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{{Short description|Greek Christian theologian (died c. 200)}}
{{Infobox saint {{Infobox saint
|name=Pantaenus the Philosopher |name=Saint Pantaenus the Philosopher
|birth_date=2nd century AD |birth_date=2nd century AD
|death_date=c. 200 |death_date=c. 200
|feast_day=July 7<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bartleby.com/210/7/071.html|title=Saint Pantaenus, Father of the Church. July 7. Rev. Alban Butler. 1866. Volume VII: July. The Lives of the Saints|website=www.bartleby.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://sanctoral.com/en/saints/saint_pantaenus.html|title = Saint Pantaenus, Doctor of the Church and Apostle to the Indies}}</ref>
|feast_day=July 7 (Old Roman Calendar)<br>June 22 (Coptic Tradition)
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⚫ '''Saint Pantaenus the Philosopher''' ({{lang-el|Πάνταινος}}; died c. 200)<ref>"As he was succeeded by Clement who left Alexandria about 203, the probable date of his death would be about 200. " (''Catholic Encyclopedia'')</ref> was a ] ] and a significant figure in the ] from around AD 180. This school was the earliest ] school, and became influential in the development of ].
| main_interests = ]
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⚫ }}}}
⚫ '''Saint Pantaenus the Philosopher''' ({{langx|el|Πάνταινος}}; died c. 200)<ref>"As he was succeeded by Clement who left Alexandria about 203, the probable date of his death would be about 200. " (''Catholic Encyclopedia'')</ref> was a ] ] and a significant figure in the ] from around AD 180. This school was the earliest ] school, and became influential in the development of ].


==Biography== ==Biography==
Pantaenus was a ] philosopher teaching in ]. He converted to the Christian faith, and sought to reconcile his new faith with ]. His most famous student, ], who was his successor as head of the Catechetical School, described Pantaenus as "the Sicilian bee".<ref>Clement, ''Stromata'', 1.1.</ref> Although no writings by Pantaenus are extant,<ref>Although Lightfoot (''Apost. Fathers'', 488), and ] (''L'église naissante'', 3rd ed., 213ff) attribute the concluding passages of the ''Epistle to Diognetius'' to Pantaeus; see "Pantaenus" in ''The Westminster Dictionary of Christian History'', ed. Jerald Brauer.</ref> his legacy is known by the influence of the Catechetical School on the development of Christian theology, in particular in the early debates on the interpretation of the Bible, the ], and ]. He was the main supporter of ] for acting against the influence of ]. Pantaenus was a ] philosopher teaching in ]. He was a native of ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Butler's Lives of the Saints, Volume 7|page=48|publisher=A&C Black|author1=Alban Butler|author2=Paul Burns}}</ref> He converted to the Christian faith, and sought to reconcile his new faith with ]. His most famous student, ],<ref>Cf. Article "Clement of Alexandria" in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Ed. George Menachery, Vol. II, 1973, p. 201</ref> who was his successor as head of the Catechetical School, described Pantaenus as "the Sicilian bee".<ref>Clement, ''Stromata'', 1.1.</ref> Although no writings by Pantaenus are extant,<ref>Although Lightfoot (''Apost. Fathers'', 488), and ] (''L'église naissante'', 3rd ed., 213ff) attribute the concluding passages of the ''Epistle to Diognetius'' to Pantaeus; see "Pantaenus" in ''The Westminster Dictionary of Christian History'', ed. Jerald Brauer.</ref> his legacy is known by the influence of the Catecheticaar in the early debates on the interpretation of the Bible, the ], and ]. He was the main supporter of ] for acting against the influence of ].


] map showing ancient trade routes]] ] map showing ancient trade routes]]
In addition to his work as a teacher, ] reports that Pantaenus was for a time a ], traveling as far as ] where, according to Eusebius, he found Christian communities using the Gospel of Matthew written in "Hebrew letters", supposedly left them by the Apostle ] (and which might have been the ]).<ref>Eusebius, ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' 5.10</ref> This may indicate that Syrian Christians, using a Syriac version of the New Testament, had already evangelized parts of India by late 2nd century. However, some writers have suggested that having difficulty with the language of ], Pantaenus misinterpreted their reference to ] (the ] term meaning ]), who is currently credited with bringing ] to India in the 1st century<ref> by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing - 2008. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-8028-2417-2.</ref><ref> by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. ISBN 965-278-179-7.</ref> by the ], as Bar Tolmai (the Hebrew name of Bartholomew). It is to be noted that the ancient seaport ] on the ] (modern-day ] in ]) was frequented by the Egyptians in the early centuries AD.<ref> Ed. by Edward Balfour (1871), Second Edition. Volume 2. p. 584.</ref> In addition to his work as a teacher, ] reports that Pantaenus was for a time a ],<ref>Cf. Article "Christian Influences on Hinduism before the European Period" by P. Thomas in the ''St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', Vol. II, 1973, pp. 177 et. sq.</ref> traveling as far as ] where, according to Eusebius, he found Christian communities using the Gospel of Matthew written in "Hebrew letters", supposedly left them by the Apostle ] (and which might have been the ]).<ref> by Eusebius. Book V Chapter 10. Pantaenus the Philosopher.</ref><ref>Article by S. S. Koder, "History of the Jews in Kerala", in the ''St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', Vol. II, 1973, pp. 183 ff.</ref> However, some writers have suggested that having difficulty with the language of ], Pantaenus misinterpreted their reference to ] (the ] term meaning ]), who is currently credited with bringing ] to India in the 1st century<ref> by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2008. p. 285. {{ISBN|978-0802824172}}.</ref><ref> by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. {{ISBN|9652781797}}.</ref> by the ], as Bar Tolmai (the Hebrew name of Bartholomew). The ancient seaport ] on the ] (modern-day ] in India) was frequented by the Egyptians in the early centuries AD.<ref> Ed. by Edward Balfour (1871), Second Edition. Volume 2. p. 584.</ref>


] (c.  347 – 30 September 420), apparently relying entirely on Eusebius' evidence from ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', wrote that Pantaenus visited India, “to preach Christ to the Brahmans and philosophers there. ”<ref>''De viris illustribus'' 36</ref> It is unlikely that Jerome has any information about Pantaenus' mission to India that is independent of Eusebius. On the other hand, his claim that "many" of Pantaenus' Biblical commentaries were still extant is probably based on Jerome's own knowledge. ] (c. 347 – 30 September 420), apparently relying entirely on Eusebius' evidence from ''Historia Ecclesiastica'', wrote that Pantaenus visited India, “to preach Christ to the Brahmans and philosophers there.”<ref>''De viris illustribus'' 36</ref> It is unlikely that Jerome has any information about Pantaenus' mission to India that is independent of Eusebius. On the other hand, his claim that "many" of Pantaenus' Biblical commentaries were still extant is probably based on Jerome's own knowledge.


His feast day as July 7.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pantaenus-st| title = Pantaenus, St. {{!}} Encyclopedia.com}} </ref><ref name="auto1"/>
His feast day is July 7 (June 22 in the Coptic tradition).

The ] ] mentions "Pantaenus and Clement" in its entry regarding the return of the relics of St ] by ] of Rome on 15 ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://copticchurch.net/synaxarium/10_15.html?lang=en#1|title = Paona 15 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium – CopticChurch.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://st-takla.org/Full-Free-Coptic-Books/Coptic-Synaxarium-or-Synaxarion_English/10-Bawoonah/Coptic-Calendar_15-Paona.html|title=15 Baounah – Paonah Month – Coptic Synaxarium (Coptic Orthodox Calendar: Daily Synaxarion) &#124; St. Takla.org|first=Michael Ghaly|last=Egypt|website=st-takla.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.copticplace.com/Saints_E/Coptic_Synaxarium/10_Baounah.html|title=The Blessed Month of Baounah|website=www.copticplace.com}}</ref> but does not assign Pantaenus any specific feast date.


==19th century and modern study on Pantaenus== ==19th century and modern study on Pantaenus==
⚫ The ] historian ], and Catholic patristic scholar Illaria Ramelli argued that Pantaenus taught universalism to ] and ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramelli |first1=Illaria |title=The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis |pages=108–110}}</ref><ref>J. W. Hanson. ''Universalism: The Prevailing Doctrine of the Christian Church'' p. 49 "Pantænus was martyred AD 216. The Universalism of Clement, Origen and their successors must, beyond question, have been taught by their great predecessor, Pantænus, and there is every reason to believe that the Alexandrine school had never known any contrary teaching from its foundation"</ref> However, scholar Andrew C. Itter argues that Clement of Alexandria's supposed "universalism" had tension between salvation and free will,<ref>Itter, Andrew C. ''Esoteric teaching in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria'' 2009 p. 181 "... universal salvation and hinges on the tension between an individual soul's freedom to refuse the chastisements of God, ... universal capacity to save all things. It is a tension between the soul's autonomy and universal salvation"</ref> and that he may have not embraced a strict ]. Which puts the claim of ] and Illaria Ramelli at question.
The ] historian ] (1899) argued that Pantaenus "must, beyond question" have taught Universalism to Clement of Alexandria and Origen.<ref>J. W. Hanson
⚫ Universalism: The Prevailing Doctrine of the Christian Church p49 "Pantænus was martyred AD 216. The Universalism of Clement, Origen and their successors must, beyond question, have been taught by their great predecessor, Pantænus, and there is every reason to believe that the Alexandrine school had never known any contrary teaching from its foundation"</ref> However, since it is now considered that Clement of Alexandria's views contained a tension between salvation and freewill,<ref>Itter, Andrew C. ''Esoteric teaching in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria'' 2009 p181 "... universal salvation and hinges on the tension between an individual soul's freedom to refuse the chastisements of God, ... universal capacity to save all things.44 It is a tension between the soul's autonomy and universal salvation"</ref> and that he and Origen did not clearly teach universal reconciliation of all ]s in their understanding of ], Hanson's conclusion about Pantaenus lacks a firm basis.<ref>FW Norris, "Apokatastasis," in Westminster Handbook to Origen, 59-62. 58.</ref>


==References== ==References==
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== External links == == External links ==
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Latest revision as of 21:02, 3 November 2024

Greek Christian theologian (died c. 200)
Saint Pantaenus the Philosopher
Missionary, Philosopher
Born2nd century AD
Sicily
Diedc. 200
Alexandria, Egypt
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Oriental Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
CanonizedPre-Congregation
FeastJuly 7
Attributeslecturing from a pulpit
Philosophy career
EraAncient philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolStoicism
InstitutionsCatechetical School of Alexandria
Main interestsChristian theology

Saint Pantaenus the Philosopher (Greek: Πάνταινος; died c. 200) was a Greek theologian and a significant figure in the Catechetical School of Alexandria from around AD 180. This school was the earliest catechetical school, and became influential in the development of Christian theology.

Biography

Pantaenus was a Stoic philosopher teaching in Alexandria. He was a native of Sicily. He converted to the Christian faith, and sought to reconcile his new faith with Greek philosophy. His most famous student, Clement, who was his successor as head of the Catechetical School, described Pantaenus as "the Sicilian bee". Although no writings by Pantaenus are extant, his legacy is known by the influence of the Catecheticaar in the early debates on the interpretation of the Bible, the Trinity, and Christology. He was the main supporter of Serapion of Antioch for acting against the influence of Gnosticism.

Silk Road map showing ancient trade routes

In addition to his work as a teacher, Eusebius of Caesarea reports that Pantaenus was for a time a missionary, traveling as far as India where, according to Eusebius, he found Christian communities using the Gospel of Matthew written in "Hebrew letters", supposedly left them by the Apostle Bartholomew (and which might have been the Gospel of the Hebrews). However, some writers have suggested that having difficulty with the language of Saint Thomas Christians, Pantaenus misinterpreted their reference to Mar Thoma (the Aramaic term meaning Saint Thomas), who is currently credited with bringing Christianity to India in the 1st century by the Syrian Churches, as Bar Tolmai (the Hebrew name of Bartholomew). The ancient seaport Muziris on the Malabar Coast (modern-day Kerala in India) was frequented by the Egyptians in the early centuries AD.

Saint Jerome (c. 347 – 30 September 420), apparently relying entirely on Eusebius' evidence from Historia Ecclesiastica, wrote that Pantaenus visited India, “to preach Christ to the Brahmans and philosophers there.” It is unlikely that Jerome has any information about Pantaenus' mission to India that is independent of Eusebius. On the other hand, his claim that "many" of Pantaenus' Biblical commentaries were still extant is probably based on Jerome's own knowledge.

His feast day as July 7.

The Coptic synaxarium mentions "Pantaenus and Clement" in its entry regarding the return of the relics of St Mark the Apostle by Pope Paul VI of Rome on 15 Paoni but does not assign Pantaenus any specific feast date.

19th century and modern study on Pantaenus

The Universalist Church of America historian J. W. Hanson, and Catholic patristic scholar Illaria Ramelli argued that Pantaenus taught universalism to Clement of Alexandria and Origen However, scholar Andrew C. Itter argues that Clement of Alexandria's supposed "universalism" had tension between salvation and free will, and that he may have not embraced a strict apokatastasis. Which puts the claim of J. W. Hanson and Illaria Ramelli at question.

References

  1. "Orthodox Calendar. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church, a parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow". www.holytrinityorthodox.com.
  2. ^ "Saint Pantaenus, Father of the Church. July 7. Rev. Alban Butler. 1866. Volume VII: July. The Lives of the Saints". www.bartleby.com.
  3. ^ "Saint Pantaenus, Doctor of the Church and Apostle to the Indies".
  4. "As he was succeeded by Clement who left Alexandria about 203, the probable date of his death would be about 200. " (Catholic Encyclopedia)
  5. Alban Butler; Paul Burns. Butler's Lives of the Saints, Volume 7. A&C Black. p. 48.
  6. Cf. Article "Clement of Alexandria" in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Ed. George Menachery, Vol. II, 1973, p. 201
  7. Clement, Stromata, 1.1.
  8. Although Lightfoot (Apost. Fathers, 488), and Batiffol (L'église naissante, 3rd ed., 213ff) attribute the concluding passages of the Epistle to Diognetius to Pantaeus; see "Pantaenus" in The Westminster Dictionary of Christian History, ed. Jerald Brauer.
  9. Cf. Article "Christian Influences on Hinduism before the European Period" by P. Thomas in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol. II, 1973, pp. 177 et. sq.
  10. Church History by Eusebius. Book V Chapter 10. Pantaenus the Philosopher.
  11. Article by S. S. Koder, "History of the Jews in Kerala", in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol. II, 1973, pp. 183 ff.
  12. The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2008. p. 285. ISBN 978-0802824172.
  13. The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. ISBN 9652781797.
  14. Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. Ed. by Edward Balfour (1871), Second Edition. Volume 2. p. 584.
  15. De viris illustribus 36
  16. "Pantaenus, St. | Encyclopedia.com".
  17. "Paona 15 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium – CopticChurch.net".
  18. Egypt, Michael Ghaly. "15 Baounah – Paonah Month – Coptic Synaxarium (Coptic Orthodox Calendar: Daily Synaxarion) | St. Takla.org". st-takla.org.
  19. "The Blessed Month of Baounah". www.copticplace.com.
  20. Ramelli, Illaria. The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis. pp. 108–110.
  21. J. W. Hanson. Universalism: The Prevailing Doctrine of the Christian Church p. 49 "Pantænus was martyred AD 216. The Universalism of Clement, Origen and their successors must, beyond question, have been taught by their great predecessor, Pantænus, and there is every reason to believe that the Alexandrine school had never known any contrary teaching from its foundation"
  22. Itter, Andrew C. Esoteric teaching in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria 2009 p. 181 "... universal salvation and hinges on the tension between an individual soul's freedom to refuse the chastisements of God, ... universal capacity to save all things. It is a tension between the soul's autonomy and universal salvation"

External links

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