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History of the borders of Alabama
{{Short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox official post
|post = Governor
|body = Washington
|insignia = Seal of the Executive Department of Washington.svg
|insigniasize = 110px
|insigniacaption = Seal of the governor
|image = Jay Inslee official portrait (cropped 2).jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|incumbent = ]
|incumbentsince = January 16, 2013
|style = {{ublist|] (informal)|] (formal)}}
|status = {{ublist|]|]}}
|residence = ]
|termlength = Four years, no term limit
|inaugural = ]
|formation = November 11, 1889
|deputy = ]
|salary = $182,179 (2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salaries.wa.gov/documents/FinalSalarySchedule.pdf|title=2013 and 2014 Salary Schedule, Adopted May 22, 2013|publisher=Washington Citizens' Commission on Salaries for Elected Officials|access-date=February 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910071351/http://www.salaries.wa.gov/documents/FinalSalarySchedule.pdf|archive-date=September 10, 2013 }}</ref>
|website = {{Official_website|http://www.governor.wa.gov}}
}}
The '''governor of Washington''' is the ] of ] and commander-in-chief of the ].<ref name="wac-3-2">WA Const. art. III, § 2.</ref><ref>WA Const. art. III, § 8.</ref> The officeholder has a duty to enforce state laws,<ref name="wac-3-5">WA Const. art. III, § 5.</ref> the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the ] and ] power to cancel specific provisions in spending bills.<ref>WA Const. art. III, § 12.</ref> The Washington governor may also convene the legislature on "extraordinary occasions".<ref name="wac-3-5" />


==content==
Washington Territory had 14 territorial governors from its organization in 1853 until the formation of the state of Washington in 1889. Territorial governors were appointed by the president of the United States. ] had the longest term of eight years and went on to become the state's first governor. ] was appointed governor but never took office due to being elected as the territory's congressional delegate. ] was appointed governor and took office, but his appointment was never ratified by the U.S. Senate and he was replaced as governor after four months.
] was organized from the eastern half of ] on March 3, 1817.<ref>{{usstat|3|371}}</ref>{{sfn|Van Zandt|1976|pp=108-109}} The act defined its borders as:
<blockquote>...beginning at the point where the line of the thirty-first degree of north latitude intersects the Perdido river, thence east to the western boundary line of the state of Georgia, thence along said line to the southern boundary line to the state of Tennessee, thence west along said boundary line to the Tennessee river, thence up the same to the mouth of Bear creek, thence by a direct line to the north-west corner of Washington county, thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico, thence eastwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river, and thence up the same to the beginning...</blockquote>


The border between Georgia and Spanish Florida along the ] was surveyed in 1799 by ], and this line was inherited by Alabama Territory.
Twenty-two individuals have held the office of Governor of Washington since the state's admission to the Union, with ] serving non-consecutive terms. ] candidate ] is the only non-] or ] nominee to win office. The most recent governor to be from ] was ], elected in 1932.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brunner|first=Jim|date=September 20, 2020|title=Meet}}</ref> The current governor is Democrat ], who took office on January 16, 2013, and was reelected in ] and ]; his term will expire on January 15, 2025 as Inslee announced on May 1, 2023 that he will not be seeking re-election to an unprecedented fourth term in 2024. Washington has had the longest current streak of Democratic governors in the nation, with the last Republican to hold the office being ] in 1985.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brunner|first=Jim|date=August 11, 2012|title=McKenna win would end drought for GOP in races for governor|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/mckenna-win-would-end-drought-for-gop-in-races-for-governor/|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=March 28, 2020}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The ] has been led by elected Democrats since 1975, but is not a state and does not have governors.|group="lower-alpha"}}


The western boundary of Georgia was defined in 1802 as:
With the re-election of Inslee in 2020, Langlie, ] and Inslee are the only three Washington governors to be elected to three terms with 12 years respectively.
<blockquote>... a line beginning on the western bank of the Chatahouchie River where the same crosses the boundary line between the United States and Spain; running thence up the said River Chatahouchie, and along the western bank thereof to the great bend thereof, next above the place where a certain creek
or river, called "Uchee" (being the first considerable stream on the western side, above the Cussetas and Coweta towns), empties into the Chatahouchie River; thence in a direct line to Nickajack, on Tennessee River; thence crossing the said last-mentioned river, and thence running up the said Tennessee River and along the western bank thereof to the southern boundary line of the State of Tennessee.</blockquote>


The location of Nickajack was surveyed in 1818, with the report being filed on July 13,<ref>https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_zlna_tcc775?canvas=0&x=400&y=400&w=1164</ref> and it being approved on December 18, though it is an open question whether that law was sufficient.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/40577307?searchText=georgia+tennessee+line&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgeorgia%2Btennessee%2Bline%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A192d121bc98e4e65840ae02d9d42c549&seq=10 page 278</ref>. While the southern boundary of Tennessee was intended to be the ], the line was incorrectly surveyed south by a mile, so the described border never reaches the Tennessee River. The great bend of the Chattahoochee was surveyed as being located at Miller's Bend (now ]) and the line from Nickajack to Miller's Bend was surveyed in 1826, but Alabama didn't accept this survey until January 24, 1840.{{sfn|Van Zandt|1976|p=103}}
==Governors==


The southern boundary of Tennessee was inherited from North Carolina, and was defined in the 1776 North Carolina constitution as the ]. However, this was not surveyed until the early 19th century. In October 1807, this line was surveyed from a point near ], just east of the ], eastward to the old Cherokee line, about 30 miles. In 1817, the line was extended west to the Tennessee River, and between 1822 and 1839 the line was run east to Georgia.{{sfn|Van Zandt|1976|p=109}}
===Governors of the Territory of Washington===
] was organized on March 2, 1853, from the northern half of ].


==foo==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
* {{cite book |author=Van Zandt, Franklin K. |year=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=] |oclc=69426475}}
|+ Governors of the Territory of Utah
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!scope="col" colspan="2"|Governor
!scope="col"|Term in office{{efn|The range given is from the date the governor was confirmed by the Senate, or appointed by the President during a Senate recess, to the date the governor's successor was confirmed, unless noted.}}
!scope="col"|Appointing President
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|1
|data-sort-value="Stevens, Isaac"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1818–1862)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-stevens">McMullin pp. 311&ndash;312</ref>
|{{dts|March 17, 1853}}{{efn|Stevens was nominated<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 33rd Cong., special sess., 17 March 1853, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 33rd Cong., special sess., 17 March 1853, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> on March 17, 1853, and arrived in Olympia on November 25.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevens |first=Hazard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIw-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA414 | page=414 |title=The Life of Isaac Ingalls Stevens |date=1901 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin |isbn=978-0-598-28143-2 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />–<br />August 11, 1857<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Stevens resigned, having been ] to the ],<ref name="mcmullin-stevens" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1857-08-14 |title=Stevens resigns August 11 |pages=2 |work=Pioneer and Democrat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pioneer-and-democrat-stevens-resigns-aug/128532137/ |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref> and his successor already appointed.}}
|{{sortname|Franklin|Pierce}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|2
|data-sort-value="McMullen, Fayette"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1805–1880)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-mcmullen">McMullin pp. 312&ndash;313</ref>
|{{dts|May 13, 1857}}{{efn|] was nominated on March 12, 1857,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 35th Cong., special sess., 12 March 1857, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on March 13,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 35th Cong., special sess., 13 March 1857, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> but declined.<ref name="territorial-papers">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IVHAQAAMAAJ |title=The Territorial Papers of the United States: Volume I: General |date=1934 |publisher=] |page=31 |language=en}}</ref> McMullen was appointed on May 13, 1857, during a Senate recess;<ref name="mcmullin-mcmullen" /> nominated on December 22, 1857;<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 35th Cong., 1st sess., 22 December 1857, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on January 18, 1858.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 35th Cong., 1st sess., 18 January 1858, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> He took office on September 10, 1857.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1857-09-11 |title=McMullen inaugurated September 10 |pages=2 |work=Pioneer and Democrat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pioneer-and-democrat-mcmullen-inaugurate/128534002/ |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>}}<br />–<br />March 5, 1859<br>{{small|(successor appointed)}}{{efn|McMullen left the territory in July 1858, without a formal resignation; the nomination of his successor only notes that the office is vacant.<ref name="gholson-nomination" /> Territorial Secretary ] acted as governor until his successor arrived.<ref name="mcmullin-mcmullen" />}}
|{{sortname|James|Buchanan}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|3
|data-sort-value="Gholson, Richard"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1804–1862)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-gholson">McMullin pp. 313&ndash;315</ref>
|{{dts|March 5, 1859}}{{efn|Gholson was nominated<ref name="gholson-nomination">U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 36th Cong., special sess., 5 March 1859, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 36th Cong., special sess., 5 March 1859, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> on March 5, 1859, and he arrived in the territory on July 10.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1859-07-15 |title=Gholson arrives July 10 |pages=2 |work=Pioneer and Democrat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pioneer-and-democrat-gholson-arrives-jul/128534626/ |access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>}}<br />–<br />February 14, 1861<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Gholson left the territory in May 1860 on a leave of absence to move his wife from Texas to Kentucky, and never returned; he formally resigned on February 14, 1861, saying "I am unwilling for even a day to hold office under a (so-called) 'Republican' President."<ref name="mcmullin-gholson" /> Territorial Secretary ] acted as governor until his successor arrived.<ref name="mcmullin-gholson" />}}
|{{sortname|James|Buchanan}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|—
|data-sort-value="Wallace, William"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1811–1879)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-wallace">McMullin pp. 315&nmdash;316</ref>
|{{dts|April 9, 1861}}<br />–<br />July 8, 1861<br>{{small|(resigned before<br>taking office)}}{{efn|Wallace was appointed on April 9, 1861, during a Senate recess;<ref name="mcmullin-wallace" /> nominated on July 10;<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 37th Cong., 1st sess., 10 July 1861, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on July 16.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 37th Cong., 1st sess., 16 July 1861, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> However, even though he was a resident of the territory, he never took office; he instead took a seat in the ] that he was ] on July 8.<ref name="mcmullin-wallace" /> Territorial Secretary ] acted as governor until his successor arrived.<ref name="mcmullin-wallace" />}}
|{{sortname|Abraham|Lincoln}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|4
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Pickering, William"|]
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1798–1873)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-pickering">McMullin pp. 316&ndash;317</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|December 19, 1861}}{{efn|Pickering was nominated on December 5, 1861;<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 5 December 1861, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> confirmed by the Senate on December 19;<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 19 December 1861, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and arrived in the territory in June 1862.<ref name="mcmullin-pickering" /> He was reconfirmed by the Senate on January 6, 1866.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 39th Cong., 1st sess., 6 January 1866, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />November 21, 1866<br>{{small|(removed)}}{{efn|President Johnson removed Pickering because he had publicly criticized ] policies. Territorial Secretary ] acted as governor until his successor arrived.}}
|{{sortname|Abraham|Lincoln}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|{{sortname|Andrew|Johnson}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|5
|data-sort-value="Cole, George"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1826–1906)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-cole">McMullin pp. 317&ndash;318</ref>
|{{dts|November 21, 1866}}{{efn|Cole was appointed on November 21, 1866, during a Senate recess;<ref name="mcmullin-cole" /> nominated on December 14;<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 39th Cong., 2nd sess., 14 December 1866, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> but was rejected by the Senate on March 1, 1867.<ref name="cole-rejection">U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 39th Cong., 2nd sess., 1 March 1867, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />March 4, 1867<br>{{small|(rejected by Senate)}}{{efn|Cole's nomination was rejected by the Senate on March 1, 1867,<ref name="cole-rejection" /> and he left office on March 4.<ref name="mcmullin-cole" /> Territorial Secretary ] acted as govenror until his successor arrived.<ref name="mcmullin-cole" />}}
|{{sortname|Andrew|Johnson}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|6
|data-sort-value="Moore, Marshall"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1829–1870)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-moore">McMullin pp. 318&ndash;319</ref>
|{{dts|April 20, 1867}}{{efn|] was nominated on April 15, 1867,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 40th Cong., 1st sess., 15 April 1867, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> but was rejected by the Senate on April 17.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 40th Cong., 1st sess., 17 April 1867, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> Moore was then nominated on April 19,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 40th Cong., 1st sess., 19 April 1867, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on April 20.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 40th Cong., 1st sess., 20 April 1867, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />April 5, 1869<br>{{small|(successor appointed)}}{{efn|McMullin says Moore resigned due to ill health,<ref name="mcmullin-moore" /> but the nomination of his successor specifies he was being removed.<ref name="flanders-nomination" />}}
|{{sortname|Andrew|Johnson}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|7
|data-sort-value="Flanders, Alvan"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1825–1894)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-flanders">McMullin pp. 319&ndash;320</ref>
|{{dts|April 5, 1869}}{{efn|Flanders was nominated on April 3, 1869,<ref name="flanders-nomination">U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 41st Cong., 1st sess., 3 April 1869, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on April 5.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 41st Cong., 1st sess., 5 April 1869, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />March 14, 1870<br>{{small|(successor appointed)}}
|{{sortname|Ulysses S.|Grant}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|8
|data-sort-value="Salomon, Edward"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1836–1913)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-salomon">McMullin pp. 320&ndash;321</ref>
|{{dts|March 14, 1870}}{{efn|Salomon was nominated on January 10, 1870,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 41st Cong., 2nd sess., 10 January 1870, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on March 14.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 41st Cong., 2nd sess., 14 March 1870, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />April 26, 1872{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Salomon's resignation was requested due to "financial maneuvering and excessive absences".<ref name="mcmullin-salomon" />}}
|{{sortname|Ulysses S.|Grant}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|9
|data-sort-value="Ferry, Elisha"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1825–1895)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-ferry">McMullin pp. 321&ndash;323</ref>
|{{dts|April 26, 1872}}{{efn|] was nominated on January 11, 1872,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 42nd Cong., 2nd sess., 11 January 1872, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> but was withdrawn on April 9.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 42nd Cong., 2nd sess., 9 April 1872, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> Ferry was then nominated on April 24,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 42nd Cong., 2nd sess., 24 April 1872, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on April 26.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 42nd Cong., 2nd sess., 26 April 1872, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />April 26, 1880<br>{{small|(successor appointed)}}
|{{sortname|Ulysses S.|Grant}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|10
|data-sort-value="Newell, William"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1817–1901)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-newell">McMullin pp. 323&ndash;324</ref>
|{{dts|April 26, 1880}}{{efn|Newell was nominated on April 9, 1880, for a term to begin April 26;<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 46th Cong., 2nd sess., 9 April 1880, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and was confirmed by the Senate on April 21.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 46th Cong., 2nd sess., 21 April 1880, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />July 2, 1884<br>{{small|(successor appointed)}}
|{{sortname|Rutherford B.|Hayes}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|11
|data-sort-value="Squire, Watson"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1838–1926)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-squire">McMullin pp. 324&ndash;326</ref>
|{{dts|July 2, 1884}}{{efn|Squire was nominated on July 1, 1884,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 48th Cong., 1st sess., 1 July 1884, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on July 2.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 48th Cong., 1st sess., 2 July 1884, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />April 9, 1887<br>{{small|(successor appointed)}}
|{{sortname|Chester A.|Arthur}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|12
|data-sort-value="Semple, Eugene"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1840–1908)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-semple">McMullin pp. 326&ndash;327</ref>
|{{dts|April 9, 1887}}{{efn|Semple was appointed on April 9, 1887, during a Senate recess;<ref name="mcmullin-semple" /> nominated on January 4, 1888;<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 50th Cong., 1st sess., 4 January 1888, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on January 16.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 50th Cong., 1st sess., 16 January 1888, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />March 23, 1889<br>{{small|(successor appointed)}}
|{{sortname|Grover|Cleveland}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|13
|data-sort-value="Moore, Miles"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1845–1919)}}<br><ref name="mcmullin-moore">McMullin pp. 327&ndash;328</ref>
|{{dts|March 23, 1889}}{{efn|Moore was nominated on March 21, 1889,<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 51st Cong., special sess., 21 March 1889, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref> and confirmed by the Senate on March 23.<ref>U.S. ''Senate Exec. Journal''. 51st Cong., special sess., 23 March 1889, . Accessed July 19, 2023.</ref>}}<br />–<br />November 11, 1889<br>{{small|(statehood)}}
|{{sortname|Benjamin|Harrison}}
|}


== notes ==
===Governors of the State of Washington===
Washington was admitted to the Union on November 11, 1889. The term for governor is four years,<ref name="wac-3-2" /> commencing on the second Monday in the January following the election.<ref>WA Const. art. III, § 4</ref> If the office of governor is vacant or the governor is unable to discharge their duties, the lieutenant governor assumes the duties of governor, though still officially retains the office of lieutenant governor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AG, Secretary of State issue joint statement regarding gubernatorial succession in the event of a vacancy|url=https://www.sos.wa.gov/office/news-releases.aspx|access-date=2020-11-25|publisher=Washington Secretary of State}}</ref> If both the offices of governor and lieutenant governor are unable to fulfill their duties, the secretary of state is next in line, and then the treasurer.<ref>WA Const. art. III, § 10</ref> There is no limit to the number of terms a governor may serve.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nga.org/Files/pdf/BOS4-9.pdf|title=Constitutional and Statutory Provisions for Number of Consecutive Terms of Elected State Officials|publisher=National Governor's Association|access-date=July 3, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023725/http://www.nga.org/files/pdf/BOS4-9.pdf|archive-date=June 29, 2011 }}</ref> The office of ] is not elected on the same ] as the governor.


1819-03-02: Enabling Act for admission defined boundaries as above; sec 3 provided:
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
if the south line encroaches on Wayne, Green, or Jackson Counties in Mississippi, the line will be changed to a point 10 miles east of the mouth of the Pascagoula
|+ Governors of the State of Washington
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!scope="col" colspan="3"|Governor
!scope="col"|Term in office
!scope="col"|Party
!scope="col"|Election
!scope="col" colspan="2"|]{{efn|Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|1
|data-sort-value="Ferry, Elisha"|]
|rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|&nbsp;
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1825–1895)}}<br><ref name="sobel-ferry">Sobel p. 1675</ref><ref name="nga-ferry">{{cite web | title=Elisha Peyre Ferry | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/elisha-peyre-ferry/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|November 11, 1889}}<br />–<br />January 11, 1893<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|]
|]
|rowspan="2"style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|&nbsp;
|{{sortname|Charles E.|Laughton}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|2
|data-sort-value="McGraw, John"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1850–1910)}}<br><ref name="sobel-mcgraw">Sobel p. 1676</ref><ref name="nga-mcgraw">{{cite web | title=John Harte McGraw | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-harte-mcgraw/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|January 11, 1893}}<br />–<br />January 13, 1897<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|]
|]
|{{sortname|F. H.|Luce}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|3
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Rogers, John"|]
|style="background: {{party color|Populist Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1838–1901)}}<br><ref name="sobel-rogers">Sobel pp. 1677&ndash;1678</ref><ref name="nga-rogers">{{cite web | title=John Rankin Rogers | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-rankin-rogers/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 13, 1897}}<br />–<br />December 26, 1901<br>{{small|(died in office)}}
|]
|]
|style="background: {{party color|Populist Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|Thurston|Daniels}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|]
|]
|style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|Henry|McBride|dab=politician}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|4
|data-sort-value="McBride, Henry"|]
|rowspan="4" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1856–1937)}}<br><ref name="sobel-mcbride">Sobel p. 1678</ref><ref name="nga-mcbride">{{cite web | title=Henry McBride | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/henry-mcbride/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|December 26, 1901}}<br />–<br />January 11, 1905<br>{{small|(lost nomination)}}{{efn|McBride lost the Republican nomination to ].<ref name="sobel-mcbride" />}}
|]
|style="background:#EEEEEE;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br />lieutenant<br />governor}}
|colspan="2" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Vacant''
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|5
|data-sort-value="Mead, Albert"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1861–1913)}}<br><ref name="sobel-mead">Sobel p. 1679</ref><ref name="nga-mead">{{cite web | title=Albert E. Mead | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/albert-e-mead/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|January 11, 1905}}<br />–<br />January 27, 1909<br>{{small|(lost nomination)}}{{efn|Mead lost the Republican nomination to ].<ref name="sobel-mead" />}}
|]
|]
|rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|Charles E.|Coon}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|6
|data-sort-value="Cosgrove, Samuel"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1847–1909)}}<br><ref name="sobel-cosgrove">Sobel pp. 1679&ndash;1680</ref><ref name="nga-cosgrove">{{cite web | title=Samuel G. Cosgrove | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/samuel-g-cosgrove/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|January 27, 1909}}<br />–<br />March 28, 1909<br>{{small|(died in office)}}
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Marion E.|Hay}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|7
|data-sort-value="Hay, Marion"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1865–1933)}}<br><ref name="sobel-hay">Sobel pp. 1680&ndash;1681</ref><ref name="nga-hay">{{cite web | title=Marion E. Hay | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/marion-e-hay/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|March 28, 1909}}<br />–<br />January 15, 1913<br>{{small|(lost election)}}
|]
|style="background:#EEEEEE;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br />lieutenant<br />governor}}
|colspan="2" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Vacant''
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|8
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Lister, Ernest"|]
|rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1870–1919)}}<br><ref name="sobel-lister">Sobel pp. 1681&ndash;1682</ref><ref name="nga-lister">{{cite web | title=Ernest Lister | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/ernest-lister/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 15, 1913}}<br />–<br />February 13, 1919<br>{{small|(died in office)}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Louis F.|Hart}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|9
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Hart, Louis"|]
|rowspan="4" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1862–1929)}}<br><ref name="sobel-hart">Sobel p. 1682</ref><ref name="nga-hart">{{cite web | title=Louis Folwell Hart | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/louis-folwell-hart/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|February 13, 1919}}<br />–<br />January 14, 1925<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|style="background:#EEEEEE;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br />lieutenant<br />governor}}
|colspan="2" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Vacant''
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|William J.|Coyle}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|10
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Hartley, Roland"|]
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1864–1952)}}<br><ref name="sobel-hartley">Sobel p. 1683</ref><ref name="nga-hartley">{{cite web | title=Roland H. Hartley | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/roland-h-hartley/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 14, 1925}}<br />–<br />January 11, 1933<br>{{small|(lost nomination)}}{{efn|Hartley lost the Republican nomination to ].}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|{{sortname|W. Lon|Johnson}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|{{sortname|John Arthur|Gellatly}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|11
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Martin, Clarence"|]
|rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1886–1955)}}<br><ref name="sobel-martin">Sobel pp. 1683&ndash;1684</ref><ref name="nga-martin">{{cite web | title=Clarence Daniel Martin | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/clarence-daniel-martin/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 11, 1933}}<br />–<br />January 15, 1941<br>{{small|(lost nomination)}}{{efn|Martin lost the Democratic nomination to ].}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|rowspan="5" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="5"|{{sortname|Victor Aloysius|Meyers}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|12
|data-sort-value="Langlie, Arthur"|]
|style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1900–1966)}}<br><ref name="sobel-langlie">Sobel pp. 1684&ndash;1685</ref><ref name="nga-langlie">{{cite web | title=Arthur B. Langlie | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/arthur-b-langlie/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|January 15, 1941}}<br />–<br />January 10, 1945<br>{{small|(lost election)}}
|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|13
|data-sort-value="Wallgren, Monrad"|]
|style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1891–1961)}}<br><ref name="sobel-wallgren">Sobel p. 1685</ref><ref name="nga-wallgren">{{cite web | title=Monrad Charles Wallgren | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/monrad-charles-wallgren/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|January 10, 1945}}<br />–<br />January 12, 1949<br>{{small|(lost election)}}
|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|14
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Langlie, Arthur"|]
|rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1900–1966)}}<br><ref name="sobel-langlie" /><ref name="nga-langlie" />
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 12, 1949}}<br />–<br />January 16, 1957<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|Emmett T.|Anderson}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|15
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Rosellini, Albert"|]
|rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1910–2011)}}<br><ref name="sobel-rosellini">Sobel p. 1686</ref><ref name="nga-rosellini">{{cite web | title=Albert Dean Rosellini | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/albert-dean-rosellini/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 16, 1957}}<br />–<br />January 13, 1965<br>{{small|(lost election)}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|rowspan="8" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="8"|{{sortname|John|Cherberg}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="3" scope="row"|16
|rowspan="3" data-sort-value="Evans, Daniel"|]
|rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="3"|''']'''<br>{{small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1925)}}<br><ref name="sobel-evans">Sobel pp. 1686&ndash;1687</ref><ref name="nga-evans">{{cite web | title=Daniel Jackson Evans | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/daniel-jackson-evans/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|{{dts|January 13, 1965}}<br />–<br />January 12, 1977<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|rowspan="3"|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|17
|data-sort-value="Ray, Dixy"|]
|style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1914–1994)}}<br><ref name="sobel-ray">Sobel pp. 1687&ndash;1688</ref><ref name="nga-ray">{{cite web | title=Dixy Lee Ray | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/dixy-lee-ray/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|January 12, 1977}}<br />–<br />January 14, 1981<br>{{small|(lost nomination)}}{{efn|Ray lost the Democratic nomination to ].}}
|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|18
|data-sort-value="Spellman, John"|]
|style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1926–2018)}}<br><ref name="nga-spellman">{{cite web | title=John Dennis Spellman | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-dennis-spellman/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|January 14, 1981}}<br />–<br />January 16, 1985<br>{{small|(lost election)}}
|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|19
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Gardner, Booth"|]
|rowspan="10" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1936–2013)}}<br><ref name="nga-gardner">{{cite web | title=Booth Gardner | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/booth-gardner/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 16, 1985}}<br />–<br />January 13, 1993<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Joel|Pritchard}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|20
|data-sort-value="Lowry, Mike"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1939–2017)}}<br><ref name="nga-lowry">{{cite web | title=Michael Lowry | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/michael-lowry/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|{{dts|January 13, 1993}}<br />–<br />January 15, 1997<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|21
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Locke, Gary"|]
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1950)}}<br><ref name="nga-locke">{{cite web | title=Gary Locke | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/gary-locke/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 15, 1997}}<br />–<br />January 12, 2005<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|rowspan="7" style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="5"|{{sortname|Brad|Owen}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="row"|22
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Gregoire, Christine"|]
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1947)}}<br><ref name="nga-gregoire">{{cite web | title=Chris Gregoire | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/chris-gregoire/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 12, 2005}}<br />–<br />January 16, 2013<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="3" scope="row"|23
|rowspan="3" data-sort-value="Inslee, Jay"|]
|rowspan="3"|''']'''<br>{{small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)}}<br><ref name="nga-inslee">{{cite web | title=Jay Inslee | url=https://www.nga.org/governor/jay-inslee/ | publisher=] | access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan="3"|{{dts|January 16, 2013}}<br />–<br />Incumbent{{efn|Inslee's third term ] on January 15, 2025.}}
|rowspan="3"|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|{{sortname|Cyrus|Habib}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|{{sortname|Denny|Heck}}
|}


1820-10-12: field notes filed for survey from bear creek to washington county
==See also==
*]
*]


1820-07-19: demarcation of new line from washington county to gulf
==Notes==
{{notelist}}


1822-1839: 1817-? border run east as far as georgia
==References==
;General
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite web|title=Former Washington Governors|url=https://www.nga.org/former-governors/washington/|access-date=July 5, 2023|publisher=National Governors Association}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sobel|first=Robert|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire0004unse/|title=Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. IV|publisher=Meckler Books|year=1978|isbn=9780930466008|access-date=June 13, 2023}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kallenbach|first=Joseph Ernest|url=http://archive.org/details/americanstategov0000kall|title=American State Governors, 1776-1976|date=1977|publisher=Oceana Publications|isbn=978-0-379-00665-0|access-date=June 15, 2023}}
*{{Cite book|last=McMullin|first=Thomas A.|url=http://archive.org/details/biographicaldire0000mcmu|title=Biographical directory of American territorial governors|date=1984|publisher=Westport, CT : Meckler|isbn=978-0-930466-11-4|access-date=January 19, 2023}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ficken|first=Robert E.|url=http://columbia.washingtonhistory.org/anthology/fromtriballands/figureheads.aspx|title=Figureheads of State|journal=Columbia Magazine|date=Winter 2005–2006|volume=19|issue=4|access-date=January 27, 2011|archive-date=October 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008093244/http://columbia.washingtonhistory.org/anthology/fromtriballands/figureheads.aspx|url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book|author=Meany, Edmond S|author-link=Meany, Edmond S|title=Governors of Washington : territorial and state|publisher=University of Washington|location=Seattle|year=1915|url=http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=30|access-date=June 30, 2010 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.wa.gov/library/WashingtonTerritorialandStateGovernors.aspx|title=Washington Territorial and State Governors|publisher=Washington Secretary of State|access-date=July 1, 2010 }}
{{refend}}


1831: 4 Stat L. 479 defined AL-FL border was 31 N
;Specific
{{reflist}}


1847: AL-FL line described as Ellicott's Line:
==External links==
beginning on the Chattahoochee near "Irwin's Mills"
{{Commons category}}
West to the Perdido
*


1853: Ellicott's Line resurveyed
{{Governors of Washington}}
{{Current U.S. governors}}
{{US Chief Executives}}
{{Washington}}
{{Washington statewide elected officials}}
{{Government of Washington}}
{{featured list}}


1906: AL-MS boundary described as:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, List of Governors of}}
West bank of tennessee, six four-pole chains south of and above the mouth of yellow creek
]
Up that to the mouth of Bear Creek
]
Line to what was formerly the NW corner of Washington County
]
Line to a point 10 miles east of the mouth of the Pascagoula
]

]
1911: Ellicott's Line resurveyed

1954-05-06: AL and FL defined boundary at mouth of perdido and extend it into the gulf

Check code of alabama "1876, p. 189" for GA border, see vz 104

Latest revision as of 19:34, 2 November 2024

History of the borders of Alabama

content

Alabama Territory was organized from the eastern half of Mississippi Territory on March 3, 1817. The act defined its borders as:

...beginning at the point where the line of the thirty-first degree of north latitude intersects the Perdido river, thence east to the western boundary line of the state of Georgia, thence along said line to the southern boundary line to the state of Tennessee, thence west along said boundary line to the Tennessee river, thence up the same to the mouth of Bear creek, thence by a direct line to the north-west corner of Washington county, thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico, thence eastwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river, and thence up the same to the beginning...

The border between Georgia and Spanish Florida along the 31st parallel north was surveyed in 1799 by Andrew Ellicott, and this line was inherited by Alabama Territory.

The western boundary of Georgia was defined in 1802 as:

... a line beginning on the western bank of the Chatahouchie River where the same crosses the boundary line between the United States and Spain; running thence up the said River Chatahouchie, and along the western bank thereof to the great bend thereof, next above the place where a certain creek or river, called "Uchee" (being the first considerable stream on the western side, above the Cussetas and Coweta towns), empties into the Chatahouchie River; thence in a direct line to Nickajack, on Tennessee River; thence crossing the said last-mentioned river, and thence running up the said Tennessee River and along the western bank thereof to the southern boundary line of the State of Tennessee.

The location of Nickajack was surveyed in 1818, with the report being filed on July 13, and it being approved on December 18, though it is an open question whether that law was sufficient.. While the southern boundary of Tennessee was intended to be the 35th parallel north, the line was incorrectly surveyed south by a mile, so the described border never reaches the Tennessee River. The great bend of the Chattahoochee was surveyed as being located at Miller's Bend (now West Point) and the line from Nickajack to Miller's Bend was surveyed in 1826, but Alabama didn't accept this survey until January 24, 1840.

The southern boundary of Tennessee was inherited from North Carolina, and was defined in the 1776 North Carolina constitution as the 35th parallel north. However, this was not surveyed until the early 19th century. In October 1807, this line was surveyed from a point near 87th meridian west, just east of the Elk River, eastward to the old Cherokee line, about 30 miles. In 1817, the line was extended west to the Tennessee River, and between 1822 and 1839 the line was run east to Georgia.

foo

notes

1819-03-02: Enabling Act for admission defined boundaries as above; sec 3 provided: if the south line encroaches on Wayne, Green, or Jackson Counties in Mississippi, the line will be changed to a point 10 miles east of the mouth of the Pascagoula

1820-10-12: field notes filed for survey from bear creek to washington county

1820-07-19: demarcation of new line from washington county to gulf

1822-1839: 1817-? border run east as far as georgia

1831: 4 Stat L. 479 defined AL-FL border was 31 N

1847: AL-FL line described as Ellicott's Line: beginning on the Chattahoochee near "Irwin's Mills" West to the Perdido

1853: Ellicott's Line resurveyed

1906: AL-MS boundary described as: West bank of tennessee, six four-pole chains south of and above the mouth of yellow creek Up that to the mouth of Bear Creek Line to what was formerly the NW corner of Washington County Line to a point 10 miles east of the mouth of the Pascagoula

1911: Ellicott's Line resurveyed

1954-05-06: AL and FL defined boundary at mouth of perdido and extend it into the gulf

Check code of alabama "1876, p. 189" for GA border, see vz 104

  1. 3 Stat. 371
  2. Van Zandt 1976, pp. 108–109. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Zandt1976 (help)
  3. https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_zlna_tcc775?canvas=0&x=400&y=400&w=1164
  4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40577307?searchText=georgia+tennessee+line&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dgeorgia%2Btennessee%2Bline%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A192d121bc98e4e65840ae02d9d42c549&seq=10 page 278
  5. Van Zandt 1976, p. 103. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Zandt1976 (help)
  6. Van Zandt 1976, p. 109. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Zandt1976 (help)