({{lang|pt|pinho}} → {{lang|pt|*pim'}}).
* ] of stressed vowels: {{lang|pt|mas}} {{IPA|}} ("but") becomes {{lang|pt|*mais}} {{IPA|}} and {{lang|pt|três}} {{IPA|}} ("three") becomes {{lang|pt|*treis}} {{IPA|}} Common in other parts of Brazil, particularly Rio de Janeiro.
* Intense ]: {{lang|pt|abra as asas}} {{IPA|}} ("spread your wings") becomes {{lang|pt|*abrazaza}} {{IPA|}}. {{lang|pt|Para onde nós estamos indo?}} {{IPA|}} ("Where are we going?") becomes {{lang|pt|Pronoistamuíno?}} {{IPA|}}. However, see : this is far from being the most common usage.
* Loss of initial "e" in words beginning with "es": {{lang|pt|esporte}} becomes {{IPA|}}.{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}}
* {{lang|pt|Mineiro}} also lacks notable features of other accents, including the retroflex R (]), palatalization of S (]), strong dental R (]), or "singsong" '']'' intonation.{{Citation needed|reason=Date May 2009|date=May 2009}}
This dialect is often hard to understand for people outside the region where it is spoken due to heavy assimilation and elision.


==Characteristics== ==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes==
Mineiro maybe the most difficult Brazilian Portuguese dialect for the foreigner to understand, due to a series of particular phonetic features:
{{notelist}}


==References==
* Reduction (and often loss) of final and initial short vowels, especially e, i and u : ''parte'' ("part") becomes ''part''' (with soft affricate T).
{{Reflist}}
* Assimilation of consecutive vowels: ''o urubu'' ("the vulture") becomes ''u rubu''.
* Weakening (and usual loss) of final /r/ and /s/: ''cantar'' ("to sing") becomes ''cantá'' and ''os livros'' ("the books") becomes ''oz livru''.
* Reduction of the inventory of short vowels to only /a/, /i/ and /u/ (/e/ becomes /i/ and /o/ becomes /u/, while /a/ changes pitch).
* Intense ''liaison'': ''abra as asas'' ("spread your wings") becomes ''abrazaza''.
* Loss of plural ending /S/ in adjectives and nouns, retained only in articles and verbs: ''meus filhos'' ("my children") becomes ''meus filho''.
* Some diphtongs are changed to long vowels: ''fio'' (thread) becomes ''fii'', ''pouco'' (few) becomes ''poco''.
* Some syllables are characteristically shifted into others. ''-lho'' becomes ''i'' (filho ==> fii), ''-inho'' becomes ''-inh'' (pinho ==> pinh).
* Soft pronunciation of R: ''rato'' ("mouse") is pronounced /hatu/.
* Sonorization of final S before a vowel.
* Diphtongation of some long vowels: ''paz'' ("peace") becomes ''paiz''
* Labiodental pronunciation of /f/ and /v/ (touching the lower lip with the upper teeth).
* Change of most '/λ/' into '/j/: ''alho'' ("garlic") becomes ''áio''.
* Occasional affrication of D before E in the beginning of the word as well: ''deserto'' ("desert") is pronounced ''d3izértu'' instead of ''dêzértu''.
* Loss of initial E in words beginning with ES: ''esporte'' becomes ''sport§i''.
* Another important trait of Mineiro is its absence of remarkable features of other dialects, like the retroflex R (]), the palatalization of S (]), the strong dental R (]) or "sing-song" ] intonation.


{{Portuguese dialects}}
The simultaneous occurrence of all the above features can render the dialect mostly unintelligible for those not used to it, but it rarely occurs --- as mineiro is regarded by its own speakers as a "lower" dialect, a pattern to be avoided. For this same reason, Mineiro is never written, except for humoristic purposes, and usually looks "ugly" in the eyes of the Brazilians when it is done.


] ]
] ]
]
{{ie-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 21:49, 1 November 2024

Brazilian Portuguese accent of Minas Gerais For other uses, see Mineiro (disambiguation).
Mineiro dialect
Mineiro
Mineirês
Native toMinas Gerais
Language familyIndo-European
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
IETFpt-u-sd-brmg
Minas Gerais

Mineiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [miˈnejɾu] ), Mineirês, or the Brazilian mountain accent (Portuguese: montanhês) is the Brazilian Portuguese term for the accent spoken in the Center, East and Southeast regions of the state of Minas Gerais.

Etymology

The term is also the demonym of Minas Gerais.

Demography

It is notable for being spoken in its capital, Belo Horizonte, and its historical cities: Ouro Preto (capital from 1720 until 1897), Mariana (first major town in Minas Gerais, founded in 1696), Santa Bárbara, Sabará, Diamantina, Tiradentes, São João del-Rei, Congonhas, Serro, Caeté, Itabira etc.

Ten million people, about half of the state's population, speak it.

Linguistic geography

The dialect is mainly spoken in four geographic regions of the state. The four regions have a great population density.

Most populous cities which speak Mineiro (population>50 000)

  • Between 400 000 and 500 000: Betim.
Linguistic map of Minas Gerais, according to the scientific study Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". UFJF, 1977. The green zone speaks the caipira dialect. The yellow zone speaks the geraizeiro dialect.

Linguistic geography of other accents in Minas Gerais

Caipira dialect

The caipira dialect is spoken in the following regions of the state:

Cities where caipira is spoken are: Uberlândia, Uberaba, Araguari, Ituiutaba, Delta, Frutal, Iturama, Divinópolis, Nova Serrana, Itaúna, Pará de Minas, Luz, Bom Despacho, Abaeté, Bambuí, Formiga, Patos de Minas, Araxá, Patrocínio, Sacramento, São Gotardo, Poços de Caldas, Pouso Alegre, Varginha, Passos, Lavras, Campo Belo, Arcos, Três Pontas, Boa Esperança, Capitólio, Campanha, Elói Mendes, Alfenas, Três Corações, Itajubá, São Lourenço, Caxambu, Muzambinho, Extrema, Camanducaia.

Geraizeiro dialect

The geraizeiro dialect is spoken in the following regions of the state:

Cities where geraizeiro is spoken are: Montes Claros, Governador Valadares, Teófilo Otoni, Paracatu, Unaí, João Pinheiro, Pirapora, Buritizeiro, São Francisco, Januária, Janaúba, Bocaiúva, Várzea da Palma, Espinosa, Salinas, Nanuque, Almenara, Capelinha, Araçuaí, Jequitinhonha, Grão Mogol, Medina, Águas Vermelhas, Itacambira, Itamarandiba, Matias Cardoso, Manga, Malacacheta, Água Boa, Jacinto.

History

Further information: Minas Gerais

Minas Gerais was settled during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by a mix of recent Portuguese immigrants (reinóis or emboabas), mainly from Minho, and earlier colonists that came from São Paulo (paulistas). There was an intense rivalry between the two groups, fighting over the gold mines (from which the name of the province was taken, Minas Gerais means "General Mines"). These conflicts required the intervention of the Portuguese Crown after a serious uprisal developed into civil war (Guerra dos Emboabas) with the final defeat of the paulistas in 1708.

In the 19th century, the state was being forgotten due to the decline of gold mining. Due to this isolation, the state was influenced by the dialect of Rio de Janeiro in the southeast, while the south and the Triangulo Mineiro region, began to speak the rustic dialect of São Paulo (caipira). The central region of Minas Gerais, however, developed their own dialect, which is known as Mineiro or mountain dialect. This dialect is also present in cities of the center and southeast of the state, which is surrounded by mountains and mines.

Recently, the influence of mineiro has been increasing and spreading, due to local pride and rejection of other accents.

History of linguistic study

The first scientific study of the dialect was the Esboço de um Atlas Linguístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), "Draft of a Linguistic Atlas for Minas Gerais". The work was done in 1977 by the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. Until today, it is the most important linguistic study about the state.

Accent characteristics

  • Reduction (and often loss) of final and initial unstressed vowels, especially with e, i and u: parte () ("part") becomes *partch (with soft affricate T). Common to most of Brazil.
  • Assimilation of consecutive vowels: o urubu ("the vulture") becomes *u rubu .
  • Debuccalization (and usual loss) of final /r/ and /s/: cantar ("to sing") becomes *cantá and os livros ("the books") becomes *us lívru . Common to most of Brazil.
  • Soft pronunciation of "r": rato ("mouse") is pronounced . Very common in other parts of Brazil.
  • Loss of the plural ending -s in adjectives and nouns, retained only in articles and verbs: meus filhos ("my children") becomes (sometimes; most of the time in the capital, Belo Horizonte) *meus filho , (most of the time) *meus fii OR *meus fiu (see below).
  • Realization of most /ʎ/ as [j]: alho ("garlic") becomes homophonous with aio ("hired tutor"); see yeísmo in Spanish. Probably the most characteristic feature of the Mineiro accent, though it is less present in Belo Horizonte.
  • Replacement of some diphthongs with long vowels: fio (thread) becomes fii , pouco (few) becomes poco .
  • Apocope of final syllables. -lho becomes (filho → *fii'), -inho becomes *-im' (pinho → *pim').
  • Diphthongization of stressed vowels: mas ("but") becomes *mais and três ("three") becomes *treis Common in other parts of Brazil, particularly Rio de Janeiro.
  • Intense elision: abra as asas ("spread your wings") becomes *abrazaza . Para onde nós estamos indo? ("Where are we going?") becomes Pronoistamuíno? . However, see : this is far from being the most common usage.
  • Loss of initial "e" in words beginning with "es": esporte becomes .
  • Mineiro also lacks notable features of other accents, including the retroflex R (caipira), palatalization of S (carioca), strong dental R (gaucho), or "singsong" nordestino intonation.

This dialect is often hard to understand for people outside the region where it is spoken due to heavy assimilation and elision.

See also

Notes

  1. feminine: Mineira [miˈnejɾɐ]

References

  1. Mendes, Gláucia (2018-10-23). "Diversidade da fala mineira é tema de pesquisa na UFLA". Federal University of Lavras (in Portuguese).
  2. "Pseudolinguista: Mapa dos sotaques em Minas Gerais". Pseudolinguista. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
  3. Cardoso, Suzana Alice; Mota, Jacyra Andrade (2012-12-18). "Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil: antecedentes e estágio atual". ALFA: Revista de Linguística (in Portuguese). 56 (3): 855–870. doi:10.1590/S1981-57942012000300006. ISSN 1981-5794.
  4. Paes, Maria Helena Soares (2014-11-11). "A variável (R) em coda silábica medial no Bairro Várzea, em Lagoa Santa/MG". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Rodrigues Meireles, Alexsandro (2011). "Tipologia rítmica de dialetos do português brasileiro". Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Prosódia (in Portuguese) – via Federal University of Minas Gerais.
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