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{{Short description|King of Portugal from 1889 to 1908}}
{|align=right
{{Expand Portuguese|Carlos I de Portugal|date=January 2012|topic=bio}}
|]
{{More footnotes|date=January 2010}}
|-
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
|{{S-C-G-P}}
{{Infobox royalty
|}
| name = Carlos I
'''Carlos I of Portugal''' <small>], ]</small> (] ] ; ] ''Charles''), ''the Martyrized'' (] ''o Martirizado'') - (], ] ] - ], ] ]) named ''Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Victor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão of Braganza'' was the 33rd (or 34th according to some historians) and second last ] of ] and ]s.
| image = King Carlos I of Portugal - National Portrait Gallery.png
| caption = Photograph {{circa}} 1907
| reign = 19 October 1889 – <br> 1 February 1908
| cor-type = Acclamation
| coronation = 28 December 1889
| succession = ]
| predecessor = ]
| successor = ]
|reg-type = {{nowrap|]}}
|regent = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|]|1886}}
| issue = {{Plainlist|
*]
*Infanta Maria Ana
*]}}
| issue-link = #Marriage and children
| house = {{ubl|] (official)|] ''(])''}}{{efn|name=Braganza-Coburg|"While remaining ] dynasts of the duchy of ] according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 '']'', Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the declared, with respect to ]'s issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza".}}
| father = ]
| mother = ]
| birth_date = 28 September 1863
| birth_place = {{nowrap|], ], Portugal}}
| death_date = 1 February 1908 (aged 44)
| death_place = ], Lisbon, Portugal
| burial_place = ]
| religion = ]
| signature = Assinatura D. Carlos.svg
}}


] '''Carlos I''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈkaɾluʃ}}; {{Lang|en|Charles}}; 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908), known as '''the Diplomat''' ({{langx|pt|o Diplomata}}), '''the Martyr''' ({{Langx|pt|o Martirizado}}), and '''the Oceanographer''' ({{Langx|pt|o Oceanógrafo}}),<ref>{{cite book|first=Luiz|last=Saldanha|date=1997|title=One Hundred Years of Portuguese Oceanography: In the Footsteps of King Carlos de Bragança|location=Setúbal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7OKmgEACAAJ|publisher=Museu Bocage, Museu Nacional de História Natural|language=en|page=196}}</ref> among many other names, was ] from 1889 until his ] in 1908. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since ] in 1578.
He was born in ], ], the son of ] and Princess ] daughter of ], King of Italy.


==Early life==
Carlos became King on ] ]. An intelligent but vastly extravagant man, Carlos's policies, wastefulness and extramarital affairs effectively sealed the fate of the Portuguese monarchy. Colonial treaties with the ] (one signed in August 1890 that defined their African borders along the ] and ] rivers and another signed on ] ], that confirmed colonial treaties of the 17th Century) stabilised the situation in Africa. Domestically, Portugal was twice declared bankrupt - on ] ], and again on ] ] - causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing ] as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament dissolution.
]
]


Carlos was born in ], ], the son of ] and ], daughter of King ], and was a member of the ].{{efn|name=Braganza-Coburg}} He had a brother, ]. He was baptised with the names ''Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carlos I (Rei D.) |url=https://vvpducalmus.fcsh.unl.pt//content/carlos-rei-d |website=Centro de Estudos de Sociologia e Estética Musical |publisher=Fundação da Casa de Bragança |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=Michael |title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1610692861 |page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ&dq=Carlos+Fernando+Lu%C3%ADs+Maria+V%C3%ADctor+Miguel+Rafael+Gabriel+Gonzaga+Xavier+Francisco+de+Assis+Jos%C3%A9+Sim%C3%A3o&pg=PA73 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
]
On ] ] the royal family returned from the palace of ] to Lisbon. They travelled by coach to ] and from then took a boat to cross the ] and disembarked in ] in downtown Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the carriage with Carlos I and his family passed through ]. While crossing the square, shots were fired from the crowd by at least two men: ] and ]. The king died immediately, his heir Luís Filipe was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in an arm. The assassins were shot at the spot by members of the bodyguard and later recognized as members of the Republican Party. About twenty minutes later, Prince Luis Filipe died and days later, Manuel was acclaimed king of Portugal, the last one of the ].


He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883, he traveled to Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888, he ruled as Regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father ] advised him to be modest and to study with focus.{{fact|date=February 2021}}
Carlos was married to Princess ] in ]. She was daughter of ] and Marie Isabelle d'Orléans. Their children were
* ] (1887-1908)
* ] between 1908 and 1910 (1889-1932)
* Maria Anna of Braganza, princess of Portugal (1887&ndash;1887).


His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of German Emperor ], but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem, and diplomatic pressure from the ] prevented the marriage. He then met and married ], eldest daughter of ], pretender to the throne of France.<ref name="eb">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Carlos I.|volume=5}}</ref>
It was alleged (many years after his death) that Carlos I had an illegitimate daughter by Maria Amelia Laredo e Murca: particulars of this claim can be found at '']''.


==Ancestors== ==Reign==
]
{| class="wikitable"
Carlos became king on 19 October 1889. After the ], a series of treaties were signed with the ]. One signed in August 1890 defined colonial borders along the ] and ] rivers, whereas another signed on 14 October 1899 confirmed colonial treaties dating back to the 17th century. These treaties stabilised the political balance in Africa, ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on the ], a geographical conception of how Portuguese colonies would appear on a map if the territory between the coastal colonies of ] and ] could be connected with territory in central Africa. These central African territories became part of the ] with the Portuguese concession becoming a source of national resentment in the country.{{fact|date=February 2021}}
|+'''Carlos' ancestors in three generations'''

|-
Domestically, Portugal declared ] twice – on 14 June 1892, then again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing ] as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.<ref name="eb" />
|-

| rowspan="8" align="center"| '''Carlos I of Portugal'''
As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of ] in 1894. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet ] in a ceremony in Lisbon.{{fact|date=February 2021}}
| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Father:'''<br>]

| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Father's father:'''<br>]
Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration and used ] on his oceanographical voyages. He published an account of his own studies in this area.<ref name="eb" />
| align="center"| '''Father's father's father:'''<br>]

|-
==Assassination==
| align="center"| '''Father's father's mother:'''<br>]
{{main|Lisbon Regicide}}
|-
], {{circa|1902}}]]
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Father's mother:'''<br>]
On 1 February 1908, the royal family was returning to ] from the ] in ], where they had spent part of the hunting season during the winter. The royal party traveled by train to ], from there taking a steamer to cross the ] and disembarking at ] in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage containing Carlos I and his family passed through the ] fronting on the river. In spite of recent political unrest there was no military escort, except for a single mounted officer<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pinto Basto |first1=Guilherme |title=The Tragedy of Lisbon |journal=British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report |date=1997 |issue=24 |url=https://www.bhsportugal.org/library/articles/the-tragedy-of-lisbon |accessdate=29 January 2020}}</ref>
| align="center"| '''Father's mother's father:'''<br>]
riding by the carriage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Malyn|last=Newitt|page=284|title=The Braganzas|date=12 November 2019|publisher=Reaktion Books, Limited |isbn=978-1-78914-125-2}}</ref> While the carriage was crossing the square at dusk, shots were fired from amongst the sparse crowd by two republican activists, ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|first=Anibal Pinto|last=de Castro|pages=111 & 120|title=O Regicidio de 1908|year=2008|publisher=Civilização Editora |isbn=978-972-26-2677-4}}</ref>
|-

| align="center"| '''Father's mother's mother:'''<br>]
Buíça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir ] was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The queen escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police, and an innocent bystander, João da Costa, was also shot dead in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, Prince Luís Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, ], was proclaimed king of Portugal. He was the last of the ] and the final king of Portugal.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anibal |last=Pinto de Castro|pages=132–133|title=O Regicidio de 1908|year=2008|publisher=Civilização Editora |isbn=978-972-26-2677-4}}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="4" align="center"| '''Mother:'''<br>]
==Marriage and children==
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Mother's father:'''<br>]
]
| align="center"| '''Mother's father's father:'''<br>]
Carlos I was married to ] in 1886. She was a daughter of ], and ]. Their children were:
|-
* ] (1887–1908)
| align="center"| '''Mother's father's mother:'''<br>]
* Infanta Maria Ana of Braganza (b/d 14 December 1887)
|-
* ] between 1908 and 1910 (1889–1932)
| rowspan="2" align="center"| '''Mother's mother:'''<br>]

| align="center"| '''Mother's mother's father:'''<br>]
Allegedly, Carlos I had several extramarital relationships, from which some bastards were born. He may have had a daughter from an American.<ref>{{cite book|first=Isabel|last=Lencastre|title=Bastardos Reais|year=2012|publisher=Oficina do Livro|pages=211–223}}</ref> By Grimaneza Viana de Lima, a Peruvian widow of a Brazilian diplomat, he possibly had a daughter called Maria Pia, born before 1902. Grimaneza was his last great passion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Count of Mafra|title=Diário de um Monárquico 1911-1913|year=1994|publisher=Fundação Engenheiro António de Almeida|page=189}}</ref> Allegedly, he also had, from the Brazilian Maria Amélia Laredó e Murça, another bastard daughter, born in 1907 and also called ].<ref>{{cite book|first=João|last=Medina|title=História contemporânea de Portugal (2º Volume) – Monarquia Constitucional: das origens do liberalismo à queda da realeza|year=1990|publisher=Multilar|page=213}}</ref><ref>"Princess Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg, Duchess of Braganza" in CHILCOTE, Ronald H.; ''The Portuguese Revolution: State and Class in the Transition to Democracy'', page 37. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; Reprint edition (31 August 2012).</ref><ref>''"...Her Royal Highness D. Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza, the Crown Princess of Portugal"'' in Jean Pailler; ''Maria Pia of Braganza: The Pretender''. New York: ProjectedLetters, 2006;</ref> During his life, Carlos I never officially recognized the paternity of any bastard child, despite the fact that he himself was responsible for fueling suspicions about his illegitimate offspring.<ref>{{cite book|first=Raul|last=Brandão|title=Memórias, Tomo I|year=1998|publisher=Relógio d´Água|page=168}}</ref>
|-

| align="center"| '''Mother's mother's mother:'''<br>]
==Honours==
|}
;Portuguese<ref name="Resenha">{{cite book|author=Albano da Silveira Pinto|title=Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal|chapter=Serenissima Casa de Bragança|year=1883|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/resenhadasfamili01silvuoft#page/n5/mode/2up|publication-place=Lisbon|language=pt|page=xv|publisher=Lisboa F.A. da Silva}}</ref>
* ] of ], ] and ]
* ]
* ]

;Foreign<ref name="Resenha"/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} ]: Grand Cross of the ], ''1873''<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm|date=22 December 2010}}</ref>
* {{flag|Empire of Brazil}}: ], ''1873''
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} ]: ], ''7 October 1883''<ref>{{cite book|author=Jørgen Pedersen|title=Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Syddansk Universitetsforlag|language=da|isbn=978-87-7674-434-2|page=468}}</ref>
* {{flag|German Empire}}:
** ], ''10 September 1883''<ref>{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|volume=1|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|page=|lang=German|chapter=Schwarzer Adler-orden|location=Berlin|year=1886}}</ref>
** ]
** {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} ]: Grand Cross of the ], ''1884''<ref>'''' (1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 43</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg}} ]: Grand Cross of the ], ''24 September 1883''<ref name="ordensliste">{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Ludewigs-orden|page=7|lang=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1907|publisher=Staatsverlag}}</ref>
** {{flag|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach}}: ], ''1883''<ref>'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906150133/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00185861/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_16_0245.tif |date=6 September 2020 }}'' (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16</ref>
** {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Saxony}}: ], ''1883''<ref name="Sachsen1901">{{cite book|author=Sachsen|title=Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901|year=1901|publisher=Heinrich|chapter=Königlich Orden|page=|location=Dresden|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}:
** ], ''31 December 1873''<ref name="dell'interno1898">{{cite book|author=Italia : Ministero dell'interno|title=Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dnhcmSJ6FcC&pg=PP5|year=1898|publisher=Unione tipografico-editrice|page=}}</ref>
** ], ''31 December 1873''
** ], ''31 December 1873''
* ] ]: ]
* {{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<ref name="p66"/>
* {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the ], ''5 June 1897''<ref>{{cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja|page=149}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}}: Grand Cross of the ], with Collar, ''1906''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://familiaregala.ro/ordine-si-decoratii/ordinul-carol-i |title=Ordinul Carol I |website=] |location=Bucharest |language=ro |trans-title=Order of Carol I |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Siam (1855).svg}} ]: Knight of the ], ''23 October 1897''<ref name="Lisbon">{{cite journal |journal=] |date=11 June 1899 |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/011/143_2.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211245/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2442/011/143_2.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๑๐ หน้า ๑๓๖)|language=th |access-date=8 May 2019 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} ]:
** ], ''11 December 1866''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000996413&search=&lang=es|chapter=Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1908|access-date=15 December 2019|page=152|language=es}}</ref>
** Grand Cross of the ], with Collar, ''12 December 1902''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000996413&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1908|access-date=15 December 2019|page=156|language=es}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} ]:
** ], ''23 May 1873''<ref>{{citation|title=Sveriges statskalender|year=1905|page=440|url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0464.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=sv}}</ref>
** ], ''11 October 1883''<ref>{{citation|title=Norges Statskalender|year=1890|pages=595–596|url=https://runeberg.org/norkal/1890/0356.html|via=runeberg.org|access-date=6 January 2018|language=no}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}:
** ], ''9 November 1895''<ref>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, </ref>
** Recipient of the ], ''19 November 1902''<ref>Shaw, </ref>
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}:
** ]<ref name="p66">Justus Perthes, ''Almanach de Gotha'' (1908) </ref>
** ]
** ]
** ], 1st Class
** ], 1st Class
}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Carlos I of Portugal'''
|2= 2. ]
|3= 3. ]
|4= 4. ]
|5= 5. ]
|6= 6. ]
|7= 7. ]
|8= 8. ]
|9= 9. ]
|10= 10. ]
|11= 11. ]
|12= 12. ]
|13= 13. ]
|14= 14. ]
|15= 15. ]
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General references==
* Jean Pailler: ''D. Carlos I – Rei de Portugal: Destino Maldito de um Rei Sacrificado''. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2001, {{ISBN|978-972-25-1231-2}}
* Jean Pailler: ''Maria Pia: A Mulher que Queria Ser Rainha de Portugal''. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2006, {{ISBN|972-25-1467-9}}
* Manuel Amaral: ''Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico'', Volume II, 1904–1915, págs. 759
* Rui Ramos: ''D. Carlos'', Temas e Debates, Lisbon, 2007.
* New York Times: 2 February 1908 Issue https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/02/02/issue.html


{{s-start}} {{s-start}}
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{{Monarchs of Portugal}}
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{{House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Portugal)}}
{{Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}
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Latest revision as of 12:02, 2 November 2024

King of Portugal from 1889 to 1908
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Carlos I
Photograph c. 1907
King of Portugal
Reign19 October 1889 –
1 February 1908
Acclamation28 December 1889
PredecessorLuís I
SuccessorManuel II
Prime Ministers See list
Born28 September 1863
Ajuda Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
Died1 February 1908 (aged 44)
Terreiro do Paço, Lisbon, Portugal
BurialPantheon of the Braganzas
Spouse Amélie of Orléans ​(m. 1886)​
Issue
Detail
House
FatherLuís I
MotherMaria Pia of Savoy
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignatureCarlos I's signature

Dom Carlos I (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkaɾluʃ]; Charles; 28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908), known as the Diplomat (Portuguese: o Diplomata), the Martyr (Portuguese: o Martirizado), and the Oceanographer (Portuguese: o Oceanógrafo), among many other names, was King of Portugal from 1889 until his assassination in 1908. He was the first Portuguese king to die a violent death since King Sebastian in 1578.

Early life

The baptism of Dom Carlos, c. 1863
Carlos I of Portugal on a 20 Reis coin, 1891

Carlos was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of King Luís and Queen Maria Pia, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, and was a member of the House of Braganza. He had a brother, Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto. He was baptised with the names Carlos Fernando Luís Maria Víctor Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis José Simão.

He had an intense education and was prepared to rule as a constitutional monarch. In 1883, he traveled to Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Germany, where he increased his knowledge of the modern civilization of his time. In 1883, 1886 and 1888, he ruled as Regent as his father was traveling in Europe, as had become traditional among the Portuguese constitutional kings. His father Luis I advised him to be modest and to study with focus.

His first bridal candidate was one of the daughters of German Emperor Frederick III, but the issue of religion presented an insurmountable problem, and diplomatic pressure from the British government prevented the marriage. He then met and married Princess Amélie of Orléans, eldest daughter of Philippe, comte de Paris, pretender to the throne of France.

Reign

Photograph of Infante Carlos, c. 1886

Carlos became king on 19 October 1889. After the 1890 British Ultimatum, a series of treaties were signed with the United Kingdom. One signed in August 1890 defined colonial borders along the Zambezi and Congo rivers, whereas another signed on 14 October 1899 confirmed colonial treaties dating back to the 17th century. These treaties stabilised the political balance in Africa, ending Portuguese claims of sovereignty on the Pink Map, a geographical conception of how Portuguese colonies would appear on a map if the territory between the coastal colonies of Angola and Mozambique could be connected with territory in central Africa. These central African territories became part of the British Empire with the Portuguese concession becoming a source of national resentment in the country.

Domestically, Portugal declared bankruptcy twice – on 14 June 1892, then again on 10 May 1902 – causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as prime minister and subsequently accepting parliament's dissolution.

As a patron of science and the arts, King Carlos took an active part in the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1894. The following year he decorated the Portuguese poet João de Deus in a ceremony in Lisbon.

Carlos took a personal interest in deep-sea and maritime exploration and used several yachts named Amélia on his oceanographical voyages. He published an account of his own studies in this area.

Assassination

Main article: Lisbon Regicide
Portrait of Carlos I by Alfredo Roque Gameiro, c. 1902

On 1 February 1908, the royal family was returning to Lisbon from the Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa in Alentejo, where they had spent part of the hunting season during the winter. The royal party traveled by train to Barreiro, from there taking a steamer to cross the Tagus River and disembarking at Cais do Sodré in central Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the open carriage containing Carlos I and his family passed through the Terreiro do Paço fronting on the river. In spite of recent political unrest there was no military escort, except for a single mounted officer riding by the carriage. While the carriage was crossing the square at dusk, shots were fired from amongst the sparse crowd by two republican activists, Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buíça.

Buíça, a former army sergeant and sharpshooter, fired five shots from a rifle hidden under his long overcoat. The king died immediately, his heir Luís Filipe was mortally wounded, and Prince Manuel was hit in the arm. The queen escaped injury. The two assassins were killed on the spot by police, and an innocent bystander, João da Costa, was also shot dead in the confusion. The royal carriage turned into the nearby Navy Arsenal, where, about twenty minutes later, Prince Luís Filipe died. Several days later, the younger son, Prince Manuel, was proclaimed king of Portugal. He was the last of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty and the final king of Portugal.

Marriage and children

Carlos I and Dona Maria Amélia with their firstborn son, 1888

Carlos I was married to Princess Amélie of Orléans in 1886. She was a daughter of Philippe, Count of Paris, and Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans. Their children were:

Allegedly, Carlos I had several extramarital relationships, from which some bastards were born. He may have had a daughter from an American. By Grimaneza Viana de Lima, a Peruvian widow of a Brazilian diplomat, he possibly had a daughter called Maria Pia, born before 1902. Grimaneza was his last great passion. Allegedly, he also had, from the Brazilian Maria Amélia Laredó e Murça, another bastard daughter, born in 1907 and also called Maria Pia. During his life, Carlos I never officially recognized the paternity of any bastard child, despite the fact that he himself was responsible for fueling suspicions about his illegitimate offspring.

Honours

Portuguese
Foreign

Ancestry

Ancestors of Carlos I of Portugal
8. Ferdinand, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry
4. Ferdinand II of Portugal
9. Princess Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág et Szitnya
2. Luís I of Portugal
10. Pedro I of Brazil and IV of Portugal
5. Maria II of Portugal
11. Archduchess Leopoldina of Austria
1. Carlos I of Portugal
12. Charles Albert of Sardinia
6. Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
13. Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria
3. Princess Maria Pia of Savoy
14. Archduke Rainer of Austria
7. Archduchess Adelaide of Austria
15. Princess Elisabeth of Savoy

Notes

  1. ^ "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza".

Citations

  1. Saldanha, Luiz (1997). One Hundred Years of Portuguese Oceanography: In the Footsteps of King Carlos de Bragança. Setúbal: Museu Bocage, Museu Nacional de História Natural. p. 196.
  2. "Carlos I (Rei D.)". Centro de Estudos de Sociologia e Estética Musical. Fundação da Casa de Bragança. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  3. Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 73. ISBN 978-1610692861. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  4. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Carlos I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  5. Pinto Basto, Guilherme (1997). "The Tragedy of Lisbon". British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report (24). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  6. Newitt, Malyn (12 November 2019). The Braganzas. Reaktion Books, Limited. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-78914-125-2.
  7. de Castro, Anibal Pinto (2008). O Regicidio de 1908. Civilização Editora. pp. 111 & 120. ISBN 978-972-26-2677-4.
  8. Pinto de Castro, Anibal (2008). O Regicidio de 1908. Civilização Editora. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-972-26-2677-4.
  9. Lencastre, Isabel (2012). Bastardos Reais. Oficina do Livro. pp. 211–223.
  10. Count of Mafra (1994). Diário de um Monárquico 1911-1913. Fundação Engenheiro António de Almeida. p. 189.
  11. Medina, João (1990). História contemporânea de Portugal (2º Volume) – Monarquia Constitucional: das origens do liberalismo à queda da realeza. Multilar. p. 213.
  12. "Princess Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg, Duchess of Braganza" in CHILCOTE, Ronald H.; The Portuguese Revolution: State and Class in the Transition to Democracy, page 37. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; Reprint edition (31 August 2012).
  13. "...Her Royal Highness D. Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza, the Crown Princess of Portugal" in Jean Pailler; Maria Pia of Braganza: The Pretender. New York: ProjectedLetters, 2006;
  14. Brandão, Raul (1998). Memórias, Tomo I. Relógio d´Água. p. 168.
  15. ^ Albano da Silveira Pinto (1883). "Serenissima Casa de Bragança". Resenha das Familias Titulares e Grandes des Portugal (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Lisboa F.A. da Silva. p. xv.
  16. "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  17. Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 468. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
  18. "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 9{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 43
  20. "Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1907, p. 7
  21. Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach Archived 6 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16
  22. Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 4 – via hathitrust.org.
  23. Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
  24. ^ Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1908) p. 66
  25. 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.
  26. "Ordinul Carol I" [Order of Carol I]. Familia Regală a României (in Romanian). Bucharest. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  27. "พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๑๐ หน้า ๑๓๖)" (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai). 11 June 1899. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  28. "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1908, p. 152, retrieved 15 December 2019
  29. "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III", Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1908, p. 156, retrieved 15 December 2019
  30. Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 440, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  31. Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 595–596, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org
  32. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 70
  33. Shaw, p. 416

General references

  • Jean Pailler: D. Carlos I – Rei de Portugal: Destino Maldito de um Rei Sacrificado. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2001, ISBN 978-972-25-1231-2
  • Jean Pailler: Maria Pia: A Mulher que Queria Ser Rainha de Portugal. Bertrand, Lisbon, 2006, ISBN 972-25-1467-9
  • Manuel Amaral: Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico, Volume II, 1904–1915, págs. 759
  • Rui Ramos: D. Carlos, Temas e Debates, Lisbon, 2007.
  • New York Times: 2 February 1908 Issue https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/02/02/issue.html
Carlos I of Portugal House of BraganzaCadet branch of the House of AvizBorn: 28 September 1863 Died: 1 February 1908
Regnal titles
Preceded byLuís I King of Portugal
19 October 1889 – 1 February 1908 		Succeeded byManuel II
Portuguese royalty
Preceded byPedro V Prince Royal of Portugal
28 September 1863 – 19 October 1889 		Succeeded byLuís Filipe
Duke of Braganza
28 September 1863 – 19 October 1889
Monarchs of Portugal
House of Burgundy (1139–1383)
House of Aviz (1385–1580)
House of Habsburg (1581–1640)
House of Braganza (1640–1910)
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.
Dukes of Braganza
Feudal Dukes Crowned coat of arms of the house of Braganza supported by 2 dragons
Heir to the Throne
Claimant to the Throne
Infantes of Portugal
The generations indicate descent from Afonso I, and continues through the House of Aviz, the House of Habsburg through Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain, and the House of Braganza through Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza.
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
5th generation
6th generation
7th generation
8th generation
9th generation
10th generation
11th generation
12th generation
13th generation
14th generation
15th generation
16th generation
17th generation
18th generation
  • None
19th generation
20th generation
21st generation
22nd generation
23rd generation
24th generation
* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples,  § also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria,  # also an infante of Spain,  ‡ also an imperial prince of Brazil,  ¶ also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony,  ◙ also a prince of Braganza,  ¤ title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic,  ƒ claimant infante
House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
The House of Saxe-Coburg and Braganza was not a recognized house in the former Kingdom of Portugal and monarchs following Maria II and Ferdinand II officially continued to be members of the House of Braganza
Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
ForefatherDuke Francis I*
1st generation
2nd generation
Ducal
Koháry
Belgium
3rd generation
United Kingdom
Portugal
Koháry
Belgium
4th generation
United Kingdom
Portugal
Koháry
Bulgaria
Belgium
5th generation
United Kingdom
Ducal
Portugal
Koháry
Bulgaria
Belgium
6th generation
Ducal
Koháry
Bulgaria
Belgium
7th generation
DucalPrince Hubertus
KoháryPrince Johannes
Bulgaria
Belgium
*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826
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