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| ]" (1830) by Hugo Hamilton.]] | ]" (1830) by Hugo Hamilton.]] | ||
| ] '''Yngvi''' {{IPA-non|ˈyŋɡwe|}}, ] '''Ing/Ingwi'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seibricke |first=Wilfried |title=Historisches |
] '''Yngvi''' {{IPA-non|ˈyŋɡwe|}}, ] '''Ing/Ingwi'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seibricke |first=Wilfried |title=Historisches Deutsches Vornamenbuch |publisher=de Gruyter |year=1996 |isbn=3-11-014445-X |pages=712 |language=German}}</ref> and ] '''Ing''' are names that relate to a ] which appears to have been the older ]. ] '''Ingwaz''' was the legendary ancestor of the ], or more accurately ''Ingvaeones'', and is also the reconstructed name of the ] ] ᛜ and ] rune ᛝ, representing '']''. | ||
| ⚫ | A ], the so-called "]", part of a late third to fourth century ] ] discovered in ], is inscribed in much-damaged runes, one reading of which is ''gutanī wi hailag'' "to Ingwi of the Goths holy".<ref name="North1997">{{cite book|last=North|first=Richard|title=Heathen Gods in Old English Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&pg=PP140|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55183-0|page=132 and note 16}}</ref> | ||
| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| {{further|Fraujaz}} | {{further|Fraujaz}} | ||
| Old Norse ''Yngvi'' as well as Old High German ''Inguin'' and Old English ''Ingƿine'' are all derived from the ] *Ingwaz. Sound changes in late-Proto-Germanic transformed *Ingwaz into *Ingwi(z) in the ] and *''Ingwin'' in the ]. His epithet *] appears in Old Norse compounds ''Ingvifreyr'' and ''Ingunarfreyr''. In Beowulf we see Hrothgar called (OE) ''fréa inguina'', which means 'Lord of the Inguins', i.e. lord of the Ingvaeones, the 'friends of Ing'. This strongly indicates that the two deities, Ing and ] are indeed the same. The Ingvaeones, who occupied a territory roughly equivalent to modern ], ] and the ] at the turn of the millennium, were mentioned by ] in his '']'' as one of "five Germanic tribes". ] asserts their descent from the three sons of ] or *] cognate with ], the 'first man', of whom *Ingwaz may have been one. Other names that retain the ] are |
Old Norse ''Yngvi'' as well as Old High German ''Inguin'' and Old English ''Ingƿine'' are all derived from the ] *Ingwaz. Sound changes in late-Proto-Germanic transformed *Ingwaz into *Ingwi(z) in the ] and *''Ingwin'' in the ]. His epithet *] appears in Old Norse compounds ''Ingvifreyr'' and ''Ingunarfreyr''. In Beowulf we see Hrothgar called (OE) ''fréa inguina'', which means 'Lord of the Inguins', i.e. lord of the Ingvaeones, the 'friends of Ing'. This strongly indicates that the two deities, Ing and ] are indeed the same. However, it is also possible that Ing and Freyr were separate people because they had different fathers. Ing's father was ]. Freyr's father was ]. The Ingvaeones, who occupied a territory roughly equivalent to modern ], ], ], and the ] at the turn of the millennium, were mentioned by ] in his '']'' as one of "five Germanic tribes". ] asserts their descent from the three sons of ] or *] cognate with ], the 'first man', of whom *Ingwaz may have been one. Other names that retain the ] are {{lang|la|]}} or '']'' and '']'', the name of an old Scandinavian dynasty.<ref>Cf. for a grammar of Proto-Germanic from the University of Texas at Austin: {{cite web |url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/pgmc03.html |title=A Grammar of Proto-Germanic: Chapter 3: Inflectional Morphology |access-date=2010-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623163039/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/pgmc03.html#3_7_1 |archive-date=2007-06-23 }}.</ref> | ||
| ==The Ingwaz rune== | ==The Ingwaz rune== | ||
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| | meaning1 = | | meaning1 = | ||
| | meaning2 = | | meaning2 = | ||
| | shape12 = ] ] ] | | shape12 = ] ] ] | ||
| | unicode hex12 = 16DC, 16DD | | unicode hex12 = 16DC, 16DD | ||
| | transliteration12 = '''ŋ''' | | transliteration12 = '''ŋ''' | ||
| Line 24: | Line 22: | ||
| | position12 = 22 | | position12 = 22 | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The ''{{ |
The ''{{transliteration|Runr|ŋ}}'' rune ] (with variants ] and ]) together with ] and ] is among the problematic cases of runes of uncertain derivation unattested in early inscriptions. The rune may have been an original innovation, or it may have been adapted from the ] ''Q''.<ref>{{Citation | last = Odenstedt | first = Bengt | year = 1990 | title = On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script, Typology and Graphic Variation in the Older Futhark | place = Uppsala | isbn = 91-85352-20-9}}.</ref> The rune first appears independently on the ''futhark'' row of the ], and is altogether unattested as an independent rune outside of such rows. There are a number of attestations of the ''{{transliteration|Runr|i͡ŋ}}'' ] ] or ] (the "lantern rune", similar in shape to the Anglo-Saxon ] rune {{runic|ᛄ}}), but its identification is disputed in most cases, since the same sign may also be a ] of ] or ]. The earliest case of such an ''{{transliteration|Runr|i͡ŋ}}'' bindrune of reasonably certain reading is the inscription ''{{transliteration|Runr|mari͡ŋs}}'' (perhaps referring to the "Mærings" or ]{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}) on the silver buckle of Szabadbattyán, dated to the first half 5th century and conserved at the ] in Budapest.<ref>J.H. Looijenga, , Ph.D. dissertation, ] 1997, p. 80.</ref> | ||
| The ] contains these obscure lines: | The ] contains these obscure lines: | ||
| {|cellpadding=3 | |||
| {| | |||
| | | | | ||
| {{runic|ᛝ}} <i>{{lang|ang|Ing ƿæs ærest mid Eástdenum<br/> | {{runic|ᛝ}} <i>{{lang|ang|Ing ƿæs ærest mid Eástdenum<br/> | ||
| geseƿen secgum, oð he síððan |
geseƿen secgum, oð he síððan est<br/> | ||
| ofer ƿæg geƿát. ƿæn æfter ran.<br/> | ofer ƿæg geƿát. ƿæn æfter ran.<br/> | ||
| þus Heardingas þone hæle nemdon.}}</i> | þus Heardingas þone hæle nemdon.}}</i> | ||
| | width="30"| | |||
| | | | | ||
| "{{runic|ᛝ}} Ing was first amidst the ]<br/> | "{{runic|ᛝ}} Ing was first amidst the ]<br/> | ||
| seen by men, until he eastward<br/> | seen by men, until he eastward<br/> | ||
| over the sea |
over the sea departed; his wagon ran after.<br/> | ||
| Thus the Heardings named that hero." | Thus the Heardings named that hero." | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| ⚫ | A ], the so-called "]", part of a late third to fourth century ] ] discovered in ], is inscribed in much-damaged runes, one reading of which is ''gutanī wi hailag'' "to Ingwi of the Goths holy".<ref name="North1997">{{cite book|last=North|first=Richard|title=Heathen Gods in Old English Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&pg=PP140|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55183-0|page=132 and note 16}}</ref> | ||
| == Norse mythology == | == Norse mythology == | ||
| In ], Yngvi, alternatively spelled Yngve, was the progenitor of the ] lineage, a legendary dynasty of ] kings, from whom also the earliest historical ] kings claimed to be descended. Yngvi is a ], perhaps ] true name, as ''freyr'' means 'lord' and has probably evolved from a common invocation of the god. | In ], Yngvi, alternatively spelled Yngve, was the progenitor of the ] lineage, a legendary dynasty of ] kings, from whom also the earliest historical ] kings claimed to be descended. Yngvi is a ], perhaps ] true name, as ''freyr'' means 'lord' and has probably evolved from a common invocation of the god. | ||
| In the '']'' (written in the early twelfth century by the Icelandic priest ]) ''Yngvi Tyrkja konungr'' 'Yngvi king of ]' appears as the father of ] who in turn is the father of Yngvi-Freyr, ancestor of the Ynglings. According to the '']'' (a lost epic from 1180 to 1200, saved only partially in other sagas and later translation) ] came from Asia and conquered Northern Europe. He gave Sweden to his son Yngvi and Denmark to his son ]. Since then the kings of Sweden were called Ynglings and those of Denmark ]. | In the '']'' (written in the early twelfth century by the Icelandic priest ]) ''Yngvi Tyrkja konungr'' 'Yngvi king of ]' appears as the father of ] who in turn is the father of Yngvi-Freyr, ancestor of the Ynglings. According to the '']'' (a lost epic from 1180 to 1200, saved only partially in other sagas and later translation) ] came from Asia and conquered Northern Europe. He gave Sweden to his son Yngvi and Denmark to his son ]. Since then the kings of Sweden were called Ynglings and those of Denmark ]. | ||
| In the '']'' (late twelfth century, by ]) and in the '']'' (ca. 1225, by ]), Freyr is euhemerized as a king of Sweden. In the ''Ynglinga saga'', Yngvi-Freyr reigned in succession to his father ] who had – in this variant – succeeded Odin. In the '']'' (written around 1211), in contrast, Ingui is the first king of Sweden, and the father of a certain ], in his turn the father of ]: "Rex itaque Ingui, quem primum Swethiæ monarchiam rexisse plurimi astruunt, genuit Neorth, qui vero genuit Froy; hos ambos tota illorum posteritas per longa sæcula ut deos venerati sunt. Froyr vero genuit Fiolni, qui in dolio medonis dimersus est " | In the '']'' (late twelfth century, by ]) and in the '']'' (ca. 1225, by ]), Freyr is euhemerized as a king of Sweden. In the ''Ynglinga saga'', Yngvi-Freyr reigned in succession to his father ] who had – in this variant – succeeded Odin. In the '']'' (written around 1211), in contrast, Ingui is the first king of Sweden, and the father of a certain ], in his turn the father of ]: "Rex itaque Ingui, quem primum Swethiæ monarchiam rexisse plurimi astruunt, genuit Neorth, qui vero genuit Froy; hos ambos tota illorum posteritas per longa sæcula ut deos venerati sunt. Froyr vero genuit Fiolni, qui in dolio medonis dimersus est " | ||
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| ==Given names and family names== | ==Given names and family names== | ||
| The element ''Ing(o)-'' was widely used in ]s from an early period; it is not clear whether it originally referred to the ], or to the god Yngwi directly. '']'' (''Inguiomarus'') was a relative of the ]an ] in the first century.<ref>Krappe, Alexander H. "YNGVI-FREY AND AENGUS MAC OC". In: ''Scandinavian Studies'' 17, no. 5 (1943): 174. Accessed March 30, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40915560.</ref> ''Ingundis'' was a wife of the Frankish king ], whose son ] married an ''Ingoberga'' (all in the sixth century). Other combinations such as masculine ''Inguin'', ''Ingulf'', ''Ingobald'', feminine ''Inghildis'', ''Ingedrudis'', ''Ingoflidis'', as well as the short forms ''Ingo'' (masculine) and ''Inga'' (feminine) are recorded in the early medieval period (seventh to ninth centuries).<ref>Ernst Förstemann, , vol. 1, Fürstemann: Nordhausen 1856, col. 779 sqq.</ref> In Scandinavia and Germany, and areas where these groups settled, names beginning with ''Ing'' survived into modern usage, e.g.], ], ], ], ], ] and the family name Ingalls. | The element ''Ing(o)-'' was widely used in ]s from an early period; it is not clear whether it originally referred to the ], or to the god Yngwi directly. '']'' (''Inguiomarus'') was a relative of the ]an ] in the first century.<ref>Krappe, Alexander H. "YNGVI-FREY AND AENGUS MAC OC". In: ''Scandinavian Studies'' 17, no. 5 (1943): 174. Accessed March 30, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40915560.</ref> ''Ingundis'' was a wife of the Frankish king ], whose son ] married an ''Ingoberga'' (all in the sixth century). Other combinations such as masculine ''Inguin'', ''Ingulf'', ''Ingobald'', feminine ''Inghildis'', ''Ingedrudis'', ''Ingoflidis'', as well as the short forms ''Ingo'' (masculine) and ''Inga'' (feminine) are recorded in the early medieval period (seventh to ninth centuries).<ref>Ernst Förstemann, , vol. 1, Fürstemann: Nordhausen 1856, col. 779 sqq.</ref> In Scandinavia and Germany, and areas where these groups settled, names beginning with ''Ing'' survived into modern usage, e.g. ], ], ], ], ], ] and the family name Ingalls. In most ] nations there also exists a name of ], of Scandinavian origin, supposedly having the same origin as many similar Scandinavian names, possibly coming from the name ]. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 61: | Line 62: | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] (a ]) | * ] (a ]) | ||
| * ] - a heraldic charge sometimes depicted as '''ᛝ''' | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 21:47, 10 November 2024
Germanic deity
Old Norse Yngvi [ˈyŋɡwe], Old High German Ing/Ingwi and Old English Ing are names that relate to a theonym which appears to have been the older name for the god Freyr. Proto-Germanic Ingwaz was the legendary ancestor of the Ingaevones, or more accurately Ingvaeones, and is also the reconstructed name of the Elder Futhark rune ᛜ and Anglo-Saxon rune ᛝ, representing ŋ.
Etymology
Further information: FraujazOld Norse Yngvi as well as Old High German Inguin and Old English Ingƿine are all derived from the Proto-Germanic *Ingwaz. Sound changes in late-Proto-Germanic transformed *Ingwaz into *Ingwi(z) in the nominative case and *Ingwin in the accusative case. His epithet *Fraujaz appears in Old Norse compounds Ingvifreyr and Ingunarfreyr. In Beowulf we see Hrothgar called (OE) fréa inguina, which means 'Lord of the Inguins', i.e. lord of the Ingvaeones, the 'friends of Ing'. This strongly indicates that the two deities, Ing and Freyr are indeed the same. However, it is also possible that Ing and Freyr were separate people because they had different fathers. Ing's father was Mannus. Freyr's father was Njörðr. The Ingvaeones, who occupied a territory roughly equivalent to modern Denmark, Frisia, Northern Germany, and the Low Countries at the turn of the millennium, were mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural Histories as one of "five Germanic tribes". Tacitus asserts their descent from the three sons of Mannus or *Mannaz cognate with Manus in Hinduism, the 'first man', of whom *Ingwaz may have been one. Other names that retain the theonym are Inguiomerus or Ingemar and Yngling, the name of an old Scandinavian dynasty.
The Ingwaz rune
| Name | Proto-Germanic | Old English | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *Ingwaz | Ing | |||
| Shape | Elder Futhark | Futhorc | ||
   | ||||
| Unicode |
| |||
| Transliteration | ŋ | |||
| Transcription | ŋ | |||
| IPA | ||||
| Position in rune-row | 22 | |||
The ŋ rune (with variants and ) together with Peorð and Eihwaz is among the problematic cases of runes of uncertain derivation unattested in early inscriptions. The rune may have been an original innovation, or it may have been adapted from the classical Latin alphabet's Q. The rune first appears independently on the futhark row of the Kylver Stone, and is altogether unattested as an independent rune outside of such rows. There are a number of attestations of the i͡ŋ bind rune 
or 
(the "lantern rune", similar in shape to the Anglo-Saxon gēr rune ᛄ), but its identification is disputed in most cases, since the same sign may also be a cipher rune of wynn or thurisaz. The earliest case of such an i͡ŋ bindrune of reasonably certain reading is the inscription mari͡ŋs (perhaps referring to the "Mærings" or Ostrogoths) on the silver buckle of Szabadbattyán, dated to the first half 5th century and conserved at the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest.
The Old English rune poem contains these obscure lines:
|
ᛝ Ing ƿæs ærest mid Eástdenum |
"ᛝ Ing was first amidst the East Danes |
A torc, the so-called "Ring of Pietroassa", part of a late third to fourth century Gothic hoard discovered in Romania, is inscribed in much-damaged runes, one reading of which is gutanī wi hailag "to Ingwi of the Goths holy".
Norse mythology
In Norse mythology, Yngvi, alternatively spelled Yngve, was the progenitor of the Yngling lineage, a legendary dynasty of Swedish kings, from whom also the earliest historical Norwegian kings claimed to be descended. Yngvi is a name of the god Freyr, perhaps Freyr's true name, as freyr means 'lord' and has probably evolved from a common invocation of the god.
In the Íslendingabók (written in the early twelfth century by the Icelandic priest Ari Þorgilsson) Yngvi Tyrkja konungr 'Yngvi king of Turkey' appears as the father of Njörðr who in turn is the father of Yngvi-Freyr, ancestor of the Ynglings. According to the Skjöldunga saga (a lost epic from 1180 to 1200, saved only partially in other sagas and later translation) Odin came from Asia and conquered Northern Europe. He gave Sweden to his son Yngvi and Denmark to his son Skjöldr. Since then the kings of Sweden were called Ynglings and those of Denmark Skjöldungs.
In the Gesta Danorum (late twelfth century, by Saxo Grammaticus) and in the Ynglinga saga (ca. 1225, by Snorri Sturluson), Freyr is euhemerized as a king of Sweden. In the Ynglinga saga, Yngvi-Freyr reigned in succession to his father Njörðr who had – in this variant – succeeded Odin. In the Historia Norwegiæ (written around 1211), in contrast, Ingui is the first king of Sweden, and the father of a certain Neorth, in his turn the father of Froyr: "Rex itaque Ingui, quem primum Swethiæ monarchiam rexisse plurimi astruunt, genuit Neorth, qui vero genuit Froy; hos ambos tota illorum posteritas per longa sæcula ut deos venerati sunt. Froyr vero genuit Fiolni, qui in dolio medonis dimersus est "
In the introduction to his Edda (originally composed around 1220) Snorri Sturluson claimed again that Odin reigned in Sweden and relates: "Odin had with him one of his sons called Yngvi, who was king in Sweden after him; and those houses come from him that are named Ynglings." Snorri here does not identify Yngvi and Freyr, although Freyr occasionally appears elsewhere as a son of Odin instead of a son of Njörðr.
In the Skáldskaparmál section of his Prose Edda Snorri brings in the ancient king Halfdan the Old who is the father of nine sons whose names are all words meaning "king" or "lord" in Old Norse, as well as of nine other sons who are the forefathers of various royal lineages, including "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended". But rather oddly Snorri immediately follows this with information on what should be four other personages who were not sons of Halfdan but who also fathered dynasties, and names the first of these again as "Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended". In the related account in the Ættartolur "Genealogies" attached to Hversu Noregr byggðist, the name Skelfir appears instead of Yngvi in the list of Halfdan's sons.
The Ynglinga Saga section of Snorri's Heimskringla (around 1230) introduces a second Yngvi, son of Alrekr, who is a descendant of Yngvi-Freyr and who shared the Swedish kingship with his brother Álf (see Yngvi and Alf).
Given names and family names
The element Ing(o)- was widely used in Germanic names from an early period; it is not clear whether it originally referred to the Ingaevones, or to the god Yngwi directly. Inguiomer (Inguiomarus) was a relative of the Cheruscian Arminius in the first century. Ingundis was a wife of the Frankish king Chlothar I, whose son Charibert I married an Ingoberga (all in the sixth century). Other combinations such as masculine Inguin, Ingulf, Ingobald, feminine Inghildis, Ingedrudis, Ingoflidis, as well as the short forms Ingo (masculine) and Inga (feminine) are recorded in the early medieval period (seventh to ninth centuries). In Scandinavia and Germany, and areas where these groups settled, names beginning with Ing survived into modern usage, e.g. Ingmar, Ingvar, Ingvild, Ingeborg, Ingrid, Ingegerd and the family name Ingalls. In most Slavic nations there also exists a name of Igor, of Scandinavian origin, supposedly having the same origin as many similar Scandinavian names, possibly coming from the name Ingvar.
See also
- Manus in Vedic history
- Ingunar-Freyr
- Yngve (a given name)
- Millrind - a heraldic charge sometimes depicted as ᛝ
References
- Seibricke, Wilfried (1996). Historisches Deutsches Vornamenbuch (in German). de Gruyter. p. 712. ISBN 3-11-014445-X.
- Cf. for a grammar of Proto-Germanic from the University of Texas at Austin: "A Grammar of Proto-Germanic: Chapter 3: Inflectional Morphology". Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2010-03-07..
- Odenstedt, Bengt (1990), On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script, Typology and Graphic Variation in the Older Futhark, Uppsala, ISBN 91-85352-20-9
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - J.H. Looijenga, Runes Around The North Sea And On The Continent Ad 150-700, Ph.D. dissertation, Groningen 1997, p. 80.
- North, Richard (1997). Heathen Gods in Old English Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 132 and note 16. ISBN 978-0-521-55183-0.
- Krappe, Alexander H. "YNGVI-FREY AND AENGUS MAC OC". In: Scandinavian Studies 17, no. 5 (1943): 174. Accessed March 30, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40915560.
- Ernst Förstemann, 780-787 Altdeutsches namenbuch, vol. 1, Fürstemann: Nordhausen 1856, col. 779 sqq.
| Yngvi House of Yngling | ||
| Preceded byNjörðr | Mythological king of Sweden | Succeeded byFjölnir |
| The god Freyr in Germanic paganism | |
|---|---|
| Attributes | |
| Major attestations | |
| Names and associates | |
| Cult | |
| Anglo-Saxon paganism and mythology | |
|---|---|
| Gods and divine figures | |
| Heroic figures | |
| Other beings | |
| Locations | |
| Sources | |
| Society and culture | |
| Modern pagan revival | |
| Legendary progenitors | |
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| Anglo-Frisian Futhorc 28-type Fuþorc (ca. 5th c. to 9th c.) |
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| Norse Younger Futhark 16-type Fuþark (ca. 8th c. to 11th c.) |
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| Medieval runes Medieval Fuþark (ca. 13th c. to 18th c.) |
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| Dalecarlian runes Dalecarlian alphabet (ca. 16th c. to 19th c.) |
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