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| {{Short description|Mistress of Louis XIV (1661–1681)}} | |||
| {{Infobox nobility | {{Infobox nobility | ||
| | name |
| name = Marie Angélique de Scorailles | ||
| | title=Duchess of Fontanges | | title = Duchess of Fontanges | ||
| | image= |
| image = Château de Bussy-Rabutin - Marie-Anglique de Scorailles de Roussille, duchesse de Fontanges (bgw19 0359) (cropped).jpg | ||
| | full name=Marie Angélique de Scorailles | | full name = Marie Angélique de Scorailles de Roussille | ||
| | birth_date |
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1661|7|27}} | ||
| | birth_place |
| birth_place = ], ], ] | ||
| | death_date |
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1681|6|27|1661|7|27|df=yes}} | ||
| | death_place |
| death_place = ], France | ||
| | occupation = ] to ]|known_for=Mistress of ]}} | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Marie Angélique de Scorailles''' (July 1661 |
'''Marie Angélique de Scorailles, Duchess of Fontanges''' ({{IPA|fr|maʁi ɑ̃ʒelik də skɔʁaj|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Exilexi-Marie Angélique de Scorailles.wav}}; July 1661 – 28 June 1681) was a French noblewoman and ] of ]. Additionally she held the position of a ] to his sister-in-law ], the ]. Marie caught the attention of the Sun King and began an affair with him in 1679. She died two years later, most probably as a result of complications arising from childbirth. | ||
| == |
==Royal Mistress== | ||
| Marie Angélique de Scorailles was born in 1661 at the Château |
Marie Angélique de Scorailles was born in 1661 at the ] in Upper Auvergne.<ref name="rouge">{{cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106000340726&view=1up&seq=277|title=The Favourites of Louis XIV|author=Le Petit Homme Rouge|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1912|location=London|pages=249–252|author-link=Ernest Alfred Vizetelly}}</ref> She came from a very old aristocratic family; her father was the Comte de Rousaille, and the King's Lieutenant.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CD7CBji2i8C&q=Marie+angelique+duchesse+de+fontanges|title=Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King|last=Fraser|first=Antonia|publisher=Hachette|year=2008|isbn=9780297857921|language=en|chapter=Chapter 8 A Singular Position}}</ref> Her family eventually came to realization that her beauty was a great asset and raised enough money to send her to court, with the aim of restoring the family fortunes.<ref name=" Hilton, Lisa 2002">Hilton, Lisa (2002).''Athénaïs: the life of Louis XIV's mistress, the real queen of France'' footnote 14, 15, 16, 17</ref> Marie arrived at the court of Louis XIV in 1678 and became maid of honor to the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Somerset|first=Anne|title=The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV|year=2004|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=Principal Characters of the Affairs of the Poisons|isbn=0312330170|page=xiv|url=https://archive.org/details/affairofpoisonsm00some_0 |url-access=registration}}</ref> At the time Louis XIV had appeared to be losing interest in his longtime established mistress ] and turning to the governess of their children, ]. Infatuated by the beauty of the young girl, the king suddenly abandoned both women,<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002"/> and the stand-off between the two was suddenly eclipsed by a new passion which appeared to threaten them both equally.<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002" /> | ||
| Despite her physical charms, Marie Angélique was said by the court to be "as stupid as a basket." The Duchess of Orleans wrote " a stupid little creature, but she a very good heart"<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gkt8DAAAQBAJ|title=City of Light, City of Poison: Murder, Magic, and the First Police Chief of Paris|last=Tucker|first=Holly|date=2017|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393248845|pages=153–154|language=en}}</ref> but described her as "lovely as an angel, from head to foot".<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43238|title=Princes and Poisoners: Studies of the Court of Louis XIV|last=Funck-Brentano|first=Frantz|publisher=Duckworth & Co|year=1901|location=London|language=en|translator-last=Maidment|translator-first=George|chapter=II. Madame de Montespan}}</ref> | |||
| Louis showed his great affection for Marie by wearing ribbons often matched to hers. This flattery spoiled her, and she began to consider herself as the ]. She flaunted herself before ], and put Athénaïs de Montespan to shame with her behavior.<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002"/> The king gave her one hundred thousand crowns a month, twice as gifts, but he could not exhaust her extravagance, her ] was being driven by eight ]s,<ref>{{cite book|last=Rouge|first=Le Petit Homme|title=The Favourites of Louis XIV|year=2006|publisher= Kessinger Publishing, LLC|isbn=1-4286-5521-2|page=251|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h99O1V42h7gC&pg=PA249&dq=Marie+Ang%C3%A9lique+de+Scorailles&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KkprT5uWCcSa0QGEytHJBg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Marie%20Ang%C3%A9lique%20de%20Scorailles&f=false}}</ref> it seemed to "eat her reign at a time." Louis XIV suddenly felt young again. He wore diamonds, ribbons and feathers. Every day they went out to a new party, ]s, and ]—never had luxury been pushed so far. | |||
| Louis XIV, however, suddenly felt young again. He wore diamonds, ribbons and feathers,<ref name="rouge" /><ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002" /> and presented her with a pearl grey carriage with eight horses.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| ⚫ | Soon it appeared she was pregnant, |
||
| During a hunt in the ], her hair clung to a branch and she appeared before the king with her hair loosely tied in a ribbon, tumbling in curls to her shoulders. The king found this rustic style delightful, and the next day many courtiers adopted the new "]" hairstyle,<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002" /> except the Marquise de Montespan, who thought it was in "bad taste". Two pet bears belonging to Montespan escaped from their menagerie and managed to find, and destroy, Marie's apartment in ]. This event made both women comical at court.<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002" /> | |||
| ⚫ | Soon it appeared she was pregnant, further angering Montespan, who had thought their affair was a passing fancy, easily controlled and easily disposed of. She said to the ] that the king had three mistresses: herself in name, this girl in bed and Maintenon in his heart.<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002" /> | ||
| In January 1680,<ref> .</ref><ref>]: ''Louis XIV'', éd. Pygmalion, 2006, ''collection Les Rois qui ont fait la France'', pp. 186-187.</ref> Marie gave birth ] to a stillborn boy. She was then said to have been "wounded in the service." The king bestowed on her the title Duchess of Fontanges and a pension of 80,000 ], however, by this time Louis began to tire of her.<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002"/> Still sick (suffering from serious blood loss) since the birth, she retired to the ], and did not appear at court again. | |||
| In January 1680,<ref>]: ''Louis XIV'', éd. Pygmalion, 2006, ''collection Les Rois qui ont fait la France'', pp. 186–187.</ref> Marie gave premature birth to a stillborn boy, and was said to have been "wounded in the service of the King." In April, Louis granted her the title Duchess of Fontanges and a pension of 80,000 ],<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002"/> as was his usual habit on ending love affairs.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97tE0zaZStsC&q=filastre|title=Strange Revelations: Magic, Poison, and Sacrilege in Louis XIV's France|last=Mollenauer|first=Lynn Wood|publisher=Penn State Press|year=2007|isbn=9780271029153|pages=48|language=en}}</ref> Unwell after the birth, she retired to the ]. | |||
| ==Death== | ==Death== | ||
| In 1681, Marie suffered a high fever and was sent to the ] |
In 1681, Marie suffered a high fever and was sent to the ], where, according to some sources, she gave birth prematurely to a ] girl in March.<ref name="Hilton, Lisa 2002"/> Realising she was going to die, she asked to see the king, who, touched by her suffering, wept while at her deathbed. Fontanges is reported to have said, "having seen tears in the eyes of my King, I can die happy".<ref name="rouge" /> This story was deemed untrue by many at ] because according to them, the king had, in fact, already forgotten her. The duchess died on the night of 28 June 1681. She was not yet 20 years old.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Eleanor|title=Sex with Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge|year=2005|publisher=Harpercollins|location=Death Takes a Mistress|isbn=978-0060585433|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/sexwithkings500y00herm/page/215}}</ref> | ||
| Louis XIV expressed the wish that there be no ], however, at the request of her family, one was performed. The doctors found that her lungs were in appalling condition (with the right one in particular being full of "purulent matter") while her chest was flooded with fluid.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/affairofpoisonsm00some_0|url-access=registration|title=The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV|last=Somerset|first=Anne|publisher=St. Martin's Press; 1st edition|year=2004|isbn=0312330170|location=Chapter 10- The End of the Affair|pages=-292}}</ref> All six doctors concurred that death was due to natural causes.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
| ⚫ | === |
||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | Marie Angélique died during the |
||
| ⚫ | ===Possible death by poisoning=== | ||
| While in prison, the poisoners agreed to name other poisoners so they would not undergo any torture. Their testimonies were fabricated. Then ], a worker in the household of the Fontanges was arrested, she admitted to be a poisoner and ], she entered the trial of Marie Angélique. When asked about what she knew about the duchess' strange death, Filastre panicked and admitted that Montespan hired her to perform the murder on Fontanges. Montespan wished death on her young rival<ref name="Rouge, Le Petit Homme 2006"/> so she could regain the love of the king. Later Filastre said about her statements: "All I said is false. I did that for me to be free of pain and torment. I say all this because I do not want to kill the guilty conscience of a lie." however she was executed by burning in ] after ] accused her of a child sacrifice. Though many believed the Duchess was indeed poisoned by Madame de Montespan, the evidence by the witnesses whom later denied every statements from them as false made it impossible for the court to determine Montespan as the actual murderer. | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ⚫ | As Marie Angélique died during the ] in France, poisoning was suspected.<ref name=rouge/> During interrogations, some of the accused had mentioned the name of Fontanges, and several other women of the court in connection to various schemes and plots. ], the daughter of sorceress ] was the first to accuse accomplices of her late mother of poisoning the duchess. Monvoisin's lovers, Bertrand and ], were arrested in 1681 as suspects. Bertrand was accused of selling poisonous stuffs to Fontanges; while Romani was accused of delivering her gloves contaminated with poison. | ||
| ], a servant in the household of Fontanges was arrested, and when asked about what she knew about the duchess's death, under torture claimed that Montespan had hired her to murder Fontanges,<ref name=rouge/> so she could regain the love of the king. Before being executed, Filastre later recanted : "All I said is false. I did that for me to be free of pain and torment. I say all this because I do not want to kill the guilty conscience of a lie." Although rumours of poisoning abounded, dubious evidence from various unreliable witnesses who either recanted or contradicted each other meant no charges were ever laid. | |||
| Louis XIV asked that there be no ] on the body of the duchess, presumably because he feared that the autopsy would encourage rumors that she was poisoned. However by the request of her family, the autopsy was still performed. Her doctors found that her lungs were in appalling condition (with the right one in particular being full of "purulent matter") while her chest was flooded with fluid.<ref name=" Somerset, Anne 2004">Somerset, Anne (2004).''The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV'' pp. 291-292</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Somerset|first=Anne|title=The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV|year=2004|publisher=St. Martin's Press; 1st edition|location=Chapter 10- The End of the Affair|isbn=0312330170|pages=291-292 (An e-book link to read)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n6JBFC_nXjcC&pg=PA293&dq=francois+filastre+execution&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FY5sT57fH-Ty0gGImpjFBg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=francois%20filastre%20execution&f=false}}</ref> The cause of her death was perhaps unknown but not in any way connected with the blood loss which she suffered for months in 1680. They were unable to determine whether she was poisoned or not. The doctors later stated that the duchess aborted her children, and she was guilty of the crime of infanticide and ]. This seems unlikely since, like all of the king's mistresses, Marie Angélique would presumably have wanted more than anything to give the king children so she would secure her place at court. | |||
| ===Aftermath=== | ===Aftermath=== | ||
| Historian ] suggests that Marie Angélique died from pleuro-pneumonia induced by ].<ref name=":2" /> As she was known to have suffered from a persistent loss of blood after her miscarriage, another doctor{{Who|date=May 2021}} suggested that when she lost her baby, a fragment of the ] lodged in her uterus.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} An alternative suggestion is that she was killed by a rare form of ], which occasionally develops after a cyst on the placenta is expelled during pregnancy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} The probability is that she died from complications arising from her earlier miscarriage.<ref name=":0" />{{POV statement|date=May 2021}} | |||
| At court, |
At court, several courtiers wrote about the duchess's death. According to ] and ], "Two miscarriages caused her to lose favor with the king."{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} The Duchess of Orleans claimed that it was certain the duchess was poisoned by Madame de Montespan, and suspected that the poison was administered in her milk.<ref name="rouge" /> Despite the medical findings, rumours persisted that the Duchess of Fontanges died from poisoning.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| ==Legacy== | |||
| Marie Angélique's extraordinary style of head-dress and hairstyle maintained the name, ''Fontanges''. It was the only memory she left of her.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bush|first=Annie Forbes|title=Memoirs of the Queens of France, Volume 2|year=1843|page=175|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FeZWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA174&dq=Marie+Ang%C3%A9lique+de+Scorailles&hl=en&sa=X&ei=45ZrT9CcMIb00gG007zdBg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Marie%20Ang%C3%A9lique%20de%20Scorailles&f=false}}</ref> | |||
| ===In film=== | ===In film=== | ||
| *'' |
*''L'Affaire des poisons'' (1955) played by ] | ||
| *'']'' (1954) played by ] | *'']'' (1954) played by ] | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| {{Portal| |
{{Portal|Biography}} | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist|30em}} | ||
| ===Further reading=== | |||
| *Frantz Funck-Brentano, George Maidment. (2010). ''Princes and poisoners, studies of the court of Louis XIV.'' Nabu Press. ISBN 1177859246 | |||
| * Somerset, Anne. (2003). ''The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV.'' St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33017-0 | |||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{Commons category}} | {{Commons category|Marie Angélique de Scorailles}} | ||
| * | * | ||
| * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Fontanges, Marie Angélique de Scoraille de Roussille, Duchesse de|short=x}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. --> | |||
| | NAME = Scorailles, Marie Angelique De | |||
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = French duchess | |||
| | DATE OF BIRTH = 1661 | |||
| | PLACE OF BIRTH = ], ] | |||
| | DATE OF DEATH = 28 June 1681 | |||
| | PLACE OF DEATH = ], France | |||
| }} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Scorailles, Marie Angelique De}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Scorailles, Marie Angelique De}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 04:39, 10 November 2024
Mistress of Louis XIV (1661–1681)| Marie Angélique de Scorailles | |
|---|---|
| Duchess of Fontanges | |
_(cropped).jpg) | |
| Full name | Marie Angélique de Scorailles de Roussille |
| Known for | Mistress of Louis XIV |
| Born | (1661-07-27)July 27, 1661 Château de Cropières, Auvergne, France |
| Died | 27 June 1681(1681-06-27) (aged 19) Abbaye de Port Royal, France |
| Occupation | Lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine |
Marie Angélique de Scorailles, Duchess of Fontanges (French pronunciation: [maʁi ɑ̃ʒelik də skɔʁaj] ; July 1661 – 28 June 1681) was a French noblewoman and mistress of Louis XIV. Additionally she held the position of a lady-in-waiting to his sister-in-law Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine, the Duchess of Orléans. Marie caught the attention of the Sun King and began an affair with him in 1679. She died two years later, most probably as a result of complications arising from childbirth.
Royal Mistress
Marie Angélique de Scorailles was born in 1661 at the Château de Cropières in Upper Auvergne. She came from a very old aristocratic family; her father was the Comte de Rousaille, and the King's Lieutenant. Her family eventually came to realization that her beauty was a great asset and raised enough money to send her to court, with the aim of restoring the family fortunes. Marie arrived at the court of Louis XIV in 1678 and became maid of honor to the Duchess of Orléans. At the time Louis XIV had appeared to be losing interest in his longtime established mistress Marquise de Montespan and turning to the governess of their children, Madame de Maintenon. Infatuated by the beauty of the young girl, the king suddenly abandoned both women, and the stand-off between the two was suddenly eclipsed by a new passion which appeared to threaten them both equally.
Despite her physical charms, Marie Angélique was said by the court to be "as stupid as a basket." The Duchess of Orleans wrote " a stupid little creature, but she a very good heart" but described her as "lovely as an angel, from head to foot".
Louis XIV, however, suddenly felt young again. He wore diamonds, ribbons and feathers, and presented her with a pearl grey carriage with eight horses.
During a hunt in the forest of Fontainebleau, her hair clung to a branch and she appeared before the king with her hair loosely tied in a ribbon, tumbling in curls to her shoulders. The king found this rustic style delightful, and the next day many courtiers adopted the new "fontange" hairstyle, except the Marquise de Montespan, who thought it was in "bad taste". Two pet bears belonging to Montespan escaped from their menagerie and managed to find, and destroy, Marie's apartment in Versailles. This event made both women comical at court.
Soon it appeared she was pregnant, further angering Montespan, who had thought their affair was a passing fancy, easily controlled and easily disposed of. She said to the Marquise de Maintenon that the king had three mistresses: herself in name, this girl in bed and Maintenon in his heart.
In January 1680, Marie gave premature birth to a stillborn boy, and was said to have been "wounded in the service of the King." In April, Louis granted her the title Duchess of Fontanges and a pension of 80,000 livres, as was his usual habit on ending love affairs. Unwell after the birth, she retired to the Abbey of Chelles.
Death
In 1681, Marie suffered a high fever and was sent to the Abbey of Port-Royal, where, according to some sources, she gave birth prematurely to a stillborn girl in March. Realising she was going to die, she asked to see the king, who, touched by her suffering, wept while at her deathbed. Fontanges is reported to have said, "having seen tears in the eyes of my King, I can die happy". This story was deemed untrue by many at Versailles because according to them, the king had, in fact, already forgotten her. The duchess died on the night of 28 June 1681. She was not yet 20 years old.
Louis XIV expressed the wish that there be no autopsy, however, at the request of her family, one was performed. The doctors found that her lungs were in appalling condition (with the right one in particular being full of "purulent matter") while her chest was flooded with fluid. All six doctors concurred that death was due to natural causes.
Possible death by poisoning
.jpg)
As Marie Angélique died during the Affair of the Poisons in France, poisoning was suspected. During interrogations, some of the accused had mentioned the name of Fontanges, and several other women of the court in connection to various schemes and plots. Marguerite Monvoisin, the daughter of sorceress La Voisin was the first to accuse accomplices of her late mother of poisoning the duchess. Monvoisin's lovers, Bertrand and Romani, were arrested in 1681 as suspects. Bertrand was accused of selling poisonous stuffs to Fontanges; while Romani was accused of delivering her gloves contaminated with poison.
Françoise Filastre, a servant in the household of Fontanges was arrested, and when asked about what she knew about the duchess's death, under torture claimed that Montespan had hired her to murder Fontanges, so she could regain the love of the king. Before being executed, Filastre later recanted : "All I said is false. I did that for me to be free of pain and torment. I say all this because I do not want to kill the guilty conscience of a lie." Although rumours of poisoning abounded, dubious evidence from various unreliable witnesses who either recanted or contradicted each other meant no charges were ever laid.
Aftermath
Historian Antonia Fraser suggests that Marie Angélique died from pleuro-pneumonia induced by tuberculosis. As she was known to have suffered from a persistent loss of blood after her miscarriage, another doctor suggested that when she lost her baby, a fragment of the placenta lodged in her uterus. An alternative suggestion is that she was killed by a rare form of cancer, which occasionally develops after a cyst on the placenta is expelled during pregnancy. The probability is that she died from complications arising from her earlier miscarriage.
At court, several courtiers wrote about the duchess's death. According to Ernest Lavisse and Bernard Noël, "Two miscarriages caused her to lose favor with the king." The Duchess of Orleans claimed that it was certain the duchess was poisoned by Madame de Montespan, and suspected that the poison was administered in her milk. Despite the medical findings, rumours persisted that the Duchess of Fontanges died from poisoning.
In film
- L'Affaire des poisons (1955) played by Christine Carère
- Royal Affairs in Versailles (1954) played by Nicole Maurey
See also
References
- ^ Le Petit Homme Rouge (1912). The Favourites of Louis XIV. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 249–252.
- ^ Fraser, Antonia (2008). "Chapter 8 A Singular Position". Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King. Hachette. ISBN 9780297857921.
- ^ Hilton, Lisa (2002).Athénaïs: the life of Louis XIV's mistress, the real queen of France footnote 14, 15, 16, 17
- Somerset, Anne (2004). The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV. Principal Characters of the Affairs of the Poisons: St. Martin's Press. p. xiv. ISBN 0312330170.
- ^ Tucker, Holly (2017). City of Light, City of Poison: Murder, Magic, and the First Police Chief of Paris. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9780393248845.
- Funck-Brentano, Frantz (1901). "II. Madame de Montespan". Princes and Poisoners: Studies of the Court of Louis XIV. Translated by Maidment, George. London: Duckworth & Co.
- Georges Bordonove: Louis XIV, éd. Pygmalion, 2006, collection Les Rois qui ont fait la France, pp. 186–187.
- Mollenauer, Lynn Wood (2007). Strange Revelations: Magic, Poison, and Sacrilege in Louis XIV's France. Penn State Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780271029153.
- Herman, Eleanor (2005). Sex with Kings: 500 Years of Adultery, Power, Rivalry, and Revenge. Death Takes a Mistress: Harpercollins. p. 215. ISBN 978-0060585433.
- ^ Somerset, Anne (2004). The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV. Chapter 10- The End of the Affair: St. Martin's Press; 1st edition. pp. 291-292. ISBN 0312330170.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
External links
- The Fontange
- "Fontanges, Marie Angélique de Scoraille de Roussille, Duchesse de" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.